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The total stellar halo mass of the Milky Way
Open accessAbstract
We measure the total stellar halo luminosity using red giant branch (RGB) stars selected from Gaia data release 2. Using slices in magnitude, colour, and location on the sky, we decompose RGB stars belonging to the disc and halo by fitting two-dimensional Gaussians to the Galactic proper motion distributions. The number counts of RGB stars are converted to total stellar halo luminosity using a suite of isochrones weighted by age and metallicity, and by applying a volume correction based on the stellar halo density profile. Our method is tested and calibrated using Galaxia and N-body models. We find a total luminosity (out to 100 kpc) of $L_{\rm halo} = 7.9 \pm 2.0 \times 10^8\, \mathrm{L}_\odot$ excluding Sgr, and $L_{\rm halo} = 9.4 \pm 2.4 \times 10^8\, \mathrm{L}_\odot$ including Sgr. These values are appropriate for our adopted stellar halo density profile and metallicity distribution, but additional systematics related to these assumptions are quantified and discussed. Assuming a stellar mass-to-light ratio appropriate for a Kroupa initial mass function (M⋆/L = 1.5), we estimate a stellar halo mass of $M^\star _{\rm halo} = 1.4 \pm 0.4\times 10^9 \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$. This mass is larger than previous estimates in the literature, but is in good agreement with the emerging picture that the (inner) stellar halo is dominated by one massive dwarf progenitor. Finally, we argue that the combination of a ${\sim}10^9\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ mass and an average metallicity of 〈[Fe/H]〉 ∼ −1.5 for the Galactic halo points to an ancient (∼10 Gyr) merger event.
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“which is similar in mass to the stellar halo (1 : 4 0 : 4 10 9 M , see Deason et al. 2019).”
From Kraken reveals itself – the merger history of the Milky Way reconstructed with the E-MOSAICS simulations (2020) · cites this paper as Deason et al. 2019
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Sorted by citations
Evidence from the H3 Survey That the Stellar Halo Is Entirely Comprised of Substructure
Naidu, R. P., Conroy, C., Bonaca, A., Johnson, B. D., 丁, Y.-S. 源. T., Caldwell, N., Zaritsky, D., & Cargile, P. A. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abaef4 · Cited by 449
“We can estimate the mass completeness as follows: if the halo has ∼109 stars (e.g., Deason et al. 2019; Mackereth & Bovy 2020) and we are tracing it with 5684 stars, for every structure with ∼175,000 stars, we find 1 star in the survey (assuming all structures are isotropic and completely mixed—in…”
BackgroundStreams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way
Helmi, A. (2020) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-032620-021917 · Cited by 407
The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2
Cautun, M., Benítez-Llambay, A., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Fattahi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Oman, K. A., Navarro, J. F., & Simpson, C. M. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1017 · Cited by 332
“The MW also has a stellar halo, but its mass is insignificant, roughly 3 percent of the total Galactic stellar mass (Deason et al. 2019a), and thus we neglect this Galactic component.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe Milky Way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2
Cautun, M., Benitez-Llambay, A., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Fattahi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Oman, K. A., Navarro, J. F., & Simpson, C. M. (2019) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1911.04557 · Cited by 335
“The MW also has a stellar halo, but its mass is insignificant, roughly 3 percent of the total Galactic stellar mass (Deason et al. 2019a), and thus we neglect this Galactic component.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationBelokurov, V. A., Sanders, J. L., Fattahi, A., Smith, M. C., Deason, A. J., Evans, N. W., & Grand, R. J. J. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa876 · Cited by 296
Self-citationKruijssen, J. M. D., Pfeffer, J. L., Chevance, M., Bonaca, A., Trujillo-Gomez, S., Bastian, N., Reina-Campos, M., Crain, R. A., & Hughes, M. E. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2452 · Cited by 252
“The sum of their stellar masses is log (M?,tot/M ) = 9.0±0.1, similar to the mass of the Galactic stellar halo (1.4±0.4× 109 M , see Deason et al. 2019).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHorta, D., Schiavon, R. P., Mackereth, J. T., Pfeffer, J., Mason, A. C., Kisku, S. S., Fragkoudi, F., Prieto, C. A., Cunha, K., Hasselquist, S., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2987 · Cited by 234
Age dissection of the Milky Way discs: Red giants in the Kepler field
Miglio, A., Chiappini, C., Mackereth, J. T., Davies, G., Brogaard, K., Casagrande, L., Chaplin, W., Girardi, L., Kawata, D., Khan, S., et al. (2020) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038307 · Cited by 75
Malhan, K., Ibata, R., Sharma, S., Famaey, B., Bellazzini, M., Carlberg, R. G., D’Souza, R., Yuan, Z., Martin, N. F., & Thomas, G. F. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac4d2a · Cited by 172
“This value is smaller than that obtained by some recent studies (e.g., ∼1.5× 109Me from Deason et al. 2019), but we caution that our value is based only on the member globular clusters in each merger and not the member stellar streams, and the inclusion of streams can change this result.”
ResultInfluentialReconstructing the Last Major Merger of the Milky Way with the H3 Survey
Naidu, R. P., Conroy, C., Bonaca, A., Zaritsky, D., Weinberger, R., Ting, Y.-S., Caldwell, N., Tacchella, S., Han, J., Speagle, J. S., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac2d2d · Cited by 190
“The stellar mass constitutes ≈50% of the MW’s stellar halo (≈109 Me; Deason et al. 2019; Mackereth & Bovy 2020).”
BackgroundFragkoudi, F., Grand, R. J. J., Pakmor, R., Blázquez-Calero, G., Gargiulo, I. D., Gómez, F. A., Marinacci, F., Monachesi, A., Ness, M., Pérez, I., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1104 · Cited by 165
“…z ∼ 3.5 are <1:20 mergers, which is broadly consistent, although on the low mass end, with respect to recent estimates of a Gaia Sausage/Enceladus-type merger for the Milky Way11 (e.g. Haywood et al. 2018a; Helmi et al. 2018; Belokurov et al. 2019; Deason et al. 2019; see also Bignone et al. 2019).”
ResultInfluentialThe dual origin of the Galactic thick disc and halo from the gas-rich Gaia–Enceladus Sausage merger
Grand, R. J. J., Kawata, D., Belokurov, V. A., Deason, A. J., Fattahi, A., Fragkoudi, F., Gómez, F. A., Marinacci, F., & Pakmor, R. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2057 · Cited by 135
Self-citationFeuillet, D. K., Feltzing, S., Sahlholdt, C., & Casagrande, L. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1888 · Cited by 118
FIREbox: simulating galaxies at high dynamic range in a cosmological volume
Feldmann, R., Quataert, E., Faucher‐Giguère, C., Hopkins, P. F., Çatmabacak, O., Kereš, D., Bassini, L., Bernardini, M., Bullock, J. S., Cenci, E., et al. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1205 · Cited by 148
Weighing the stellar constituents of the galactic halo with APOGEE red giant stars
Mackereth, J. T., & Bovy, J. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa047 · Cited by 117
“The Deason et al. (2019) work concludes that their high halo mass is indicative that such a large merger did occur, when compared with similar galaxies in the AURIGA simulations (Grand et al. 2017).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe chemo-dynamical groups of Galactic globular clusters
Callingham, T. M., Cautun, M., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Grand, R. J. J., & Marinacci, F. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1145 · Cited by 102
Self-citationBelokurov, V. A., & Kravtsov, A. V. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3920 · Cited by 107
Self-citationNIHAO-UHD: The properties of MW-like stellar disks in high resolution cosmological simulations
Buck, T., Obreja, A., Macciò, A. V., Minchev, I., Dutton, A. A., & Ostriker, J. P. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3241 · Cited by 103
“…satellite galaxies into the stellar halo of the MW (e.g. Haywood et al. 2018) although a recent study of the MW’s stellar halo using Gaia DR2 data by Deason et al. (2019) shows that the relatively low MNRAS 000, 1–17 (2019) stellar halo mass of the MW can only be reconciled if the MW did not…”
BackgroundDear Magellanic Clouds, welcome back!
Vasiliev, E. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2612 · Cited by 82
The mass of the Milky Way out to 100 kpc using halo stars
Deason, A. J., Erkal, D., Belokurov, V. A., Fattahi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Pakmor, R., Xue, X.-X., Liu, C., Yang, C., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3984 · Cited by 91
Self-citationGalactic Archaeology with Gaia
Deason, A. J., & Belokurov, V. A. (2024) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2024.101706 · Cited by 99
Self-citationMartin, G., Bazkiaei, A. E., Spavone, M., Iodice, E., Mihos, J. C., Montes, M., Benavides, J. A., Brough, S., Carlin, J. L., Collins, C. A., et al. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1003 · Cited by 76
Implications of a rapidly varying FRB in a globular cluster of M81
Lu, W., Beniamini, P., & Kumar, P. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3500 · Cited by 74
Hidden depths in the local Universe: The Stellar Stream Legacy Survey
Martínez‐Delgado, D., Cooper, A. P., Román, J., Pillepich, A., Erkal, D., Pearson, S., Moustakas, J., Laporte, C. F. P., Laine, S. J., Akhlaghi, M., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245011 · Cited by 86
Nitrogen enrichment and clustered star formation at the dawn of the Galaxy
Belokurov, V. A., & Kravtsov, A. V. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2241 · Cited by 70
Self-citationMilky Way's Eccentric Constituents with Gaia, APOGEE, and GALAH
Myeong, G., Belokurov, V. A., Aguado, D. S., Evans, N. W., Caldwell, N., & Bradley, J. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac8d68 · Cited by 68
“This can be contrasted with the total stellar halo mass measurements of∼ 109Me (see Deason et al. 2019; Mackereth & Bovy 2020).”
ResultSelf-citationMilky Way dynamics in light of Gaia
Hunt, J. D., & Vasiliev, E. (2025) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2024.101721 · Cited by 87
Quantifying the Stellar Halo's Response to the LMC's Infall with Spherical Harmonics
Cunningham, E. C., Garavito-Camargo, N., Deason, A. J., Johnston, K. V., Erkal, D., Laporte, C. F. P., Besla, G., Luger, R., & Sanderson, R. E. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9b88 · Cited by 59
“This ratio is consistent with current estimates of the total stellar mass of the MW (∼ 109M ; e.g., Deason et al. 2019, 3 https://mdierick.github.io/project2.html Mackereth & Bovy 2020) and Sgr (MSgr,∗ ∼ 108M ; e.g., Deason et al. 2019, Niederste-Ostholt et al. 2012).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationThe Stellar Halo of the Galaxy is Tilted and Doubly Broken
Han, J., Conroy, C., Johnson, B. D., Speagle, J. S., Bonaca, A., Chandra, V., Naidu, R. P., Ting, Y.-S., Woody, T., & Zaritsky, D. (2022) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac97e9 · Cited by 79
“This higher mass estimate is remarkably similar to what Deason et al. (2019) find for the total stellar halo mass based on RGB stellar counts, 1.4× 109 Me.”
ResultInfluentialMerger-induced galaxy transformations in the artemis simulations
Dillamore, A. M., Belokurov, V. A., Font, A. S., & McCarthy, I. G. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1038 · Cited by 57
Self-citationThe kinematic properties of Milky Way stellar halo populations
Lane, J., Bovy, J., & Mackereth, J. T. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3755 · Cited by 50
The contribution of N-rich stars to the Galactic stellar halo using APOGEE red giants
Horta, D., Mackereth, J. T., Schiavon, R. P., Hasselquist, S., Bovy, J., Prieto, C. A., Beers, T. C., Cunha, K., García-Hernández, D. A., Kisku, S. S., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3598 · Cited by 52
“This result is in agreement with the recent work of Deason et al. (2019), based on RGB number counts and extrapolation of the Einasto (1965) profile, which also suggests a higher mass for the stellar halo of ∼1.4 × 109 M .”
ResultInfluentialPagnini, G., Matteo, P. D., Александрович, Х. С., Mastrobuono-Battisti, A., Haywood, M., Renaud, F., & Combes, F. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245128 · Cited by 44
The stellar mass of the Gaia -Sausage/Enceladus accretion remnant
Lane, J., Bovy, J., & Mackereth, J. T. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2834 · Cited by 54
The Milky Way’s Shell Structure Reveals the Time of a Radial Collision
Donlon, T., Newberg, H. J., Sanderson, R. E., & Widrow, L. M. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abb5f6 · Cited by 43
“This large mass suggests that this merger is the main component of the stellar halo; Deason et al. (2019) showed that the total stellar mass of the halo is on the order of 109Me.”
BackgroundThe Saga of M81: Global View of a Massive Stellar Halo in Formation
Smercina, A., Bell, E., Price, P., Slater, C., D'Souza, R., Bailin, J., de Jong, R. D., Jang, I.-S., Monachesi, A., & Nidever, D. (2019) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abc485 · Cited by 31
Milky Way total mass derived by rotation curve and globular cluster kinematics from Gaia EDR3
Wang, J., Hammer, F., & Yang, Y. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3258 · Cited by 52
Fernandes, L., Mason, A. C., Horta, D., Schiavon, R. P., Hayes, C. R., Hasselquist, S., Feuillet, D. K., Beaton, R. L., Jönsson, H., Kisku, S. S., et al. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3543 · Cited by 41
Pfeffer, J., Trujillo-Gomez, S., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Crain, R. A., Hughes, M. E., Reina-Campos, M., & Bastian, N. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3109 · Cited by 41
“…generated a large number of works on the assembly history of the Milky Way and the origin of its GC population (e.g. Belokurov et al. 2018, 2019; Deason et al. 2018, 2019; Haywood et al. 2018; Helmi et al. 2018; Myeong et al. 2018a,c,b,d, 2019; Di Matteo et al. 2019; Iorio & Belokurov 2019;…”
BackgroundDwarf stellar haloes: a powerful probe of small-scale galaxy formation and the nature of dark matter
Deason, A. J., Bose, S., Fattahi, A., Amorisco, N. C., Hellwing, W. A., & Frenk, C. S. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3524 · Cited by 45
Self-citationCarrillo, A., Deason, A. J., Fattahi, A., Callingham, T. M., & Grand, R. J. J. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3274 · Cited by 40
Self-citationRR Lyrae from binary evolution: abundant, young, and metal-rich
Bobrick, A., Iorio, G., Belokurov, V. A., Vos, J., Vučković, M., & Giacobbo, N. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3996 · Cited by 39
Self-citationWanajo, S., Hirai, Y., & Prantzos, N. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1655 · Cited by 38
Gieles, M., & Gnedin, O. Y. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1287 · Cited by 37
How unusual is the Milky Way’s assembly history?
Evans, T. A., Fattahi, A., Deason, A. J., & Frenk, C. S. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2202 · Cited by 36
“…system has a strange planar alignment perpendicular to the MW disc (e.g. Lynden-Bell 1976; Libeskind et al. 2005; Metz et al. 2008); and the Galactic stellar halo may be unusually lowmass and metal-poor (e.g. Bell et al. 2017; Harmsen et al. 2017, but see Conroy et al. 2019; Deason et al. 2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citationToward a Direct Measure of the Galactic Acceleration
Chakrabarti, S., Wright, J., Chang, P., Quillen, A., Craig, P., Territo, J., D’Onghia, E., Johnston, K. V., Rosa, R. J. D., Huber, D., et al. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abb9b5 · Cited by 36
“To illustrate the range of possible vertical accelerations, we consider a range for the Milky Way total mass that spans ∼ 1 − 2 × 1012M , as found in the literature (Watkins et al. 2019; Deason et al. 2019; Posti & Helmi 2019; Fritz et al. 2018; Piffl et al. 2014; Boylan-Kolchin et al. 2013).”
MethodLagarde, N., Reylé, C., Chiappini, C., Mor, R., Anders, F., Figueras, F., Miglio, A., Romero-Gómez, M., Antoja, T., Cabral, N., et al. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039982 · Cited by 32
Mapping the anisotropic Galactic stellar halo with blue horizontal branch stars
Amarante, J. A. S., Koposov, S. E., & Laporte, C. F. P. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450351 · Cited by 35
Trujillo-Gomez, S., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Reina-Campos, M., Pfeffer, J., Keller, B., Crain, R. A., Bastian, N., & Hughes, M. E. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab341 · Cited by 36
Reina-Campos, M., Hughes, M. E., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Pfeffer, J., Bastian, N., Crain, R. A., Koch, A., & Grebel, E. K. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa483 · Cited by 29
“They compared that to the total mass of the Galactic stellar halo (1.5±0.4×109 M ; Deason et al. 2019) and found that the total mass of enriched stars presently in GCs is ∼ 1.3× 107M (assuming an enriched-to-total fraction of 50 per cent; this increases slightly if more realistic values, fen =…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe stellar halo in Local Group Hestia simulations
Александрович, Х. С., Minchev, I., Libeskind, N. I., Haywood, M., Matteo, P. D., Belokurov, V. A., Steinmetz, M., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Hoffman, Y., et al. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244232 · Cited by 39
Self-citationCosmological insights into the assembly of the radial and compact stellar halo of the Milky Way
Elias, L. M., Sales, L. V., Helmi, A., & Hernquist, L. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1090 · Cited by 28
How cosmological merger histories shape the diversity of stellar haloes
Rey, M. P., & Starkenburg, T. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3709 · Cited by 35
Chemodynamical models of our Galaxy
Binney, J. J., & Vasiliev, E. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3312 · Cited by 27
“As discussed in Section 3, our sample may be biased against very metal-poor stars, so the mass we report for the stellar halo is likely an underestimate – for the halo within 100 kpc Deason et al. (2019) estimate luminosity L = 9 .”
BackgroundChurazov, E., Khabibullin, I. I., Bykov, A. M., Чугай, Н. Н., Sunyaev, R., & Зинченко, И. И. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2125 · Cited by 27
Relating the Diverse Merger Histories and Satellite Populations of Nearby Galaxies
Smercina, A., Bell, E. F., Samuel, J., & D’Souza, R. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac5d56 · Cited by 27
“Evolution of the MW and M81 Satellite Systems Estimates exist for the accreted component of both the MW’s (Bell et al. 2008; Deason et al. 2019; Conroy et al. 2019; Mackereth & Bovy 2020) and M81’s (Harmsen et al. 2017; Smercina et al. 2020) stellar halos.”
BackgroundHorta, D., Cunningham, E. C., Sanderson, R. E., Johnston, K. V., Panithanpaisal, N., Arora, A., Necib, L., Wetzel, A. R., Bailin, J., & Faucher‐Giguère, C. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acae87 · Cited by 27
“This is paving the way for new discoveries of substructure in the stellar halo component of the Galaxy (and halos of other Local Group galaxies), as well as tighter constraints on the density profile and shape (e.g., Deason et al. 2011; Iorio et al. 2018; Deason et al. 2019; 10 NASA Hubble Fellow.”
BackgroundDwarf galaxy archaeology from chemical abundances and star-formation histories
Johnson, J. W., Conroy, C., Johnson, B., Peter, A., Cargile, P., Bonaca, A., Naidu, R., Woody, T., Ting, Y.-S., Han, J., et al. (2022) · Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2985 · Cited by 16
“This scenario is supported by the observation of a ∼25 M red supergiant in NGC 6946 (the “Fireworks Galaxy”) that disappeared from view after a brief outburst in 2009, indicative of a failed SN (Gerke, Kochanek & Stanek 2015; Adams et al. 2017; Basinger et al. 2021).”
BackgroundInfluentialProctor, K. L., Lagos, C. D. P., Ludlow, A. D., & Robotham, A. S. G. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3341 · Cited by 27
Bar resonances and low angular momentum moving groups in the Galaxy revealed by their stellar ages
Laporte, C. F. P., Famaey, B., Monari, G., Hill, V., Wegg, C., & Gerhard, O. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038740 · Cited by 26
“For reference, satellites with mean metallicities in the range of −0.9 < [Fe/H] < −0.5 would imply progenitors with stellar masses between 9 × 108 < M∗/M < 4 × 109 (Kirby et al. 2013) and would be in stark conflict with the stellar halo mass budget Msh ∼ 109 M (Deason et al. 2019).”
BackgroundInfluentialDid the Gaia Enceladus/Sausage merger form the Milky Way’s bar?
Merrow, A., Grand, R. J. J., Fragkoudi, F., & Martig, M. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1250 · Cited by 25
The episodic and multiscale Galactic Centre
Bryant, A., & Krabbe, A. (2021) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2021.101630 · Cited by 29
The stellar halo in Local Group Hestia simulations
Александрович, Х. С., Minchev, I., Libeskind, N. I., Belokurov, V. A., Steinmetz, M., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Hoffman, Y., Knebe, A., Sorce, J. G., et al. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244234 · Cited by 25
Self-citationWu, W., Zhao, G., Xue, X.-X., Bird, S., & Yang, C. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac31ac · Cited by 25
“…possible members, the Gaia Sausage is thought to be a large dwarf galaxy with a highly eccentric orbit and a stellar mass of the order of 109–1010Me (Deason et al. 2019; Fattahi et al. 2019; Mackereth et al. 2019; Vincenzo et al. 2019), and the metallicity distribution function of the Gaia Sausage…”
BackgroundChemical Cartography of the Sagittarius Stream with Gaia
Cunningham, E. C., Hunt, J. D., Price-Whelan, A. M., Johnston, K. V., Ness, M., Lu, Y., Escala, I., & Stelea, I. A. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad187b · Cited by 24
Medina, G. E., Muñoz, R. R., Carlin, J. L., Vivas, A. K., Grebel, E. K., Martínez-Vázquez, C. E., & Hansen, C. J. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1137 · Cited by 23
Liu, G., Huang, Y., Bird, S., Zhang, H., Wang, F., & Tian, H. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2666 · Cited by 23
Taking the Milky Way for a spin: disc formation in the artemis simulations
Dillamore, A. M., Belokurov, V. A., Kravtsov, A. V., & Font, A. S. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3369 · Cited by 22
Self-citationAn, D., & Beers, T. C. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac07a4 · Cited by 22
Janssens, S. R., Forbes, D. A., Romanowsky, A. J., Gannon, J. S., Pfeffer, J., Couch, W. J., Brodie, J. P., Harris, W. E., Durrell, P. R., & Bekki, K. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2137 · Cited by 21
Tidally stripped halo stars from the Large Magellanic Cloud in the Galactic North
Petersen, M. S., Peñarrubia, J., & Jones, E. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1429 · Cited by 21
Modelling the stellar halo with RR-Lyrae stars
Li, C., & Binney, J. J. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3711 · Cited by 20
The Warm Gas in the MW: A Kinematical Model
Qu, Z., Bregman, J. N., Hodges-Kluck, E., Li, J.-T., & Lindley, R. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab774e · Cited by 18
“Then, this merger may lead to observable features in the MW stellar halo (Deason et al. 2019).”
BackgroundBar resonances and low angular momentum moving groups in the Galaxy revealed by their stellar ages
Laporte, C. F. P., Famaey, B., Monari, G., Hill, V., Wegg, C., & Gerhard, O. (2020) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038740/pdf · Cited by 18
The boring history of Gaia BH3 from isolated binary evolution
Iorio, G., Torniamenti, S., Mapelli, M., Dall’Amico, M., Trani, A. A., Rastello, S., Sgalletta, C., Rinaldi, S., Costa, G., Dahl-Lahtinen, B. A., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450531 · Cited by 17
Figuring Out Gas and Galaxies in Enzo (FOGGIE). VII. The (Dis)assembly of Stellar Halos
Wright, A. C., Tumlinson, J., Peeples, M. S., O’Shea, B. W., Lochhaas, C., Corlies, L., Smith, B., Binh, N., Augustin, R., & Simons, R. C. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad49a3 · Cited by 20
Wirth, H., Kroupa, P., Haas, J., Jeřábková, T., Yan, Z., & Šubr, L. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2424 · Cited by 16
Constructing the Milky Way Stellar Halo in the Galactic Center by Direct Orbit Integration
Yang, C., Ling, Z., Tahmasebzadeh, B., Xue, X.-X., & Liu, C. (2022) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac9900 · Cited by 15
“The Lhalo/NKG in each 0.1 bin obtained from Dartmouth isochrone is in good agreement with that obtained by Deason et al. (2019) from PARSEC isochrones (Bressan et al. 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialHarmsen, B., Bell, E. F., D’Souza, R., Monachesi, A., de Jong, R. S., Smercina, A., Jang, I. S., & Holwerda, B. W. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2480 · Cited by 15
Eta-Earth Revisited II: Deriving a Maximum Number of Earth-Like Habitats in the Galactic Disk
Scherf, M., Lammer, H., & Sproß, L. (2024) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2023.0076 · Cited by 19
Forecasting the Population of Globular Cluster Streams in Milky Way–type Galaxies
Pearson, S., Bonaca, A., Chen, Y., & Gnedin, O. Y. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad8348 · Cited by 14
“Deason et al. (2019) used red giant branch (RGB) stars selected from Gaia data release 2 out 100 kpc, to estimate the mass of the MW stellar halo and found M ∗ , halo ∼ 1 .”
The photo-astrometric vertical tracer density of the Milky Way – II. Results from Gaia
Everall, A., Belokurov, V. A., Evans, N. W., Boubert, D., & Grand, R. J. J. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac305 · Cited by 14
Self-citationShaping the Milky Way: The Interplay of Mergers and Cosmic Filaments
Arora, A., Garavito-Camargo, N., Sanderson, R. E., Weinberg, M. D., Petersen, M. S., Varela, S., Gómez, F. A., Johnston, K. V., Laporte, C. F. P., Shipp, N., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ade30d · Cited by 13
Constraining Cosmological Parameters Using the Cluster Mass–Richness Relation
Abdullah, M. H., Wilson, G., Klypin, A. A., & Ishiyama, T. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ace773 · Cited by 13
The Tucana dwarf spheroidal: a distant backsplash galaxy of M31?
Santos-Santos, I., Navarro, J. F., & McConnachie, A. W. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad085 · Cited by 12
Ogami, I., Tanaka, M., Komiyama, Y., Chiba, M., Guhathakurta, P., Kirby, E. N., Wyse, R. F. Ġ., Filion, C., Gilbert, K. M., Escala, I., et al. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2527 · Cited by 12
Unravelling the mass spectrum of destroyed dwarf galaxies with the metallicity distribution function
Deason, A. J., Koposov, S. E., Fattahi, A., & Grand, R. J. J. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad535 · Cited by 11
Self-citationCavieres, M., Chanamé, J., Navarrete, C., Órdenes-Briceño, Y., Garavito-Camargo, N., Besla, G., Hempel, M., Vivas, A. K., & Gómez, F. A. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adbf08 · Cited by 11
Connecting the Local Stellar Halo and Its Dark Matter Density to Dwarf Galaxies via Blue Stragglers
Casagrande, L. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab929f · Cited by 11
“G A ] 1 8 M ay 2 02 with other, similar mass galaxies (e.g., Read 2014; Deason et al. 2019; de Salas 2019).”
BackgroundAn estimate of the mass of the Milky Way from the Magellanic Stream
Craig, P., Chakrabarti, S., Baum, S. A., & Lewis, B. T. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2308 · Cited by 11
Wu, W., Zhao, G., Xue, X.-X., Pei, W., & Yang, C. (2022) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac746e · Cited by 11
“By studying the chemodynamic properties of its possible members, the GSE is thought to be a large dwarf galaxy with a stellar mass of the order of 109− 1010M (Vincenzo et al. 2019; Deason et al. 2019; Fattahi et al. 2019; Mackereth et al. 2019).”
BackgroundObserving the Stellar Halo of Andromeda in Cosmological Simulations: The AURIGA2PANDAS Pipeline
Thomas, G. F., Martin, N. F., Fattahi, A., Ibata, R., Helly, J. C., McConnachie, A. W., Frenk, C., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Gwyn, S., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abdfd2 · Cited by 12
“…galaxy has a stellar halo that is about 15 times more massive than that of the MW (∼1010 Me for M31 and 4− 8× 10 8 Me for the MW; Bell et al. 2008; Deason et al. 2011, 2019; Ibata et al. 2014), with a shallower profile slope, and displays a metallicity gradient that drops from 〈[Fe/H]〉=−0.7 at…”
BackgroundInfluentialOn odd radio circles as supernova remnants: possible distances, ages, and ambient environments
Sarbadhicary, S. K., Thompson, T. A., Lopez, L. A., & Mathur, S. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3108 · Cited by 10
Boettner, C., Dayal, P., Trebitsch, M., Libeskind, N. I., Rice, K., Cockell, C. S., & Tieleman, B. I. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449557 · Cited by 10
Modelling the density and mass of the Milky Way’s proto-galaxy components with APOGEE-Gaia
Horta, D., & Schiavon, R. P. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf256 · Cited by 9
Gaia DR2 data and the evolutionary status of eight high-velocity hot post-AGB candidates
Parthasarathy, M., Matsuno, T., & Aoki, W. (2020) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psaa097 · Cited by 9
“The local stellar density of the halo structure is estimated to be 3−15×10−5 M⊙ pc −3 (Deason et al. 2019 and references therein).”
BackgroundInfluentialMurphy, G., Yates, R. M., & Mohamed, S. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3568 · Cited by 8
Trujillo-Gomez, S., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Pfeffer, J., Reina-Campos, M., Crain, R. A., Bastian, N., & Cabrera-Ziri, I. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3165 · Cited by 11
Medina, G. E., Hansen, C. J., Muñoz, R. R., Grebel, E. K., Vivas, A. K., Carlin, J. L., & Martínez-Vázquez, C. E. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3800 · Cited by 12
Li, S., Wang, W., Koposov, S. E., Amarante, J. A. S., Deason, A. J., Sandford, N. R., Li, T. S., Medina, G. E., Han, J., Valluri, M., et al. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae41b9 · Cited by 12
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Deason, A. J., Belokurov, V., & Sanders, J. L.
- Affiliations
- Durham University (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Deason, Alis J
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2019-10-07
- Volume
- 490
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 3426-3439
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2979777208
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 9.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Apollo
- Funders
- Royal Society
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/P000541/1, ST/K00042X/1, ST/H008519/1, ST/K003267/1)
- European Space Agency
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- Milky Way stellar halo, halo mass, red giant branch stars, metallicity distribution, Sagittarius dwarf galaxy, stellar mass-to-light ratio, Kroupa initial mass function, Gaia DR2
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