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The total stellar halo mass of the Milky Way
Open accessAbstract
We measure the total stellar halo luminosity using red giant branch (RGB) stars selected from Gaia data release 2. Using slices in magnitude, colour, and location on the sky, we decompose RGB stars belonging to the disc and halo by fitting two-dimensional Gaussians to the Galactic proper motion distributions. The number counts of RGB stars are converted to total stellar halo luminosity using a suite of isochrones weighted by age and metallicity, and by applying a volume correction based on the stellar halo density profile. Our method is tested and calibrated using Galaxia and N-body models. We find a total luminosity (out to 100 kpc) of $L_{\rm halo} = 7.9 \pm 2.0 \times 10^8\, \mathrm{L}_\odot$ excluding Sgr, and $L_{\rm halo} = 9.4 \pm 2.4 \times 10^8\, \mathrm{L}_\odot$ including Sgr. These values are appropriate for our adopted stellar halo density profile and metallicity distribution, but additional systematics related to these assumptions are quantified and discussed. Assuming a stellar mass-to-light ratio appropriate for a Kroupa initial mass function (M⋆/L = 1.5), we estimate a stellar halo mass of $M^\star _{\rm halo} = 1.4 \pm 0.4\times 10^9 \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$. This mass is larger than previous estimates in the literature, but is in good agreement with the emerging picture that the (inner) stellar halo is dominated by one massive dwarf progenitor. Finally, we argue that the combination of a ${\sim}10^9\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ mass and an average metallicity of 〈[Fe/H]〉 ∼ −1.5 for the Galactic halo points to an ancient (∼10 Gyr) merger event.
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“which is similar in mass to the stellar halo (1 : 4 0 : 4 10 9 M , see Deason et al. 2019).”
From Kraken reveals itself – the merger history of the Milky Way reconstructed with the E-MOSAICS simulations (2020) · cites this paper as Deason et al. 2019
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RR LYRAE IN XSTPS: THE HALO DENSITY PROFILE IN THE NORTH GALACTIC CAP
Faccioli, L., Smith, M. C., Yuan, H., Zhang, H. H., Liu, X.-W., Zhao, H., & Yao, J. S. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/788/2/105 · Cited by 29
THE STELLAR DENSITY PROFILE OF THE DISTANT GALACTIC HALO
Slater, C. T., Nidever, D. L., Munn, J. A., Bell, E. F., & Majewski, S. R. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/832/2/206 · Cited by 27
The Stellar Metallicity Distribution of the Galactic Halo Based on SCUSS and SDSS Data
Zuo, W., Du, C., Jing, Y., Gu, J., Newberg, H. J., Wu, Z., Ma, J., & Zhou, X. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa70e6 · Cited by 24
Belokurov, V., Sanders, J. L., Fattahi, A., Smith, M. C., Deason, A. J., Evans, N. W., & Grand, R. J. J. (2019) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1909.04679
Self-citationCañas, R., Lagos, C. D. P., Elahi, P. J., Power, C., Welker, C., Dubois, Y., & Pichon, C. (2019) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1908.02945
Resolving the Metallicity Distribution of the Stellar Halo with the H3 Survey
Conroy, C., Naidu, R. P., Zaritsky, D., Bonaca, A., Cargile, P., Johnson, B. D., & Caldwell, N. (2019) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1909.02007
Weighing the stellar constituents of the Galactic halo with APOGEE red giant stars
Mackereth, J. T., & Bovy, J. (2019) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1910.03590
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- Lindegren, 2018, Re-normalising the astrometric chi-square in Gaia DR2, GAIA-C3-TN-LU-LL-124, 10.1051/0004-6361/201833051 · DOI · Paper page
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Evidence from the H3 Survey That the Stellar Halo Is Entirely Comprised of Substructure
Naidu, R. P., Conroy, C., Bonaca, A., Johnson, B. D., 丁, Y.-S. 源. T., Caldwell, N., Zaritsky, D., & Cargile, P. A. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abaef4 · Cited by 449
“We can estimate the mass completeness as follows: if the halo has ∼109 stars (e.g., Deason et al. 2019; Mackereth & Bovy 2020) and we are tracing it with 5684 stars, for every structure with ∼175,000 stars, we find 1 star in the survey (assuming all structures are isotropic and completely mixed—in…”
BackgroundStreams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way
Helmi, A. (2020) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-032620-021917 · Cited by 407
The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2
Cautun, M., Benítez-Llambay, A., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Fattahi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Oman, K. A., Navarro, J. F., & Simpson, C. M. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1017 · Cited by 332
“The MW also has a stellar halo, but its mass is insignificant, roughly 3 percent of the total Galactic stellar mass (Deason et al. 2019a), and thus we neglect this Galactic component.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe Milky Way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2
Cautun, M., Benitez-Llambay, A., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Fattahi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Oman, K. A., Navarro, J. F., & Simpson, C. M. (2019) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1911.04557 · Cited by 335
“The MW also has a stellar halo, but its mass is insignificant, roughly 3 percent of the total Galactic stellar mass (Deason et al. 2019a), and thus we neglect this Galactic component.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationBelokurov, V. A., Sanders, J. L., Fattahi, A., Smith, M. C., Deason, A. J., Evans, N. W., & Grand, R. J. J. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa876 · Cited by 296
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Deason, A. J., Belokurov, V., & Sanders, J. L.
- Affiliations
- Durham University (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Deason, Alis J
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2019-10-07
- Volume
- 490
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 3426-3439
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2979777208
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 9.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Apollo
- Funders
- Royal Society
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/P000541/1, ST/K00042X/1, ST/H008519/1, ST/K003267/1)
- European Space Agency
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- Milky Way stellar halo, halo mass, red giant branch stars, metallicity distribution, Sagittarius dwarf galaxy, stellar mass-to-light ratio, Kroupa initial mass function, Gaia DR2
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