Cited by 622Vagus Nerve Stimulation ResearchHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlNeuropeptides and Animal Physiology

The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway

Pavlov, Valentin A., Tracey, Kevin J.·2005·Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

Abstract

The regulation of the innate immune response is critical for controlling inflammation and for the prevention and treatment of diseases. We recently demonstrated that the efferent vagus nerve inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine release and protects against systemic inflammation, and termed this vagal function "the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway." The discovery that the innate immune response is regulated partially through this neural pathway provides a new understanding of the mechanisms that control inflammation. In this review, we outline the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and summarize the current insights into the mechanisms of cholinergic modulation of inflammation. We also discuss possible clinical implications of vagus nerve stimulation and cholinergic modalities in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.bbi.2005.03.015

Cites

8 of 8 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Stimulation of the vago-vagal anti-inflammatory reflex can result in vagal modification of macrophage activation.

    “Stimulation of the reflex can result in vagal modification of macrophage activation (Pavlov and Tracey, 2005)”

    From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Pavlov and Tracey, 2005

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Pavlov, V. A., & Tracey, K. J.
Affiliations
Northwell Health (US)
Corresponding author
Pavlov, Valentin A.
Venue
Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2005-11
Volume
19
Issue
6
Pages
493-499
ISSN
0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2016148530
Cited by
622
References
8
Citations by year
2026: 50 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 35
FWCI
2.29
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Center for Research Resources (M01RR018535)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
Keywords
cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, vagus nerve, innate immune regulation, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines, vagus nerve stimulation, inflammatory diseases
MeSH terms
Animals, Cholinergic Fibers, Efferent Pathways, Humans, Immune System, Inflammation, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Vagus Nerve, Neuroimmunomodulation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review