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Hostility and Increased Risk of Mortality and Acute Myocardial Infarction: The Mediating Role of Behavioral Risk Factors
Abstract
Cynical hostility has been associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; yet few studies have investigated this relation in population-based samples, and little is known about underlying mechanisms. This study examined the association between hostility, measured by the eight-item Cynical Distrust Scale, and risk for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and incident myocardial infarction. Subjects were 2,125 men, ages 42-60 years, from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study, a longitudinal study of unestablished and traditional risk factors for ischemic heart disease, mortality, and other outcomes. There were 177 deaths (73 cardiovascular) in 9 years of follow-up. Men with hostility scores in the top quartile were at more than twice the risk of all-cause mortality (relative hazards (RH) 2.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.47-3.59) and cardiovascular mortality (RH 2.70, 95% CI 1.27-5.76), relative to men with scores in the lowest quartile. Among 1,599 men without previous myocardial infarction or angina, high scorers also had an increased risk of myocardial infarction (RH 2.18, 95% CI 1.01-4.70). Biologic and socioeconomic risk factors, social support, and prevalent diseases had minimal impact on these associations, whereas adjustments for the behavioral risk factors of smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and body mass index substantially weakened the relations. Simultaneous risk factor adjustment eliminated the observed associations. Results show that high levels of hostility are associated with increased risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality and incident myocardial infarction and that these effects are mediated primarily through behavioral risk factors.
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“and all-cause and CVD mortality in other large cohorts [117, 177, 178].”
From Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine (2011) · cites this paper as [177]
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Items 101–200 of 300
Emotions and Cognitions in Coronary Heart Disease: Risk, Resilience, and Social Context
Gallo, L. C., Ghaed, S. G., & Bracken, W. S. (2004) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/b:cotr.0000045571.11566.19 · Cited by 44
Psychological and Psychiatric Triggers and Risk Factors for Stroke
Guiraud, V., & Touzé, E. (2013) · Neuropsychiatric symptoms of neurological disease · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-2428-3_12 · Cited by 43
Hostility and depressive mood: results from the Whitehall II prospective cohort study
Nabi, H., Singh‐Manoux, A., Ferrie, J. E., Marmot, M. G., Melchior, M., & Mika Kivimaki, B. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709990432 · Cited by 47
Cardiac Autonomic Control and Treatment of Hostility: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Sloan, R. P., Shapiro, P. A., Gorenstein, E. E., Tager, F. A., Monk, C. E., McKinley, P. S., Myers, M. M., Bagiella, E., Chen, I., Steinman, R. C., et al. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181c8a529 · Cited by 42
“Adjustment for biological and socioeconomic risk factors did not reduce this risk although adjustment for behavioral risk factors did (3).”
BackgroundSocioeconomic Differences in Psychosocial Factors Contributing to Coronary Heart Disease: A Review
Škodová, Z., Nagyová, I., van Dijk, J. P., Sudzinová, A., Vargová, H., Studenčan, M., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-008-9117-8 · Cited by 42
Wong, J. M., Na, B., Regan, M. C., & Whooley, M. A. (2013) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.113.000052 · Cited by 42
“First, the study population was predominately older men with preexisting stable CHD.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAssociations of Anger, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptoms With Carotid Arterial Wall Thickness
Ohira, T., Roux, A. V. D., Polak, J. F., Homma, S., Iso, H., & Wasserman, B. A. (2012) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31824f6267 · Cited by 41
Ranjit, N., Diez-Roux, A., Sánchez, B. N., Seeman, T., Shea, S., Shrager, S., & Watson, K. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181ad23e7 · Cited by 44
“Cynical hostility, the hostility measure employed in this study, has recently emerged as a prominent psychosocial correlate of various markers and end points of CVD, including inflammatory markers, obesity, subclinical atherosclerosis (intima-media thickness and coronary calcium), symptom load, and cardiovascular mort…”
MethodGidron, Y., Davidson, K. W., & Ilia, R. (2001) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1023/a:1005631819744 · Cited by 39
The Relationship between Hostility and Behavioral Risk Factors for Poor Health in Women Veterans
Calhoun, P. S., Bosworth, H. B., Siegler, I. C., & Bastian, L. A. (2001) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.2001.0921 · Cited by 39
Anger/Hostility and Cardiovascular Disease
Williams, J. E. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-89676-2_25 · Cited by 38
“In the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Study, this relationship was assessed among 2,074 middleaged Finnish men who were 53 years of age, on average, at study entry ( Everson et al., 1999 ).”
MethodTemperament in young adulthood and later mortality: prospective observational study
McCarron, P., Gunnell, D., Harrison, G. L., Okasha, M., & Smith, G. D. (2003) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.57.11.888 · Cited by 38
Hostility, unemployment and health status: testing three theoretical models
Kivimäki, M., Elovainio, M., Kokko, K., Pulkkinen, L., Kortteinen, M., & Tuomikoski, H. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00219-8 · Cited by 37
Self-esteem and mortality: prospective evidence from a population-based study
Stamatakis, K. A., Lynch, J., Everson, S. A., Raghunathan, T., Salonen, J. T., & Kaplan, G. A. (2004) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(03)00078-4 · Cited by 54
“The final score was a sum of the responses from each item in the scale, which ranged from 1 = hardly ever to 4 = almost always, and was subsequently categorized into tertiles (29).”
BackgroundSelf-citationOlson, M. B., Krantz, D. S., Kelsey, S. F., Pepine, C. J., Sopko, G. S., Handberg, E. M., Rogers, W. J., Gierach, G. L., McClure, C. K., & Merz, C. N. B. (2005) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000170830.99263.4e · Cited by 36
Razzini, C., Bianchi, F., Leo, R., Fortuna, E., Siracusano, A., & Romeo, F. (2008) · Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.2459/jcm.0b013e3282f39494 · Cited by 35
“…Ho, SS Hearn et al., 1989 [21] 1399 33 MMPI, Ho, SS Maruta et al., 1993 [49] 620 20 MMPI, Ho, SS Koskenvuo et al., 1988 [50] 2885 3 Self-rating SS Everson et al., 1997 [51] 2125 9 Cynical distrust sca Barefoot et al., 1995 [52] 730 27 MMPI, Ho, SS Kawachi et al., 1996 [36] 1305 7 MMPI-2, anger…”
Klabbers, G., Bosma, H., van den Akker, M., Kempen, G. I. J. M., & van Eijk, J. T. M. (2012) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/cks060 · Cited by 34
“Everson et al.(3) found that the behavioural risk factors substantially attenuated the association between hostility and all-cause and cardiovascular (CVD) mortality in a younger population (men aged 42–60 years). In the present study, relatively high hostile people were significantly more often current smokers when c…”
ResultPsychosocial Effects of Enhanced External Counterpulsation in the Angina Patient: A Second Study
Springer, S., Fife, A., Lawson, W. B., Hui, J. C. K., Jandorf, L. H., Cohn, P. F., & Fricchione, G. L. (2001) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1176/appi.psy.42.2.124 · Cited by 34
Brain, behavior, mental stress, and the neurocardiac interaction
Soufer, R., Arrighi, J. A., & Burg, M. M. (2002) · Journal of Nuclear Cardiology · doi:10.1067/mnc.2002.129884 · Cited by 34
Socio-medical Characteristics of Coronary Disease in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the World
Mašić, I., Rahimić, M., Dilić, M., Kadribasic, R., & Toromanović, S. (2011) · Materia Socio Medica · doi:10.5455/msm.2011.23.171-183 · Cited by 33
Optimism predicts sustained vigorous physical activity in postmenopausal women
Progovac, A. M., Donohue, J. M., Matthews, K. A., Chang, C.-C. H., Habermann, E. B., Kuller, L. H., Saquib, J., LaMonte, M. J., Salmoirago‐Blotcher, E., Zaslavsky, O., et al. (2017) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.10.008 · Cited by 33
“In men, this association is partly mediated by PA and other behaviors (Everson et al., 1997).”
BackgroundRosenström, T. H., Jokela, M. M., Cloninger, C. R., Hintsanen, M., Juonala, M., Raitakari, O. T., Viikari, J. S. A., & Keltikangas‐Järvinen, L. (2012) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.02.003 · Cited by 32
“In particular, extensive research has shown that personality components of hostility, including angerproneness, cynical distrust, and paranoia, increased the risk of heart disease [7–15].”
BackgroundHernández, R., Allen, N. B., Liu, K., Stamler, J., Reid, K. J., Zee, P. C., Wu, D., Kang, J., Garside, D. B., & Daviglus, M. L. (2014) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.12.032 · Cited by 26
“Depression, anxiety, and stress, have been linked to onset of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adults without a previous history of cardiac conditions, and to increased risk of CVD morbidity and mortality among patients with diagnosed CVD (Everson et al., 1997; Iso et al., 2002; Kawachi et al., 1994; Richardson et al.,…”
BackgroundBhardwaj, V., Angkaw, A. C., Franceschetti, M., Rao, R. R., & Baker, D. G. (2019) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21827 · Cited by 25
“…(Albanese et al., 2016), poor sleep quality (Tsuchiyama, Terao, Wang, Hoaki, & Goto, 2013), myocardial infarction and mortality (Barefoot, Larsen, von der Lieth, & Schroll, 1995; Everson et al., 1997), and poor response to mental health treatment (Forbes, Creamer, Hawthorne, Allen, & McHugh, 2003).”
BackgroundA two-year follow-up on a program theory of return to work intervention
Jensen, A. G. C. (2013) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-121497 · Cited by 25
“Measurement of hostility [31,32] was constructed from the Cynical Distrust Scale [33].”
Late-life cynical distrust, risk of incident dementia, and mortality in a population-based cohort
Neuvonen, E., Rusanen, M., Solomon, A., Ngandu, T., Laatikainen, T. K., Soininen, H. S., Kivipelto, M., & Tolppanen, A. (2014) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000000528 · Cited by 25
“These associations can partially be explained by biological and behavioral factors.(1,8,13) The proposed mechanisms include inflammatory markers,(6) reduced b-adrenergic receptor function,(14) and stimulated cytokine production.”
BackgroundResultChan, D. K. C., Hamamura, T., Li, L. M. W., & Zhang, X. (2017) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022117722632 · Cited by 25
“This finding also resonates with a large body of research that has identified negative interpersonal orientation (e.g., cynicism, suspiciousness, hostility) as risk factors of health (e.g., Everson et al., 1997; Houston & Vavak, 1991; Smith, 1992).”
ResultRutledge, T. R., & Linden, W. (2003) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2501_05 · Cited by 25
Towards a parsimonious program theory of return to work intervention
Jensen, A. G. C. (2013) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-121496 · Cited by 24
“Measurement of hostility was constructed from the Cynical Distrust Scale, an 8-item questionnaire validated in Danish studies [41,42].”
Wong, J. M., Sin, N. L., & Whooley, M. A. (2014) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000059 · Cited by 24
“One potential explanation is the health behavior model, which suggests that hostile people are at greater risk for disease because of poor health habits that may include smoking, medication nonadherence, and physical inactivity (19,25).”
BackgroundMethodDefensive Hostility and Coronary Heart Disease: A Preliminary Investigation of Male Veterans
Jorgensen, R. S., Frankowski, J. J., Lantinga, L. J., Phadke, K., Sprafkin, R. P., & Abdul-Karim, K. (2001) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200105000-00016 · Cited by 24
Farin‐Glattacker, E., & Meder, M. (2010) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-8-100 · Cited by 24
“[16]), however, there are also studies that find no correlation after adjusting for relevant risk factors [17].”
BackgroundFactores de riesgo e intervenciones psicológicas eficaces en los trastornos cardiovasculares
Fernández-Abascal, E. G., Díaz, M. D. M., & Sánchez, F. J. D. (2003) · Psicothema · Cited by 23
Mechanisms Relating Personality and Health
Wiebe, D. J., & Fortenberry, K. T. (2006) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470713860.ch6 · Cited by 23
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Jackson, B. M., Kubzansky, L. D., Cohen, S., Jacobs, D. R., & Wright, R. J. (2007) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.26.3.333 · Cited by 22
“For example, in a 9-year follow-up study of 1,599 men ages 42–60 years who were initially disease free, men with the highest levels of hostility were at two times the risk of myocardial infarction relative to men with the lowest levels of hostility (relative hazard ratio 2.18, 95% confidence interval 1.01, 4.70; Evers…”
BackgroundInfluentialSocioeconomic position, John Henryism, and incidence of acute myocardial infarction in Finnish men
Mujahid, M. S., James, S. A., Kaplan, G. A., & Salonen, J. T. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.11.034 · Cited by 23
“Previous literature has established associations between these factors and John Henryism and AMI (Everson et al., 1997a; Everson-Rose and Lewis, 2005), and our bivariate associations confirmed these associations in our study population.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationSutin, A. R., Scuteri, A., Lakatta, E. G., Tarasov, K. V., Ferrucci, L., Costa, P. T., Schlessinger, D., Uda, M., & Terracciano, A. (2010) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.155317 · Cited by 21
Hostility and Change in Cognitive Function Over Time in Older Blacks and Whites
Barnes, L. L., de Leon, C. F. M., Bienias, J. L., Wilson, R. S., Everson‐Rose, S. A., & Evans, D. A. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181a651b3 · Cited by 21
“Other studies have proposed psychosocial variables, such as social support or social stressors (55), or poor health behaviors (2) as potential mediators between hostility and health.”
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Do negative emotional factors have independent associations with excess adiposity?
Hawkins, M. A. W., & Stewart, J. C. (2012) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.07.009 · Cited by 20
“Although less research is available, investigators have also detected positive cross-sectional associations between hostility/anger and adiposity indicators [20–22].”
BackgroundAdverse Childhood Experiences and Risk of Binge Drinking and Drunkenness in Middle-Aged Finnish Men
Kauhanen, L., Leino, J., Lakka, H., Lynch, J. W., & Kauhanen, J. (2011) · Advances in Preventive Medicine · doi:10.4061/2011/478741 · Cited by 20
“Occupation was categorized into three groups: 1 = farmer, 2 = blue collar, and 3 = white collar.”
BackgroundSelf-citationCardiovascular responses to mental activation of social support schemas
Creaven, A., & Hughes, B. M. (2012) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.01.018 · Cited by 19
Mental health issues associated with cardiovascular disease in women
Hansen, S. (2003) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(03)00037-6 · Cited by 21
Hostility and the educational gradient in health. The mediating role of health-related behaviours.
Schrijvers, C., Bosma, H., & Mackenbach, J. (2002) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/12.2.110 · Cited by 21
Burazeri, G., & Kark, J. D. (2010) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agp089 · Cited by 18
“, 2008b), attitudes to socioeconomic aspects of transition (Burazeri and Kark, 2009) and hostility as measured by the eight-item Cynical Distrust Scale (Everson et al., 1997)], coronary risk factors [current smoking, self-reported hypertension, diabetes, family history of CHD, BMI, W/H (Burazeri et al.”
MethodAnger frequency and risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality
Titova, O. E., Baron, J. A., Michaëlsson, K., & Larsson, S. C. (2022) · European Heart Journal Open · doi:10.1093/ehjopen/oeac050 · Cited by 17
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“There is also abundant evidence supporting that trust is a positive predictor of physical health (e.g., Barefoot et al., 1998; Everson et al., 1997; Hamamura, Li, & Chan, 2017; Helliwell & Putnam, 2004; Kim et al., 2008; Lindström, 2004; Mohseni & Lindström, 2007).”
BackgroundSocioeconomic status, hostility and health
Elovainio, M. J., Mika Kivimaki, B., Kortteinen, M., & Tuomikoski, H. (2001) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00137-9 · Cited by 17
Diferencias de género en el tratamiento de revascularización precoz del infarto agudo de miocardio
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Hemingway, H., Kuper, H., & Marmot, M. G. (2002) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470986882.ch17 · Cited by 16
Hostility, drinking pattern and mortality
Boyle, S. H., Mortensen, L. H., Grønbæk, M., & Barefoot, J. C. (2007) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02024.x · Cited by 16
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Broken Bodies, Broken Spirits: How Poor Health Contributes to A Cynical Worldview
Stavrova, O., & Ehlebracht, D. (2018) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2183 · Cited by 16
Hostility and Physiological Risk in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study
Knox, S. S. (2004) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.164.22.2442 · Cited by 16
Burazeri, G., & Kark, J. D. (2010) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckp238 · Cited by 15
The psychosocial correlates of transplant survival
Serrano-Ikkos, E., & Lask, B. D. (2003) · Journal of Cystic Fibrosis · doi:10.1016/s1569-1993(03)00004-3 · Cited by 15
Hostility and Trajectories of Body Mass Index Over 19 Years: The Whitehall II Study
Nabi, H., Mika Kivimaki, B., Sabia, S., Dugravot, A., Lajnef, M., Marmot, M. G., & Singh‐Manoux, A. (2008) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwn333 · Cited by 15
Personality, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer:
Amelang, M., Hasselbach, P., & Stürmer, T. (2004) · Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie · doi:10.1026/0943-8149.12.3.102 · Cited by 15
Smith, B. D., Cranford, D., & Mann, M. (2000) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00222-6 · Cited by 15
Merjonen, P., Pulkki-Råbäck, L., Lipsanen, J. O., Lehtimäki, T. J., Rontu, R., Viikari, J. S. A., Hintsanen, M., & Keltikangas‐Järvinen, L. (2010) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01321.x · Cited by 14
Psychosocial factors in the aetiology of coronary heart disease
Steptoe, A. (1999) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.82.3.258 · Cited by 14
“Hostility is associated with behavioural risks such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and dietary fat intake, so part of its influence on CHD is mediated through these behaviours.”
BackgroundLane, R. D., Reis, H. T., Hsu, C., Kern, K. B., Couderc, J. P., Moss, A. J., & Zaręba, W. (2018) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.12.017 · Cited by 13
Multiple sclerosis is associated with high trait anger: A case–control study
Benito‐León, J., Labiano-Fontcuberta, A., Mitchell, A. J., Sara, M.-G., & Martínez‐Martín, P. (2014) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2014.02.029 · Cited by 13
“, sedentary lifestyles, cigarette smoking, greater consumption of alcohol, and overeating) that place them at increased risk of MS [36–39].”
Tselebis, A., Sikaras, C., Milionis, C., Sideri, E. P., Fytsilis, K., Papageorgiou, S. M., Ilias, Ι., & Pachi, A. (2023) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe13110167 · Cited by 13
“The scale includes 8 items [34,35], which, in the Greek version, are rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree [36].”
BackgroundNegative attitudes to transition in post-communist Albania and acute coronary syndrome.
Burazeri, G., & Kark, J. D. (2009) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015987 · Cited by 13
Kroenke, C. H., Seeman, T. E., Matthews, K. A., et al. (2012) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3182583e68 · Cited by 13
“Black men, n (%) 24 (17) 55 (39) 12 (8) 51 (36) 113 (80) 11 (8) 11 (8) 7 (5)”
BackgroundRole of Social Relationship in Predicting Health in China
Xu, Y. (2018) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-017-1822-y · Cited by 14
Education as an Antidote to Cynicism
Stavrova, O., & Ehlebracht, D. (2017) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550617699255 · Cited by 15
“Cynical beliefs about human nature were measured with a 5-item version of the Cook–Medley Cynical Distrust Scale (Cook & Medley, 1954; Everson et al., 1997).”
BackgroundMethodEffects of Hostility and Lifestyle on Coronary Heart Disease among Middle-aged Urban Japanese.
Nishi, N., Nanto, S., Shimai, S., Matsushima, Y., Otake, K., Ando, A., Yamasaki, K., Soga, S., & Tatara, K. (2001) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.2188/jea.11.243 · Cited by 13
Hostility and caffeine: cardiovascular effects during stress and recovery
Smith, B. D., Cranford, D., & Green, L. (2001) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00097-0 · Cited by 13
Matrix metalloproteinases and psychosocial factors in acute coronary syndrome patients
Machulsky, N. F., Gagliardi, J., Fabre, B. R., Miksztowicz, V., Lombardo, M., Escudero, A. G., Gigena, G. E., Blanco, F., Gelpi, R. J., Schreier, L. E., et al. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.09.015 · Cited by 12
“, 1992), assessed by various methods, is predictive of future ardiovascular morbidity and mortality (Everson et al., 1997).”
Neumann, S. A., Maier, K. J., Brown, J., Giggey, P. P., Cooper, D. C., Synowski, S. J., Goble, L. A., Suarez, E. C., & Waldstein, S. R. (2010) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-010-9110-0 · Cited by 14
“Hostility has been associated prospectively with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [1–12] with less known about these relations in women and minorities.”
BackgroundLewis, T. T., Everson‐Rose, S. A., Karavolos, K., Janssen, İ., Wesley, D., & Powell, L. H. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181ad13a7 · Cited by 12
“Because waist, WHR, and BMI tend to be associated more strongly with subcutaneous, rather than visceral fat (43), these previous studies may have underestimated the overall impact of hostility on visceral fat.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLongitudinal Association of Serum Carotenoids and Tocopherols with Hostility: The CARDIA Study
Ohira, T., Hozawa, A., Iribarren, C., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwm267 · Cited by 12
“Hostility is also associated with cardiovascular disease, for example, increased risk of hypertension (5), lipid metabolic disorder (6), progression of carotid intimal-medial thickness (7), and coronary heart disease incidence (8).”
BackgroundOsteoporosis and health-related quality-of-life outcomes in the Alameda County Study population.
Kotz, K. J., Deleger, S., Cohen, R. D., et al. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 12
Weidner, G., & MUELLER, H. (2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012288145-9/50071-1 · Cited by 12
The Effect of Hostility Reduction on Autonomic Control of the Heart and Vasculature
Hajjari, P., Mattsson, S., McIntyre, K. M., McKinley, P. S., Shapiro, P. A., Gorenstein, E. E., Tager, F. A., Choi, C.-W. J., Lee, S., & Sloan, R. P. (2016) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000296 · Cited by 11
“(5) demonstrated that high levels of cynical hostility in middle-aged men representing the general population were associated with more than twice the risk of allcause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and myocardial”
McGorrian, C., Daly, L., Fitzpatrick, P., Moore, R. G., Turner, J., Kelleher, C. C., & (for the All-Ireland Traveller Health Study Team) (2011) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/1741826711428059 · Cited by 11
“There is a known association of hostility and anger with coronary heart disease and hypertension.(31,32) Trust is important in patient–caregiver relationships and can vary by ethnicity.”
BackgroundClark, C. J. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00005 · Cited by 12
“The full scale and shorter versions focused on cynicism such as in CHAP have been used widely in epidemiological studies involving middle and older aged participants (Barefoot et al., 1995; Everson et al., 1997; Everson-Rose et al., 2006).”
BackgroundShi, H., Yang, X., Wang, J., Xi, H., Huang, C.-P., He, J., Chu, M., & Zhuang, G. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-1066 · Cited by 11
“Hostile individuals display heightened physiological reactivity in some situations, report greater degrees of interpersonal conflict and less social support, and may have more unhealthy daily habits, and therefore may be at increased risk for subsequent coronary heart disease [23,34,35], and other life-threatening ill…”
BackgroundKőrösi, B., Batta, D., Gonda, X., Rihmer, Z., Nemcsik-Bencze, Z., László, A., Vecsey-Nagy, M., & Nemcsik, J. (2019) · Artery Research · doi:10.2991/artres.k.191123.002 · Cited by 11
“This association between hostility and CV pathology is probably indirect, as the reduction of hostility failed to improve autonomic nervous system activity [30] and in other studies behavioral factors, like smoking, alcohol consumption, increased BMI and decreased physical activity suggested to be the mediators betwee…”
Surtees, P. G., Wainwright, N. W. J., Khaw, K., Luben, R., Brayne, C., & Day, N. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00347-1 · Cited by 11
Hammoud, A., Chen, H., Ivanov, A., Yeboah, J., Nasir, K., Cainzos‐Achirica, M., Bertoni, A. G., Khan, S. U., Blaha, M. J., Herrington, D. M., et al. (2023) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.122.009304 · Cited by 10
Stavrova, O., Ehlebracht, D., & Ren, D. (2023) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12685 · Cited by 10
Patrón de conducta tipo A y acontecimientos vitales como riesgo para el infarto cerebral
Concepción, O. F., Feria, O. V., Chávez-Rodríguez, L., González, M. Á. Á., & Sánchez, M. C. F. (2002) · Revista de Neurología · doi:10.33588/rn.3407.2001402 · Cited by 10
A Structural Model of Social Determinants of the Metabolic Syndrome
Smith, K. W., Krieger, N., Кошелева, А., Urato, M. P., Waterman, P. D., Williams, D. R., Carney, D. R., Chen, J. T., Bennett, G. G., & Freeman, E. (2020) · Ethnicity & Disease · doi:10.18865/ed.30.2.331 · Cited by 10
Versey, H. S., & Kaplan, G. A. (2011) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198111414884 · Cited by 10
“High waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), an indicator of abdominal obesity, is differentiated from obesity by a higher degree of upper-body fat distribution (Abate & Garg, 1995; Bjorntorp, 1996; Everson et al., 1997; Wajchenberg, 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-citationA Health Behavior Prediction Model for Patients With Coronary Artery Disease
Kim, J., & Kim, O. (2017) · Clinical Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/1054773817725868 · Cited by 9
High levels of cynical distrust partly predict premature mortality in middle-aged to ageing men
Šmigelskas, K., Joffė, R., Jonynienė, J., Julkunen, J., & Kauhanen, J. (2017) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-017-9834-2 · Cited by 8
Self-citationCorrelates of Hypertension Among Adult Men and Women in Kosovo
Hashani, V., Roshi, E., & Burazeri, G. (2014) · Materia Socio Medica · doi:10.5455/msm.2014.26.213-215 · Cited by 8
“In this article we expand our analysis including also selected important psychosocial factors such as reaction toward political and socioeconomic transition in post-war Kosovo and hostility (alias cynical distrust), which has been convincingly related to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in different internationa…”
BackgroundNavarrete, B. H., Vazquez, O., & Lerma, A. (2018) · Psicología y Salud · doi:10.25009/pys.v28i1.2544 · Cited by 9
Beshārat, M. A., & Pourbohlool, S. (2012) · International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology · doi:10.5861/ijrsp.2012.211 · Cited by 7
Császár, N. (2014) · Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases & Diagnosis · doi:10.4172/2329-9517.1000161 · Cited by 7
“From a behavioral aspect this kind of affective state can be associated with problematic lifestyle behaviors such as poor diet, obesity, and alcoholism, smoking and social isolation [52].”
BackgroundCynical hostility and the metabolic syndrome: A case-control study
Gremigni, P. (2016) · Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease · doi:10.4081/monaldi.2006.524 · Cited by 7
“This scale was found a reliable, valid, and more specific measure of cynicism and distrust as compared with the total Ho, yet significantly correlated with the total Ho and other measures of cynicism [27, 28 ].”
MethodResultCynical hostility as a determinant of poor oral health status in an adult population
Suominen‐Taipale, A. L., Mettovaara, H., Uutela, A. K., Härkänen, T., Vehkalahti, M. M., & Knuuttila, M. L. E. (2009) · European Journal Of Oral Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0722.2009.00611.x · Cited by 6
Kriegbaum, M., Lund, R., Schmidt, L., Rod, N. H., & Christensen, U. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6622-7 · Cited by 6
10 The Prospective Cohort Study
Nabi, H., Goldberg, M., Singh‐Manoux, A., Zins, M., Consoli, S. M., & Cordier, S. (2009) · Thieme eBooks · doi:10.1055/b-0034-71807 · Cited by 6
Vassou, C., D'Cunha, N. M., Naumovski, N., & Panagiotakos, D. B. (2020) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-020-00551-y · Cited by 6
“This further supports the idea that hostility as an individual personality characteristic may potentially influence the growth and upkeep of behavior-related elements of danger, apparent in measures such as BMI [55].”
BackgroundSuperior Self-Regulatory Skills in African American College Students
Ernst, F. A., Hogan, B., Vallas, M. A., Cook, M. C., & Fuller, D. K. (2008) · Journal of Black Studies · doi:10.1177/0021934708315152 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Everson, S. A., Kauhanen, J., Kaplan, G. A., Goldberg, D. E., Julkunen, J., Tuomilehto, J., & Salonen, J. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Oulu (FI)
- Department of Health Services (US)
- Public Health Institute (US)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1997-07-15
- Volume
- 146
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 142-152
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W2151070440
- Cited by
- 301
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 6.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Academy of Finland
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-44199, R01HL044199)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- cynicism, hostility, cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, behavioral risk factors, mediation, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, body mass index, men, ischemic heart disease
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cause of Death, Finland, Health Status, Hostility, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Myocardial Infarction, Risk, Risk Factors, Social Support, Socioeconomic Factors
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