β-Carotene Supplementation and Lung Cancer Incidence in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study: The Role of Tar and Nicotine
Open accessAbstract
Introduction: The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study demonstrated that β-carotene supplementation increases lung cancer incidence in smokers. Further, cigarettes with higher tar and nicotine content are associated with a higher risk of lung cancer. However, no studies have examined whether the increased risk associated with β-carotene supplementation in smokers varies by the tar or nicotine content of cigarettes. Methods: The ATBC Study was a randomized, double-blind intervention trial conducted in southwest Finland. A total of 29 133 male smokers, aged 50–69 years, were enrolled and randomly assigned to one of four groups (α-tocopherol, β-carotene, both, or placebo). Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of lung cancer risk by β-carotene trial assignment stratified by a priori categories of cigarette tar and nicotine content. Results: The β-carotene supplementation group had significantly higher risk of developing lung cancer in all categories of tar content (yes vs. no β-carotene supplementation—ultralight cigarettes [≤7 mg tar]: HR = 1.31, 95% CI = 0.91 to 1.89; nonfiltered cigarettes [≥21 mg tar]: HR = 1.22, 95% CI = 0.91 to 1.64; p for interaction = .91). Similarly, there was no interaction with nicotine content (yes vs. no β-carotene supplementation—ventilated cigarettes [≤0.8 µg nicotine]: HR = 1.23, 95% CI = 0.98 to 1.54; nonfiltered cigarettes [≥1.3 µg nicotine]: HR = 1.22, 95% CI = 0.91 to 1.64; p for interaction = .83). Conclusion: These findings support the conclusion that supplementation with β-carotene increases the risk of lung cancer in smokers regardless of the tar or nicotine content of cigarettes smoked. Our data suggest that all smokers should continue to avoid β-carotene supplementation. Implications: Previous studies demonstrated that β-carotene supplementation increases risk of lung cancer in smokers. This study moves the field forward by examining the potential for modification of risk of lung cancer with different levels of tar and nicotine in cigarettes smoked, as interaction with carcinogens in these components of cigarette smoke is hypothesized to be the mechanism by which β-carotene increases risk. Our study provides evidence that the increased risk of lung cancer in smokers who take β-carotene supplements is not dependent upon the tar or nicotine level of cigarettes smoked and suggests that all smokers should continue to avoid β-carotene supplementation.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The observed adverse effects of beta-carotene were seen with beta-carotene supplementation, not with lower carotenoid intake through the diet.
“It is important to point out that these effects were observed with β-carotene supplementation, not with lower carotenoid intake ingested through the diet [200].”
From Vitamin A Update: Forms, Sources, Kinetics, Detection, Function, Deficiency, Therapeutic Use and Toxicity (2021) · cites this paper as [200]
Smokers receiving β-carotene had a higher incidence of lung cancer regardless of the tar or nicotine content of the cigarette smoke.
“The results of the trial have shown that smokers receiving β-carotene had a higher incidence of lung cancer regardless of the tar or nicotine content of the cigarette smoke.”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Middha et al. 2019
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199404143301501 · Cited by 4,737 · see citing works
Lung Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention
Cruz, C. S. D., Tanoue, L. T., & Matthay, R. A. (2011) · Clinics in Chest Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2011.09.001 · Cited by 2,501 · see citing works
Tobacco Smoke Carcinogens and Lung Cancer
Hecht, S. S. (1999) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/91.14.1194 · Cited by 1,976 · see citing works
Omenn, G. S., Goodman, G. E., Thornquist, M. D., Balmes, J., Cullen, M. R., Glass, A., Keogh, J. P., Meyskens, F. L., Valanis, B., Williams, J. H., et al. (1996) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/88.21.1550 · Cited by 1,255 · see citing works
Vegetables, fruit, and cancer. I. Epidemiology
Steinmetz, K. A., & Potter, J. D. (1991) · Cancer Causes and Control · doi:10.1007/bf00051672 · Cited by 1,118 · see citing works
Gorber, S. C., Schofield-Hurwitz, S., Hardt, J., Levasseur, G., & Tremblay, M. (2009) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntn010 · Cited by 1,079 · see citing works
Albanes, D., Heinonen, O. P., Taylor, P. R., Virtamo, J., Edwards, B. K., Rautalahti, M. T., Hartman, A. M., Palmgren, J., Freedman, L. S., Haapakoski, J., et al. (1996) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/88.21.1560 · Cited by 902 · see citing works
Self-citationVegetables, fruit, and cancer. II. Mechanisms
Steinmetz, K. A., & Potter, J. D. (1991) · Cancer Causes and Control · doi:10.1007/bf00054304 · Cited by 804 · see citing works
The ATBC cancer prevention study group (1994) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/1047-2797(94)90036-1 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Relation of nicotine yield of cigarettes to blood nicotine concentrations in smokers.
Russell, M. A., Jarvis, M., Iyer, R., & Feyerabend, C. (1980) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.280.6219.972 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Incidence of Cancer and Mortality Following α-Tocopherol and β-Carotene Supplementation
Virtamo, J. R. K., Pietinen, P., Huttunen, J. K., Korhonen, P. A., Malila, N. K., Virtanen, M. J., Albanes, D., Taylor, P. R., & Albert, P. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.4.476 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Self-citationConnections of nicotine to cancer
Grando, S. A. (2014) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc3725 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Albanes, D., Heinonen, O., Huttunen, J., Taylor, P., Virtamo, J., Edwards, B., Haapakoski, J., Rautalahti, M., Hartman, A., & Palmgren, J. (1995) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/62.6.1427s · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, X.-D., Liu, C., Bronson, R. T., Smith, D. E., Krinsky, N. I., & Russell, R. M. (1999) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/91.1.60 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Nicotine Promotes Tumor Growth and Metastasis in Mouse Models of Lung Cancer
Davis, R. K., Rizwani, W., Banerjee, S., Kovacs, M. A., Haura, E. B., Coppola, D., & Chellappan, S. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007524 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
The Finnish Cancer Registry as Follow-Up Source of a Large Trial Cohort
Korhonen, P. A., Malila, N., Pukkala, ., Teppo, L., Albanes, D., & Virtamo, J. R. K. (2002) · Acta Oncologica · doi:10.1080/028418602760169442 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationHarris, J. E. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.37936.585382.44 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“Tar” and nicotine content of cigarette smoke in relation to death rates
Hammond, E., Garfinkel, L., Seidman, H., & Lew, E. A. (1976) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/0013-9351(76)90036-0 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
β-Carotene and lung cancer: a case study
Albanes, D. (1999) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.6.1345s · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationß-Carotene and Lung Cancer in Smokers: Review of Hypotheses and Status of Research
Góralczyk, R. (2009) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1080/01635580903285155 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Warren, G. W., & Singh, A. K. (2013) · Journal of Carcinogenesis · doi:10.4103/1477-3163.106680 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Carcinogen Exposure during Short-term Switching from Regular to “Light” Cigarettes
Benowitz, N. L., Jacob, P., Bernert, J. T., Wilson, M., Wang, L., Allen, F., & Dempsey, D. A. (2005) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-04-0667 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
TAR CONTENT OF CIGARETTES IN RELATION TO LUNG CANCER
Kaufman, D. W., Palmer, J. R., Rosenberg, L. A., Stolley, P. D., WARSHAUER, E., & Shapiro, S. (1989) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115185 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Tar yield of cigarettes and risk of acute myocardial infarction. GISSI-EFRIM Investigators.
Negri, E., Franzosi, M., Vecchia, C. L., Santoro, L., Nobili, A., & Tognoni, G. (1993) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.306.6892.1567 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Chernyavsky, A. I., Shchepotin, I. B., Galitovkiy, V., & Grando, S. A. (2015) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1158-4 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Monitoring smoking patterns of low and high tar cigarettes with inductive plethysmography.
Tobin, M. J., & Sackner, M. A. (1982) · PubMed · doi:10.1164/arrd.1982.126.2.258 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Lung cancer risk is proportional to cigarette tar yield: Evidence from a prospective study
Stellman, S. D., & Garfinkel, L. (1989) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/0091-7435(89)90010-8 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Smoking and lung cancer: Risk as a function of cigarette tar content
Wilcox, H., Schoenberg, J. B., Mason, T. J., BILL, J., & Stemhagen, A. (1988) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/0091-7435(88)90002-3 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 29 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [30]30. Benowitz NL. Compensatory smoking of low yield cigarettes. In: Shopland DR, Burns DM, Benowitz NL, Amacher RH, eds. NCI Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 13. Vol. 02-5074. Bethesda, MD: U.S. NIH, National Cancer Institute; 2001:39-64.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging
Jomova, K., Raptova, R., Alomar, S. Y., Alwasel, S. H., Nepovimova, E., Kuca, K., & Valko, M. (2023) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-023-03562-9 · Cited by 2,638 · see citing works
Carazo, A., Macáková, K., Matoušová, K., Krčmová, L. K., Protti, M., & Mladěnka, P. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13051703 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Collins, E. J., Bowyer, C. J., Tsouza, A., & Chopra, M. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11020239 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Kabir, M. T., Rahman, M. H., Shah, M., Jamiruddin, M. R., Basak, D., Al‐Harrasi, A., Bhatia, S., Ashraf, G. M., Najda, A., El-kott, A. F., et al. (2022) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112610 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Effects of Microalgal Carotenoids
Ávila‐Román, J., García-Gil, S., Rodríguez-Luna, A., Motilva, V., & Talero, E. (2021) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md19100531 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Carotenoids: How Effective Are They to Prevent Age-Related Diseases?
Tan, B. L., & Norhaizan, M. E. (2019) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules24091801 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Antioxidants and Reactive Oxygen Species: Shaping Human Health and Disease Outcomes
Manful, C. F., Fordjour, E., Subramaniam, D., Sey, A. A., Abbey, L., & Thomas, R. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26157520 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Microalgae as a Source of Valuable Phenolic Compounds and Carotenoids
Cichoński, J., & Chrzanowski, G. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27248852 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Carotenoids in Cancer Apoptosis—The Road from Bench to Bedside and Back
Koklesová, L., Líšková, A., Samec, M., Buhrmann, C., Samuel, S. M., Varghese, E., Ashrafizadeh, M., Najafi, M., Shakibaei, M., Büsselberg, D., et al. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12092425 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Wierzejska, R. E. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18178897 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Yuan, M., Zhang, G., Bai, W., Han, X., Li, C., & Bian, S. (2022) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2022/1429869 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of Carotenoids in the Management of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Lem, D. W., Davey, P. G., Gierhart, D. L., & Rosen, R. B. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10081255 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Disease Prevention and Treatment Using β-Carotene: the Ultimate Provitamin A
Anand, R., Mohan, L., & Bharadvaja, N. (2022) · Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia · doi:10.1007/s43450-022-00262-w · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Systemic Photoprotection in Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer
Hyeraci, M., Papanikolaou, E. S., Grimaldi, M., Ricci, F., Pallotta, S., Monetta, R., Minafò, Y. A., Lella, G. D., Galdo, G., ABENI, D. D., et al. (2023) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom13071067 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Carotenoids in Cancer Metastasis—Status Quo and Outlook
Koklesová, L., Líšková, A., Samec, M., Zhai, K., Abotaleb, M., Ashrafizadeh, M., Brockmueller, A., Shakibaei, M., Biringer, K., Bugos, O., et al. (2020) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom10121653 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Etiology of lung cancer: Evidence from epidemiologic studies
Zou, K., Sun, P., Huang, H., Zhuo, H., Qie, R., Xie, Y., Luo, J., Li, N., Li, J., He, J., et al. (2022) · Journal of the National Cancer Center · doi:10.1016/j.jncc.2022.09.004 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Alsharairi, N. A. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11040725 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
SLC7A11, a Potential Therapeutic Target Through Induced Ferroptosis in Colon Adenocarcinoma
Cheng, X., Wang, Y., Liu, L., Lv, C., Liu, C., & Xu, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2022.889688 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Zhang, Q., & Wen, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1146949 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Review of Mendelian Randomization Studies on Ovarian Cancer
Guo, J.-Z., Xiao, Q., Gao, S., Li, X., Wu, Q., & Gong, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.681396 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Astori, E., Garavaglia, M. L., Colombo, G., Landoni, L., Portinaro, N. M., Milzani, A., & Dalle‐Donne, I. (2021) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422421000093 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Szabó, Z., Koczka, V., Marosvölgyi, T., Szabó, É., Frank, E., Polyák, É., Fekete, K., Erdelyi, A., Verzár, Z., & Figler, M. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082593 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Yang, J., Qian, S., Na, X., & Zhao, A. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12020338 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Diabetes and Cancer: Metabolic Association, Therapeutic Challenges, and the Role of Natural Products
Talib, W. H., Mahmod, A. I., Abuarab, S. F., Hasen, E., Munaim, A. A., Haif, S. K., Ayyash, A. M., Khater, S. H., Al-Yasari, I. H., & Kury, L. T. A. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26082179 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Retinol palmitate and ascorbic acid: Role in oncological prevention and therapy
Cavalcante, A. A. D. C. M., Sousa, L. D. R., de Alencar, M. V. O. B., Santos, J. V. D. O., da Mata, A. M. O., Paz, M. F. C. J., de Carvalho, R. M., Nunes, N. M. F., Islam, M. T., Mendes, A. N., et al. (2018) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.115 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Osuna‐Prieto, F. J., Martínez‐Téllez, B., Segura‐Carretero, A., & Ruiz, J. R. (2021) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmab084 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Untapping the protective role of carotenoids against respiratory diseases
Manochkumar, J., Singh, A., Efferth, T., & Ramamoorthy, S. (2022) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154286 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Suzuki, M., & Tomita, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.861619 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Vaping associated with healthy food words: A content analysis of Twitter
Basáñez, T., Majmundar, A., Cruz, T. B., & Unger, J. B. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2018.09.007 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Mir, F. A., Lark, A. R. S., & Nehs, C. J. (2025) · Frontiers in Aging · doi:10.3389/fragi.2025.1605070 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Zhao, H., & Jin, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.965911 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Targeting Production of Reactive Oxygen Species as an Anticancer Strategy
MARIOLI-SAPSAKOU, G.-K., & Kourti, M. (2021) · Anticancer Research · doi:10.21873/anticanres.15408 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Feinberg, T., Wieland, L. S., Miller, L. E., Munir, K. M., Pollin, T. I., Shuldiner, A. R., Amoils, S., Gallagher, L., Bahr-Robertson, M. K., & D’Adamo, C. R. (2019) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-3032-6 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Bahrami, A., Khalesi, S., Makiabadi, E., Alibeyk, S., Hajigholam-Saryazdi, M., & Hejazi, E. (2021) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuab117 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Strategies for the reduction of sugar in food products
Gomes, A., Bourbon, A. I., Peixoto, A. R., Sanches-Silva, A. T., Tasso, A., Almeida, C., Nobre, C., Nunes, C., Sánchez, C., Gonçalves, D. A., et al. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85513-6.00008-6 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Impact of the Lung Microbiota on Development and Progression of Lung Cancer
Belaïd, A., Roméo, B., Rignol, G., Benzaquen, J., Audoin, T., Vouret‐Craviari, V., Brest, P., Varraso, R., von Bergen�, M., Marquette, C., et al. (2024) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers16193342 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The exposome and nutritional pharmacology and toxicology: a new application for metabolomics
Rushing, B. R., Thessen, A., Soliman, G. A., Ramesh, A., & Sumner, S. (2023) · Exposome · doi:10.1093/exposome/osad008 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Antioxidant Potential of Exosomes in Animal Nutrition
Jin, H., Liu, J., & Wang, D. (2024) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox13080964 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Carrot Intake and Risk of Developing Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study
Deding, U., Baatrup, G., Kaalby, L., & Kobæk-Larsen, M. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15030678 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Li, Y., Li, T., Yan, Z., Wafae, B., Wu, C., Yan, S., Fan, G., Li, X., Zhou, D., Cong, K., et al. (2024) · Scientia Horticulturae · doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2024.112956 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Power, R. F., Doherty, D. E., Horgan, R., Fahey, P., Gallagher, D. J., Lowery, M. A., & Cadoo, K. A. (2024) · Hereditary Cancer in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/s13053-024-00280-w · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hu, C., Huang, Y., Luo, P., & Yang, Y. (2021) · Oncology Letters · doi:10.3892/ol.2021.12469 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Rahman, A. A., Ngah, W. Z. W., Jamal, R., Makpol, S., Harun, R., & Mokhtar, N. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.844199 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Risk-Reducing Measures for Cancer Prevention
Ayenigbara, I. O. (2023) · Korean Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.4082/kjfm.22.0167 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Sebastian, S. T., Klingler‐Hoffmann, M., Howard, D., Young, C., Washington, J., Unterweger, H., Alexiou, C., Turnbull, T., D’Andrea, R. J., Hoffmann, P., et al. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12081617 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
New Paradigms to Assess Consequences of Long-Term, Low-Dose Curcumin Exposure in Lung Cancer Cells
Smagurauskaite, G., Mahale, J., Brown, K., Thomas, A., & Howells, L. M. (2020) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules25020366 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Bates, C. A., Vincent, M., Buerger, A. N., Santamaria, A. B., Maier, A., & Jack, M. M. (2024) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2024.115104 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Rajeev, A. C., Raju, R., & Pan, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2025.1572619 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Cancer Prevention Effects of Foods, Food Groups, Nutrients, and Their Underlying Mechanisms
Xia, B., Yang, W., Liang, H., Liu, S. Y., Wang, D., & Huang, J. (2022) · ACS Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acsfoodscitech.1c00293 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Biochemical mechanisms and molecular interactions of vitamins in cancer therapy
Aborode, A., Onifade, I., Olorunshola, M., Adenikinju, G., Aruorivwooghene, I. J., Femi, A. C., Osayawe, O. J.-K., Osinuga, A., Omojowolo, E. A., Adeoye, A., et al. (2024) · Cancer Pathogenesis and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.cpt.2024.05.001 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Dalayya, S., Elsaid, S. T. F. A., Ng, K. H., Song, T. L., & Lim, J. B. Y. (2023) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1155/2023/8005764 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Wal, P., Vig, H., Khare, R., Wal, A., Tondon, G., Kishore, A., & Kumar, S. (2023) · The Open Medicinal Chemistry Journal · doi:10.2174/18741045-v17-e230916-2023-8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Singh, D. D., Yadav, D. K., & Shin, D. (2026) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox15020164 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
MacMahon, M., Hwang, W., Yim, S., MacMahon, E., Abraham, A., Barton, J., Tharmakulasingam, M., Bilokon, P., Gaddi, V. P., & Han, N. (2023) · Informatics in Medicine Unlocked · doi:10.1016/j.imu.2023.101387 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
ROS and Oxidative Stress in Cancer: Recent Advances
Varol, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-7586-0_6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Antioxidant supplements in age-related macular degeneration: are they actually beneficial?
Banerjee, M., Chawla, R., & Kumar, A. (2021) · Therapeutic Advances in Ophthalmology · doi:10.1177/25158414211030418 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Antioxidants in Infectious Disease Management
Ugoeze, K. C., & Odeku, O. A. (2024) · Antioxidants · doi:10.1002/9781394270576.ch6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Levit, S., Shoykhet, J., & Levit, E. (2025) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.71448 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Causal associations between smoking and ocular diseases: a Mendelian randomization study
Huang, Z., Chen, J., Shi, L., & Huang, J. (2025) · Advances in Ophthalmology Practice and Research · doi:10.1016/j.aopr.2025.06.002 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Jarczewska, K., Kopeć, M., & Surmacki, J. M. (2025) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/d5cp01289a · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Moroșan, E., Mititelu, M., Drăgănescu, D., Lupuliasa, D., Ozon, E. A., Karampelas, O., Gîrd, C. E., Aramă, C., Hovaneț, M. V., Musuc, A. M., et al. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11188685 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Zasowska‐Nowak, A., Nowak, P. J., & Ciałkowska-Rysz, A. D. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14153183 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Afsar, A., & Li, Z. (2024) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology13030185 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Plant-Based Pigments: Novel Extraction Technologies and Applications
Benavente‐Valdés, J. R., Morales‐Oyervides, L., & Montañez, J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-5136-9_16 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A literature review addressing midwakh and e-cigarette use in the Gulf region
Dalibalta, S., Makhlouf, Z., Rabah, L., Samara, F., & Elsayed, Y. (2023) · Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association · doi:10.1186/s42506-023-00146-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Butorin, A. V., Петрович, Р. В., & Ширинский, В. А. (2024) · Health Risk Analysis · doi:10.21668/health.risk/2024.1.08 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Yang, J., Na, X., Li, Z., & Zhao, A. (2024) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox13070799 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Shirhatti, V. R., Marathe, S. J., Shah, N. N., & Singhal, R. S. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85615-7.00009-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Associations of serum carotenoid concentrations with all-cause mortality in cancer survivors
Han, J., Wang, R., Bai, L., Liu, Y., Liao, M., Zhang, L., Liu, L., & Qi, B. (2025) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2025.08.014 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Appearance of Validity in Nutrition Science: Why Weak Inferences Persist
López‐Moreno, M., Quesada-Fernández, G., & López‐Gil, J. F. (2026) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2026.100693 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Therapeutic potential of phytochemical compounds in cardiovascular disease: a comprehensive review
Alatawi, K. (2026) · Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal · doi:10.1007/s44446-026-00111-0 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Farhat, F., Daulay, E. R., & Chrestella, J. (2019) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA (IJNPC) · doi:10.32734/ijnpc.v1i03.2063 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Giang, H. T., Uyên, N. H. N., Hải, V. H., Ngân, P. T. T., & Út, V. N. (2020) · Can Tho University Journal of Science · doi:10.22144/ctu.jsi.2020.012 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Darendelioğlu, E. (2019) · Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.21597/jist.538260 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Antioxidants in lung disease: Failures and pathways for success
Day, B. J. (2026) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2026.03.058 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Carotenoids in Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia
Mirzaei, F., Bhatnagar, K., Karingapara, A. S., Kumar, A. S., & Agbaria, L. (2024) · Nutritional neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-4117-5_10 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Genetic overlap and causal inferences between diet-derived antioxidants and small-cell lung cancer
Li, X., Mo, X., Li, H., Weng, X., Wang, D., & Zhang, W. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000037206 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bibliometric analysis of global research on vitamins and cancer between 2003 and 2022
Wang, W., Ye, X., & Wang, S. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000037108 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Thangaraj, S. V., Ogwara, C. A., & Padmanabhan, V. (2026) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvag017 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Xu, M., Li, R., Jin, S., Liu, Q., Wei, H., Li, Z., Sun, Y., Zhang, Y., & LIU, Y. (2026) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.71828 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mitochondrial ROS: A Reactive Species Targeted in Cancer Therapy
Tan, B. L., & Norhaizan, M. E. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-9411-3_137 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gao, Y., Ye, L., Xu, L., Yu, B., Liao, K., Xie, J., Du, J., Zhang, Q.-Y., & Hu, B. (2024) · World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.4253/wjge.v16.i5.259 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Complementary and Alternative Treatments for Cancer Prevention and Cure [Part 1]
Mohiuddin, A. K. (2019) · Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics · doi:10.31579/2640-1053/058 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pu, N., Liu, S., Bai, X., Yang, J., Qian, T., Wei, Z., Ma, T., Cai, L., & Wu, W. (2023) · Cancer Screening and Prevention · doi:10.14218/csp.2023.00001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wang, P., Ma, H., Li, Y., Chen, D., Li, X., & Gao, X. (2018) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c8ra06041j
RetractedMitochondrial ROS: A Reactive Species Targeted in Cancer Therapy
Tan, B. L., & Norhaizan, M. E. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-4501-6_137-1
Sharma, A., Kumar, N., Parachuri, N., Kuppermann, B. D., & Bandello, F. M. (2022) · Indian Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.4103/ijo.ijo_3101_21
Nutraceuticals for Prevention and Treatment of Cancer
Das, N., Nathani, S., Kumar, V., Agrawal, H., Sircar, D., & Roy, P. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119746843.ch19
Smoking and Lung Cancer: Public Health Perspectives
Lyzwinski, L. N. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67928-6_190-1
Antioxidants effects in health: Concluding remarks and future perspectives
Sanches-Silva, A. T., & Nabavi, S. M. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819096-8.00063-x
Smoking and Lung Cancer: Public Health Perspectives
Lyzwinski, L. N. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92392-1_190
Obeten, K. E., Etukudo, E. M., Buhari, M. O., Tito, A. E., & Udo, E. E.-O. (2022) · Journal of Public Health International · doi:10.14302/issn.2641-4538.jphi-22-4235
The Interplay of Nutrigenomics and Cancer Research
Mehmood, S., Ismail, H., Mumtaz, S., Saeed, R. F., & Akram, Z. (2024) · Interdisciplinary cancer research · doi:10.1007/16833_2024_330
Hübner, J. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-15076-0.00002-8
Tratamiento con antioxidantes en DMAE
Martín, D. M. (2021) · Oftalmología clínica y experimental. · doi:10.70313/2718.7446.v11.n1.102
Microalgal pigments as emerging anti-cancer agents: Current status and prospects
Jayakanthan, M., Varghese, R., Efferth, T., & Ramamoorthy, S. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-24017-1.00002-6
Power, R. F., Doherty, D. E., Horgan, R., Fahey, P., Gallagher, D. J., Lowery, M. A., & Cadoo, K. A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26043719
Toxicity and safety analysis of phytochemicals to be used in food and drug research
Ji, H., Lai, W.-F., & Obireddy, S. R. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-26494-8.00042-2
Nutrition as Modulator of Oxidative Stress in Cancer Prevention and Treatment
Vallorani, L., Balashova, T., Cremon, C., Vivarelli, F., Canistro, D., Morosini, C., Paolini, M., & Rossi, A. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27157047
Kolahi, A., Gholizadeh, M., & Amirpour, M. (2026) · Human Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.hnm.2026.200383
- Authors
- Middha, P., Weinstein, S. J., Männistö, S., Albanes, D., & Mondul, A. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Mondul, Alison M
- Venue
- Nicotine & Tobacco Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2018-06-08
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1045-1050
- ISSN
- 1462-2203 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-994X
- PMC
- PMC6636175
- OpenAlex
- W2806458401
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 5.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- Nicotine & Tobacco Research (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- US National Cancer Institute
- National Institutes of Health
- US Public Health Service (HHSN261201500005C)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Keywords
- beta-carotene supplementation, lung cancer incidence, smokers, filtered cigarettes, Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study, vitamin supplementation, alpha-tocopherol, tobacco control, lung cancer screening
- MeSH terms
- Provitamins, Aged, Antioxidants, Double-Blind Method, Finland, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Lung Neoplasms, Male, Middle Aged, Nicotine, Smoking, Tars, Incidence, beta Carotene, Dietary Supplements, alpha-Tocopherol
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
