The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Incorporation of pseudouridine into mRNA enhances translation by diminishing PKR activation
Open accessAbstract
Previous studies have shown that the translation level of in vitro transcribed messenger RNA (mRNA) is enhanced when its uridines are replaced with pseudouridines; however, the reason for this enhancement has not been identified. Here, we demonstrate that in vitro transcripts containing uridine activate RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), which then phosphorylates translation initiation factor 2-alpha (eIF-2α), and inhibits translation. In contrast, in vitro transcribed mRNAs containing pseudouridine activate PKR to a lesser degree, and translation of pseudouridine-containing mRNAs is not repressed. RNA pull-down assays demonstrate that mRNA containing uridine is bound by PKR more efficiently than mRNA with pseudouridine. Finally, the role of PKR is validated by showing that pseudouridine- and uridine-containing RNAs were translated equally in PKR knockout cells. These results indicate that the enhanced translation of mRNAs containing pseudouridine, compared to those containing uridine, is mediated by decreased activation of PKR.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Substitution of chemically modified nucleotides in messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) enhances stability and transfection capability, and decreases immunogenicity1–3”
From Complete substitution with modified nucleotides in self-amplifying RNA suppresses the interferon response and increases potency (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Native RNA activates pattern recognition receptors such as toll-like receptors and triggers type I interferon (IFN) production, resulting in translational shutoff and systemic inflammation3.”
From Complete substitution with modified nucleotides in self-amplifying RNA suppresses the interferon response and increases potency (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This can be circumvented by the incorporation of naturally occurring nucleosides and by applying stringent purification to remove double-stranded RNA contaminants (19–21).”
From mRNA vaccine with unmodified uridine induces robust type I interferon-dependent anti-tumor immunity in a melanoma model (2022) · cites this paper as [21]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Transferring this concept to in vitro transcribed mRNA, for instance, pseudouridine-containing mRNAs reduced activation of known RNA sensors substantially.”
From Sequence-engineered mRNA without chemical nucleoside modifications enables an effective protein therapy in large animals (2015) · cites this paper as [22]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The two uridine analogs pseudouridine (Ψ) or 1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1Ψ) are widely used for mRNA therapeutics because they can increase mRNA stability and help modulate the host immune response31,32.”
From Human 5′ UTR design and variant effect prediction from a massively parallel translation assay (2019) · cites this paper as [32]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Although pseudouridine is primarily found in tRNA, rRNA, and small nuclear RNAs, pseudouridine-containing mRNAs were still translated and produced even more protein compared to unmodified mRNA.”
From Sequence-engineered mRNA without chemical nucleoside modifications enables an effective protein therapy in large animals (2015) · cites this paper as [22]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In addition, nucleoside modifications are well known to limit or even inhibit RNA sensor engagement.20,21,22”
From Sequence-engineered mRNA without chemical nucleoside modifications enables an effective protein therapy in large animals (2015) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Nucleoside-modified mRNA can reduce the activation of TLRs, retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), protein kinase R (PKR), and 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS). Additionally, nucleoside modification increases translation activity and resistance against RNase L-mediated degradation.54,81,173–176”
From Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development (2022) · cites this paper as [174]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Karikó, K., Buckstein, M., Ni, H., & Weissman, D. (2005) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2005.06.008 · Cited by 2,728
Self-citation5'-Triphosphate RNA Is the Ligand for RIG-I
Hornung, V., Ellegast, J., Kim, S., Brzózka, K., Jung, A., Kato, H., Poeck, H., Akira, S., Conzelmann, K.-K., Schlee, M., et al. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1132505 · Cited by 2,474
Karikó, K., Muramatsu, H., Welsh, F. A., Ludwig, J., Kato, H., Akira, S., & Weissman, D. (2008) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2008.200 · Cited by 1,930
Self-citationActivation of the interferon system by short-interfering RNAs
Sledz, C. A., Holko, M., de Veer, M. J., Silverman, R. H., & Williams, B. R. G. (2003) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb1038 · Cited by 1,401
AAV vector integration sites in mouse hepatocellular carcinoma
Donsante, A., Miller, D. G., Li, Y., Vogler, C., Brunt, E. M., Russell, D. W., & Sands, M. S. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1142658 · Cited by 662
Pseudouridine in RNA: What, Where, How, and Why
Charette, M., & Gray, M. W. (2000) · IUBMB Life · doi:10.1080/152165400410182 · Cited by 600
Ryter, J. M., & Schultz, S. C. (1998) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/17.24.7505 · Cited by 479
The RNA Modification Database: 1999 update
Rozenski, J., Crain, P. F., & McCloskey, J. A. (1999) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/27.1.196 · Cited by 390
2′-O-methyl-modified RNAs Act as TLR7 Antagonists
Robbins, M., Judge, A. D., Liang, L. Y., McClintock, K., Yaworski, E., & MacLachlan, I. (2007) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.mt.6300240 · Cited by 339
Genotoxicity of Retroviral Integration In Hematopoietic Cells
Nienhuis, A. W., Dunbar, C. E., & Sorrentino, B. P. (2006) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2006.03.001 · Cited by 301
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 60 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 684
Non-viral and mRNA-based strategies for next-generation CAR-T cell therapy
Wang, T., Jin, F., Xing, W., & Yu, S. (2026) · Pathology - Research and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.prp.2026.156455 · Cited by 3
Chemical Modification and Delivery System of Small Interfering RNA Drugs★
Li, C., Si, X., Li, J., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · 化学学报 · doi:10.6023/a23040179 · Cited by 4
Breakthroughs in mRNA vaccines and innovations in drug development
Wei, L., & Xue, Y. (2023) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/tb-2023-1058 · Cited by 3
Ghoshal, B., Chakraborty, D., Nag, M., Varadarajan, R., & Jhunjhunwala, S. (2024) · ACS Bio & Med Chem Au · doi:10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.4c00057 · Cited by 4
Graphene Oxide-Modified Resin for Selective dsRNA Removal from In Vitro-Transcribed mRNA
Ryu, J., Namgung, J., Jang, J., Lee, G., Yoo, K., Jun, B., & Kim, D. (2025) · ACS Applied Bio Materials · doi:10.1021/acsabm.5c00320 · Cited by 3
Bogard, B., Bonnet, H., Boyarchuk, E., Tellier, G., Furling, D., Mouly, V., Francastel, C., & Hubé, F. (2025) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkaf232 · Cited by 3
Jriyasetapong, K., Lawtrakulngam, N., Vivatbutsiri, P., Namano, S., Wattanasirmkit, K., Angkhanawiriyarak, S., & Suwanwela, J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-02931-x · Cited by 3
Harnessing dendritic cells as immunological bridges to potentiate mRNA cancer vaccines
Wu, R., Li, H., Li, Z., Hao, K., & Tian, H. (2025) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/d5tb00995b · Cited by 3
Forster, J., Fish, A., Malhotra, M., Pinjari, A., Debnath, M., & Kulkarni, A. A. (2025) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202503771 · Cited by 3
Current trends and future perspectives in the treatment of PBC and PSC: A review
Das, D. D., Sharma, N., & Chawla, P. A. (2022) · Health Sciences Review · doi:10.1016/j.hsr.2022.100065 · Cited by 4
Ramana, C. V. (2024) · Journal of Molecular Pathology · doi:10.3390/jmp5010009 · Cited by 3
Progress on mRNA vaccines and lipid nanoparticles
Fan, Y., Yin, H., Li, Y., Xi, Y., Tang, X., Weng, Y., & Huang, Y. (2024) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/tb-2023-1093 · Cited by 3
Kitano, T., Inagaki, H., & Hoshino, S.-I. (2024) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150103 · Cited by 3
Mottram, T. J., Harper, K. L., Vasconcelos, E. J. R., Anene, C. A., & Whitehouse, A. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2508523122 · Cited by 3
Kim, J., Jozić, A., Bloom, E., Jones, B., Marra, M., Murthy, N. T. V., Eygeris, Y., & Sahay, G. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.01.17.576136 · Cited by 3
Cytoplasmic protein-free mRNA induces stress granules by two G3BP1/2-dependent mechanismsPreprint
Ihn, S. J., Farlam-Williams, L., Palazzo, A. F., & Lee, H. O. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.02.07.578830 · Cited by 3
Navigating the landscape of epitranscriptomics and host immunityPreprint
Huang, E., Frydman-Gani, C., & Xiao, X. G. (2024) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.278412.123 · Cited by 4
Stiving, A. Q., Roose, B. W., Tubbs, C. M., Haverick, M. A., Gruber, A., Rustandi, R. R., Kuiper, J. L., Schombs, M. W., Schuessler, H. A., & Li, X. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.05.14.594137 · Cited by 3
RNA triggers chronic stress during neuronal agingPreprint
Rhine, K., Epstein, E., Carlson, N. M., Ge, X., Mizrahi, O., Kamat, A., Hermann, A., Brothers, W. R., Ravits, J., Bennett, E. J., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.08.04.668575 · Cited by 3
SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1-Resistant Modified RNA for the Creation of Nsp1-Responsive Systems
Pardi, M. L., Takayama, K., & Saito, H. (2025) · ACS Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1021/acssynbio.5c00075 · Cited by 2
Molecular Mechanisms of Innate Immune Sensing of Exogenous RNAs
Sioud, M. (2025) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-4742-4_2 · Cited by 2
Localized 2′-OH Acylation at Poly(A) Extends RNA Translation
Fang, L., Zhong, W., Xiao, L., Shioi, R., Lee, A., Bravo, C. H., & Kool, E. T. (2025) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.5c11900 · Cited by 3
Rational design of therapeutic RNA molecules
Fang, F., & Wei, B. (2025) · Trends in Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trechm.2025.09.016 · Cited by 2
A novel plasmid-based co-tethered transcription platform for high yield, high purity mRNA synthesis
Mala, P., Banerjee, R., Abek, A., Forster, J., Pinjari, A., Kulkarni, A. A., & Martin, C. T. (2025) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkaf1355 · Cited by 2
Sadaqa, E., Fajriawan, A. A., & Muttaqien, S. E. (2026) · Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry · doi:10.33263/briac161.028 · Cited by 4
Antigen anisotropy: The overlooked geometric determinant of vaccine immunogenicity and fidelity
Santiago, D. (2026) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2026.2638640 · Cited by 2
An, J. S., Lim, S. B., Lee, K. H., Kim, S., Kim, S., Lee, J., Kim, D., Han, S. R., Naito, M., Miyata, K., et al. (2026) · ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c02147 · Cited by 2
ADVANCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MRNA-VACCINES
Golyak, N. S., Царенков, В. М., Sushinskaya, O. A., Sechko, O. G., & Malchenkova, S. S. (2025) · Vestnik Farmacii · doi:10.52540/2074-9457.2025.2.77 · Cited by 2
A comprehensive analysis of the use of nucleoside analogues in RNA therapeutics
Kukushkina-Zvezdova, A. A., Zherebtsova, A. A., Telegina, D. V., Skvortsov, I. A., Ivanov, R. A., & Reshetnikov, V. V. (2026) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-026-08083-4 · Cited by 3
Huang, M., Quan, Y., Chen, R., Gu, H., Song, W., Zhu, F., Feng, S., Lin, J. I. N. Y. I., Lu, J., Li, X., et al. (2026) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1080/22221751.2026.2668752 · Cited by 4
Huang, J., Cheng, R., Zhou, X. Y., Lin, J. I. N. Y. I., Wu, W., Wang, X., & Liu, K. (2026) · Biomedical Technology · doi:10.1016/j.bmt.2026.100154 · Cited by 2
The current landscape of mRNA therapy and the strategies for mRNA purification and dsRNA removal
Liu, J., Zang, J., Jing-Ru, X., Ran, X., Su, M., Zhang, W.-M., Ge, Z.-W., Sun, Q.-Y., & Ding, L. (2026) · Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1186/s12929-026-01277-4 · Cited by 2
Detection of Base Modifications Using Long-Read Sequencing: Methods, Applications, and Challenges
Sheng, T., Wang, S., Xiao, Y., Ni, P., Zhu, Y., Zhong, Z., & Wang, J. (2026) · Big Data Mining and Analytics · doi:10.26599/bdma.2025.9020101 · Cited by 2
The breakthrough in vaccination: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023
Hagymási, K. (2024) · Structural Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s11224-024-02281-w · Cited by 2
Critical applications and prospects of RNA modification in mRNA vaccines
Liu, C., Peng, J., Zhang, M., Xiang, H., & Yi, C. (2024) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/tb-2023-0800 · Cited by 2
Small interfering RNA: potential in real-world clinical practice
Motrinchuk, A. S., & Kasimova, A. R. (2024) · Real-World Data & Evidence · doi:10.37489/2782-3784-myrwd-46 · Cited by 2
Lou, Z., Shi, Y., Guo, X., Jin, Z., Huang, J., Hu, Y., Liu, X., Zhu, J., Kuang, R., & You, J. (2024) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.4c04953 · Cited by 2
mRNA Vaccines: Immunology and Present and Future Potential
Khan, O. F., Couture‐Senécal, J., Lau, Y. M. A., Oproescu, A.-M., Pang, J., Tilstra, G., & Walz, B. A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-62772-9_5 · Cited by 2
Advancing Protein‐Coding RNA Engineering: From Structural Refinement to Biomedical Implementation
Lu, X., Li, S., Chi, Y., Lin, S., Yuan, H., Lin, Z., Xiao, Y., Yin, H., Zuo, X., Cheng, R., et al. (2025) · Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1002/biot.70038 · Cited by 2
Preparation of Synthetic mRNAs—Overview and Considerations
Chan, S., & Roy, B. (2022) · RNA technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08415-7_9 · Cited by 2
Karalė, K., Bollmark, M., Stulz, R., Honcharenko, D., Tedebark, U., & Strömberg, R. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26226927 · Cited by 2
Engineering a Novel Modular Adenoviral mRNA Delivery Platform Based on Tag/Catcher Bioconjugation
Geng, K., Rice-Boucher, P. J., Kashentseva, E. A., Dmitriev, I. P., Lu, Z. H., Goedegebuure, S. P., Gillanders, W. E., & Curiel, D. T. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15112277 · Cited by 3
Growing prospects of RNA therapeutics: A case of METTL5 and 18S rRNA m6A modification
Shinde, H., & Kadam, U. S. (2023) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.12.005 · Cited by 2
Stabilized 5′ Cap Analogue for Optochemical Activation of mRNA Translation
Weissenboeck, F. P., Klöcker, N., Špaček, P., Hüwel, S., & Rentmeister, A. (2024) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.3c08505 · Cited by 2
Kafle, S., Montoya, B., Tang, L., Tam, Y. K., Muramatsu, H., Pardi, N., & Sigal, L. J. (2024) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102279 · Cited by 2
Self-citationThe Nobel Prize awarded to pioneers of mRNA vaccines
Herzog, R. W., & Giangrande, P. H. (2023) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.10.006 · Cited by 2
Decoding trends in mRNA vaccine research: A comprehensive bibliometric study
Zhang, C., Wang, Y., Peng, J., Wen, X., Zhang, Y., Li, K., Du, H., & Hu, X. (2024) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2024.2355037 · Cited by 1
Martin, S., Kim, C. Y., & Coller, J. M. (2024) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-4176-7_11 · Cited by 1
Small nucleic acid drugs-the dawn of functional cure of chronic hepatitis B
Zhang, L., Cao, Y. Q., Zhuang, S., Sun, J., Tong, Q., Xi, J., Liu, S., & Zhuang, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1633001 · Cited by 1
Pan, Y., Zhu, C., Zhuang, Y., Li, X., Xu, R. D., Jiang, Y., Dong, Y., He, C., Liu, D., & Zhang, X. (2025) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.5c13616 · Cited by 1
Wang, J., Sun, X.-Y., Gao, Q., Fu, M., Xiao, M., Du, N., & Ge, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1674049 · Cited by 1
Iemitsu, K., Yoshii, K., Hirayama, Y., Liu, Z., Hifumi, S., Kondo, S., Ishida, K., Nagatake, T., & Kunisawa, J. (2025) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.jlr.2025.100956 · Cited by 1
Willemin, T., Guinchard, F., Marmey, J., Chareyre, A., Aguesse, A., Peronin, S., Bouhired, M., Malburet, C., Talaga, P., Abachin, É., et al. (2026) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.128180 · Cited by 2
Phua, K. K. L., Liu, Y., Zhang, W., Chin, J. M., Tang, H.-W., Pardi, N., & Nair, S. K. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-35611-5 · Cited by 1
Lee, G., Ryu, J., Jang, J., Noh, W., & Kim, D.-E. (2026) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkaf1536 · Cited by 1
N1MΨU-modified mRNA vaccines break the mold in fish by enhancing innate immune activation
Porter, D., Jouneau, L., Peruzzi, M., Collet, B., Verrier, B., & Boudinot, P. (2026) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2026.102862 · Cited by 2
Ni, N., & Burgio, G. (2026) · Virology Journal · doi:10.1186/s12985-026-03121-5 · Cited by 1
To modify or not to modify: Rethinking mRNA design for CAR T cell engineering
Thatte, A. S., & Mitchell, M. J. (2026) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2026.102872 · Cited by 1
Kim, S., Jo, M. J., Jeong, M. S., Ha, M., Ham, Y., Hong, J., Kim, D., Yum, K., Yeon, J., Han, S., et al. (2026) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41434-026-00606-4 · Cited by 1
Engineered mRNA backbones for gene expression in human T cells
Gibor, G., Tzvi, N., Meir, A., Abu-Hariri, H., Shemer, A., Kilim, S., Abelian, S., Harush, O., Itzhaki, O., Shapira‐Frommer, R., et al. (2026) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2026.102913 · Cited by 1
Zhang, T., Peng, X., Qin, J., Zhu, B., Zhang, S., Deng, S., Song, Z., Han, Y., Zheng, H., Chen, J., et al. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-72025-3 · Cited by 1
Li, L., Wang, M., Ye, X., Liu, Z., Duan, Y., Chen, X., Ouyang, Y., Wu, Q., Sun, M., & Xie, T. (2026) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.70700 · Cited by 1
Takano, T., Matsumura, T., & Takahashi, Y. (2026) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxag040 · Cited by 1
Adjuvants, the Elephant in the Room for RNA Vaccines
D’haese, S., den Roover, S., & Aerts, J. L. (2022) · RNA technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08415-7_12 · Cited by 1
Nobelpreis für Medizin und Physiologie 2023 für Grundlagenforschung auf dem Gebiet der mRNA
Rennert, C., & Thimme, R. (2023) · DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1055/a-2186-7414 · Cited by 1
Future of biotherapeutics: Harnessing mRNA to enhance elastin expression
Crawford, B. C., Elias, B. C., & Benjamin, J. T. (2023) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2023.102069 · Cited by 1
Mandal, N. (2024) · Journal of Hematology and Allied Sciences · doi:10.25259/jhas_4_2024 · Cited by 1
Kumar, N., Singh, A., Sahu, U., Desai, D. N., Kumar, M., Bhatia, S., & Sanyal, A. (2024) · Livestock diseases and management · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-9195-2_6 · Cited by 1
Ishikawa, O. (2024) · Trends in Immunotherapy · doi:10.24294/ti.v8.i1.3326 · Cited by 1
Hillery, A. M. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-28934-7.00003-0 · Cited by 1
Role of mouse adenovirus type 1 E4orf6-induced degradation of protein kinase R in pathogenesis
Daniel F. Edwards, III, Pereira, E. A., de Castro-Jorge, L. A., Nevarez, J. M., Foreman, O., & Spindler, K. R. (2024) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01545-24 · Cited by 1
Zhang, T., Jian, Z., Chen, J., Xu, D., Yang, X., Lu, Y., Yan, S., Pan, L., Wu, Q., & Ouyang, Z. (2025) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2025.2454078 · Cited by 1
mRNA Vaccine: Determinants of Clinical Efficacy, and Optimization of Pharmacological Effects
Ohanube, G. A. K., & Obeta, U. M. (2021) · International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research · doi:10.51847/175q0zatao · Cited by 1
Substrate specificity of the multisite specific pseudouridine synthase RluD
Leppik, M. (2013) · DSpace repository (University of Tartu) · Cited by 1
Strzelecka, D., Śmietański, M., Sikorski, P. J., Warmiński, M., Kowalska, J., & Jemielity, J. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.07.02.184598 · Cited by 1
Bacterial Ribonuclease MazF-Mediated Apoptosis as Potential Cancer TherapyPreprint
Saffarian, M., MacPherson, R. A., Huang, G., Ding, H., Powell, R. R., Bruce, T. F., & Tzeng, T.-R. J. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-278336/v1 · Cited by 1
A 2023 NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE: PATHWAY FOR NEXT GENERATION OF VACCINES
Tacer, K. F., & Rajčević, U. (2023) · Slovenian Veterinary Research · doi:10.26873/svr-1879-2023 · Cited by 1
EDITORIAL. El Premio Nobel de Medicina o Fisiología 2023
Esparza, J. (2023) · Investigación Clínica · doi:10.54817/ic.v64n4a00 · Cited by 1
Strategic Deactivation of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines: New Applications for RIBOTACs and siRNA TherapyPreprint
Hulscher, N., McCullough, P. A., & Marotta, D. E. (2024) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/qxbgu · Cited by 1
Modified or Unmodified mRNA Vaccines? – The Biochemistry of Pseudouridine and mRNA Pseudouridylation
Morais, P., & Yu, Y. (2024) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527838394.ch3 · Cited by 2
Linking Long ncRNA to the Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, and Prognosis of Esophageal Cancer
Sagaram, M., & Kallwitz, E. R. (2025) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-024-08817-8 · Cited by 1
ZUGC-RNA degradation generates immunosuppressor to evade immune responses in eukaryotesPreprint
Gao, S., Chen, M., Wich, D., Bloomer, H., Qu, Z., Guan, H., & Xu, Q. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.01.27.633273 · Cited by 1
Freire, J., Pang, S., McGee, J. E., Heinrich, M. J., Xie, J., Hammarlund, E., Shaw, D. C., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., Porter, C., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.30.685635 · Cited by 1
Badarau, A., Bauer, B., Visram, Z., Qiao, R., Majoros-Hashempour, A., Söllner, J., Ðurica-Mitić, S., Dunne, O. M., Kluj, R., Kestemont, D., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.04.27.720530 · Cited by 1
Reprogramming human somatic cells to pluripotency using RNA
Angel, M. (2012) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
Development and validation of synthetic-virus like vaccines
Udhayakumar, V. K. (2017) · Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)
Lipid nanoparticles for delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics
Chen, S. (2017) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0307282
Immunotherapy with mRNA vaccination and immunomodulation nanomedicine for cancer therapy
Madkour, L. H. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819777-6.00021-4
Akita, H. (2020) · Drug Delivery System · doi:10.2745/dds.35.417
Paumet, F., & Wesolowski, J. (2011) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.11434957.14735067
Xu, J., Wang, R., Zhao, J., He, F., Zhang, Y., Xie, Y., Shen, L., Nie, Y., & Deng, W. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1192447/v1
Netzband, R., & Pager, C. T. (2021) · Virology · doi:10.1002/9781119818526.ch4
Constantinescu, E. M., Chivaran, A. I., & Constantinescu, C.-A. (2022) · Jurnal Medical Brasovean · doi:10.31926/jmb.2021.1.6
Improving the fidelity of uridine analog incorporation during in vitro transcriptionPreprint
Chen, T.-H., Potapov, V., Dai, N., Ong, J. L., & Roy, B. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.04.12.488100
Lipid Nanoparticles to Harness the Therapeutic Potential of mRNA for Cancer Treatment
Guevara, M. L., Persano, F., & Persano, S. (2022) · RNA technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08415-7_14
Kairuz, D., Singh, P., Smith, T. S., Arbuthnot, P. B., Ely, A., & Bloom, K. M. (2022) · RNA technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08415-7_8
Jackson, N. A. C. (2022) · RNA technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08415-7_2
Kyriakopoulos, A., Nigh, G., McCullough, P. A., & Seneff, S. (2022) · doi:10.22541/au.166869714.49348651/v1
da Silva, J. R. (2021) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.42.2021.tde-17032022-102622
Metadata
- Authors
- Anderson, B. R., Muramatsu, H., Nallagatla, S. R., Bevilacqua, P. C., Sansing, L. H., Weissman, D., & Karikó, K.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Karikó, Katalin
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nucleic Acids Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-05-10
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 5884-5892
- ISSN
- 0305-1048 (ISSN-L)
- 1362-4962
- PMC
- PMC2943593
- OpenAlex
- W2156788486
- Cited by
- 682
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 67 · 2025: 99 · 2024: 143 · 2023: 90 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 3.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nucleic Acids Research (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Cleveland Clinic
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R42HL087688)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM007229, R01GM058709)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI050484)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (T32DK007748)
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (R21DE019059)
- National Center for Research Resources (T32RR007063)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA modifications and cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA regulation and disease
- Keywords
- pseudouridine, mRNA translation, PKR, RNA-dependent protein kinase, eIF2α phosphorylation, translation initiation, uridine, in vitro transcribed mRNA, RNA-protein interactions
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Line, Cells, Cultured, Humans, Pseudouridine, RNA, Messenger, Protein Biosynthesis, eIF-2 Kinase, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
