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Cited by 1,118Nutritional Studies and DietCancer Risks and FactorsPhytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities

Vegetables, fruit, and cancer. I. Epidemiology

Steinmetz, Kristi A., Potter, John D.·1991·Cancer Causes and Control
DOI 10.1007/bf00051672
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Abstract

The epidemiologic literature on the relationship between vegetable and fruit consumption and human cancer at a variety of sites is reviewed systematically. A total of 13 ecologic studies, nine cohort studies, and 115 case-control studies are included. Cancer of all sites, cancers of lung, breast, colon, rectum, esophagus, larynx, oral cavity and pharynx, stomach, pancreas, prostate, bladder, ovary, endometrium, cervix, and thyroid, as well as mesothelioma and gestational trophoblastic disease, are considered. Relevant data from clinical trials, animal, and in vitro studies are included. It is concluded that consumption of higher levels of vegetables and fruit is associated consistently, although not universally, with a reduced risk of cancer at most sites. The association is most marked for epithelial cancers--particularly those of the alimentary and respiratory tracts--and, currently, is weak to nonexistent for hormone-related cancers. The association exists for a wide variety of vegetables and fruit with some suggestion that raw forms are associated most consistently with lower risk. Possible mechanisms by which vegetable and fruit intake might alter risk of cancer and possible adverse effects of vegetable and fruit consumption will be considered in Part II of this review.

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Crossref · 10.1007/bf00051672

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Authors
Steinmetz, K. A., & Potter, J. D.
Affiliations
University of Minnesota (US)
ORCID
Potter, John D.
Venue
Cancer Causes and Control
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
1991-09
Volume
2
Issue
5
Pages
325-357
ISSN
  • 0957-5243 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-7225
DOI
10.1007/bf00051672
OpenAlex
W2052420233
Cited by
1,118
References
152
Citations by year
2025: 2 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 27
FWCI
9.18
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Cancer Causes & Control (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (5u01ca046618-03)
  • National Cancer Institute (T32CA009607, P01CA050305, CA 46618, CA09607, CA50305)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
Keywords
vegetable consumption, fruit consumption, cancer risk, dietary cancer prevention, lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, esophageal cancer, laryngeal cancer, oral cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, cervical cancer, thyroid cancer, mesothelioma, gestational trophoblastic disease, epithelial cancers, hormone-dependent tumors, raw vegetables
MeSH terms
Animals, Clinical Trials as Topic, Diet Surveys, Fruit, Humans, Neoplasms, Risk Factors, Vegetables, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Cohort Studies, Incidence, Case-Control Studies

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