SERUM PLANT STEROLS AND CHOLESTEROL PRECURSORS REFLECT CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION AND SYNTHESIS IN VOLUNTEERS OF A RANDOMLY SELECTED MALE POPULATION

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Efficacy and Safety of Plant Stanols and Sterols in the Management of Blood Cholesterol Levels

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Reduction of serum cholesterol with sitostanol-ester margarine in a mildly hypercholesterolemic population

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Dietary phytosterols: A review of metabolism, benefits and side effects

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Amaranth oil application for coronary heart disease and hypertension.

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Multiple rare variants in NPC1L1 associated with reduced sterol absorption and plasma low-density lipoprotein levels

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Plant sterols: factors affecting their efficacy and safety as functional food ingredients.

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Dietary phytosterols as cholesterol-lowering agents in humans

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Phytosterols: From Preclinical Evidence to Potential Clinical Applications

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Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) Guidelines for Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases 2022

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Intestinal absorption of triglyceride and cholesterol. Dietary and pharmacological inhibition to reduce cardiovascular risk

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Regulation of Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption

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Plant Stanol and Sterol Esters in the Control of Blood Cholesterol Levels: Mechanism and Safety Aspects

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Phytosterols and cardiovascular health

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Ezetimibe Effectively Reduces Plasma Plant Sterols in Patients With Sitosterolemia

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Phytosterols as a natural anticancer agent: Current status and future perspective

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Cholesterol lowering and inhibition of sterol absorption by Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242: a randomized controlled trial

Jones, M. L., Martoni, C. J., & Prakash, S. (2012) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012.126 · Cited by 277

Baseline serum cholestanol as predictor of recurrent coronary events in subgroup of Scandinavian simvastatin survival study

Miettinen, T. A., Gylling, H., Strandberg, T. E., & Sarna, S. J. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7138.1127 · Cited by 255

Effects of 2 low-fat stanol ester–containing margarines on serum cholesterol concentrations as part of a low-fat diet in hypercholesterolemic subjects

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Cholesterol-lowering efficacy of a sitostanol-containing phytosterol mixture with a prudent diet in hyperlipidemic men

Jones, P. J. H., Ntanios, F. Y., Raeini−Sarjaz, M., & Vanstone, C. A. (1999) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.6.1144 · Cited by 242

Sterol absorption and sterol balance in phytosterolemia evaluated by deuterium-labeled sterols: effect of sitostanol treatment.

Lütjohann, D., Björkhem, I., Beil, U., & von Bergmann, K. (1995) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41495-6 · Cited by 238

Plant Stanol Esters Affect Serum Cholesterol Concentrations of Hypercholesterolemic Men and Women in a Dose-dependent Manner

Hallikainen, M., Sarkkinen, E. S., & Uusitupa, M. I. J. (2000) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/130.4.767 · Cited by 235

Oat beta-glucan increases bile acid excretion and a fiber-rich barley fraction increases cholesterol excretion in ileostomy subjects

Amundsen, Å. L., Hallmans, G., Sandberg, A.-S., Sundberg, B., Åman, P., & Andersson, H. (1995) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/62.6.1245 · Cited by 229

Reduction of Serum Cholesterol in Postmenopausal Women With Previous Myocardial Infarction and Cholesterol Malabsorption Induced by Dietary Sitostanol Ester Margarine

Gylling, H., Radhakrishnan, R., & Miettinen, T. A. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.96.12.4226 · Cited by 228

Stimulation of Fecal Steroid Excretion After Infusion of Recombinant Proapolipoprotein A-I

Eriksson, M., Carlson, L. A., Miettinen, T. A., & Angelin, B. (1999) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.100.6.594 · Cited by 227

Heritability of plasma noncholesterol sterols and relationship to DNA sequence polymorphism in ABCG5 and ABCG8

Berge, K. E., von Bergmann, K., Lütjohann, D., Guerra, R., Grundy, S. M., Hobbs, H. H., & Cohen, J. C. (2002) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)30155-3 · Cited by 223

Serum cholesterol, cholesterol precursors, and plant sterols in hypercholesterolemic subjects with different apoE phenotypes during dietary sitostanol ester treatment

Vanhanen, H., Blomqvist, S. R., Ehnholm, C., Hyvönen, M., Jauhiainen, M., Torstila, I., & Miettinen, T. A. (1993) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)36946-7 · Cited by 211

Plant sterols and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis†

Genser, B., Silbernagel, G., De Backer, G., Bruckert, E., Carmena, R., Chapman, M. J., Deanfield, J., Descamps, O. S., Rietzschel, E. R., Dias, K. C., et al. (2012) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr441 · Cited by 209

Noncholesterol Sterols and Cholesterol Lowering by Long-Term Simvastatin Treatment in Coronary Patients

Miettinen, T. A., Strandberg, T. E., & Gylling, H. (2000) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.20.5.1340 · Cited by 209

Relationships of serum plant sterols (phytosterols) and cholesterol in 595 hypercholesterolemic subjects, and familial aggregation of phytosterols, cholesterol, and premature coronary heart disease in hyperphytosterolemic probands and their first-degree relatives

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Insulin resistance is associated with increased cholesterol synthesis and decreased cholesterol absorption in normoglycemic men

Pihlajamäki, J., Gylling, H. K., Miettinen, T. A., & Laakso, M. (2004) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m300368-jlr200 · Cited by 202

Serum cholesterol and cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in hypercholesterolaemic NIDDM patients before and during sitostanol ester-margarine treatment

Gylling, H., & Miettinen, T. A. (1994) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00404334 · Cited by 202

Sitostanol ester margarine in dietary treatment of children with familial hypercholesterolemia.

Gylling, H., Siimes, M. A., & Miettinen, T. A. (1995) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41499-3 · Cited by 198

Effects of dietary cholesterol on serum cholesterol: a meta-analysis and review

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Bilberries reduce low‐grade inflammation in individuals with features of metabolic syndrome

Kolehmainen, M., Mykkänen, O. T., Kirjavainen, P. V., Leppänen, T., Moilanen, E., Adriaens, M. E., Laaksonen, D. E., Hallikainen, M., Puupponen‐Pimiä, R., Pulkkinen, L., et al. (2012) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201200195 · Cited by 194

Human metabolic correlates of body mass index

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β-Sitosterol, β-Sitosterol Glucoside, and a Mixture of β-Sitosterol and β-Sitosterol Glucoside Modulate the Growth of Estrogen-Responsive Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro and in Ovariectomized Athymic Mice

Ju, Y. H., Helferich, W. G., Clausen, L. M., Allred, K. F., & Almada, A. L. (2004) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.5.1145 · Cited by 185

Stanol/Sterol Ester–Containing Foods and Blood Cholesterol Levels

Lichtenstein, A. H., & Deckelbaum, R. J. (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.103.8.1177 · Cited by 183

No Association Between Plasma Levels of Plant Sterols and Atherosclerosis in Mice and Men

Wilund, K. R., Yu, L., Xu, F., Vega, G. L., Grundy, S. M., Cohen, J. C., & Hobbs, H. H. (2004) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000149140.00499.92 · Cited by 182

Introducing a new component of the metabolic syndrome: low cholesterol absorption

Simonen, P. P., Gylling, H., Howard, A. N., & Miettinen, T. A. (2000) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/72.1.82 · Cited by 181

Dietary -sitostanol related to absorption, synthesis and serum level of cholesterol in different apolipoprotein E phenotypes

Miettinen, T. A., & Vanhanen, H. (1994) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(94)90052-3 · Cited by 179

Cholesterol reduction by different plant stanol mixtures and with variable fat intake

Gylling, H., & Miettinen, T. A. (1999) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(99)90053-7 · Cited by 175

Alterations in cholesterol absorption/synthesis markers characterize Framingham Offspring Study participants with CHD

Matthan, N. R., Pencina, M. J., LaRocque, J. M., Jacques, P. F., D’Agostino, R. B., Schaefer, E. J., & Lichtenstein, A. H. (2009) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.p900039-jlr200 · Cited by 174

Diabetes Contributes to Cholesterol Metabolism Regardless of Obesity

Simonen, P. P., Gylling, H. K., & Miettinen, T. A. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.9.1511 · Cited by 170

A Review of Dietary Phytochemicals and Their Relation to Oxidative Stress and Human Diseases

Guan, R., Van Le, Q., Yang, H., Zhang, D., Gu, H., Yang, Y., Sonne, C., Lam, S. S., Zhong, J., Jianguang, Z., et al. (2021) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129499 · Cited by 169

Highly sensitive analysis of sterol profiles in human serum by LC-ESI-MS/MS

Honda, A., Yamashita, K., Miyazaki, H., Shirai, M., Ikegami, T., Xu, G., Numazawa, M., Hara, T., & Matsuzaki, Y. (2008) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.d800017-jlr200 · Cited by 167

Lipid responses to plant-sterol-enriched reduced-fat spreads incorporated into a National Cholesterol Education Program Step I diet

Maki, K. C., Davidson, M. H., Umporowicz, D. M., Schaefer, E. J., Dicklin, M. R., Ingram, K. A., Chen, S., McNamara, J. R., Gebhart, B. W., Ribaya‐Mercado, J. D., et al. (2001) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/74.1.33 · Cited by 166

Independent association of serum squalene and noncholesterol sterols with coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women

Rajaratnam, R., Gylling, H. K., & Miettinen, T. A. (2000) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(00)00527-1 · Cited by 166

The rebound of lipoproteins after LDL-apheresis. Kinetics and estimation of mean lipoprotein levels

Kroon, A. A., Hof, M. A. V., Demacker, P. N. M., & Stalenhoef, A. F. H. (2000) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(00)00371-3 · Cited by 165

A LIMA1 variant promotes low plasma LDL cholesterol and decreases intestinal cholesterol absorption

Zhang, Y., Fu, Z.-Y., Wei, J. N., Qi, W., Baituola, G., Luo, J., Meng, Y. J., Guo, S., Yin, H., Jiang, S., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aao6575 · Cited by 163

Effect of intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin on cardiovascular outcomes in coronary heart disease patients with mild-to-moderate baseline elevations in alanine aminotransferase levels

Tikkanen, M. J., Fayyad, R. S., Færgeman, O., OLSSON, A. G., Wun, C., Laskey, R. E., Kastelein, J. J. P., Holme, I., & Pedersen, T. R. (2013) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.06.024 · Cited by 160

Effects of inhibiting cholesterol absorption and synthesis on cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in hypercholesterolemic non-insulin-dependent diabetic men.

Gylling, H. K., & Miettinen, T. A. (1996) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39121-5 · Cited by 158

Vegetable oil based versus wood based stanol ester mixtures: effects on serum lipids and hemostatic factors in non-hypercholesterolemic subjects

Plat, J., & Mensink, R. P. (2000) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00261-0 · Cited by 157

Cholesterol synthesis is increased and absorption decreased in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease independent of obesity

Simonen, P. P., Kotronen, A., Hallikainen, M., Sevastianova, K., Makkonen, J., Hakkarainen, A., Lundbom, N. M. I., Miettinen, T. A., Gylling, H. K., & Yki‐Järvinen, H. (2010) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.05.037 · Cited by 157

Stigmasterol reduces plasma cholesterol levels and inhibits hepatic synthesis and intestinal absorption in the rat

BATTA, A. K., Xu, G., Honda, A., Miyazaki, T., & Salen, G. (2006) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2005.08.024 · Cited by 156

Polymorphisms in the ABCG5 and ABCG8 genes associate with cholesterol absorption and insulin sensitivity

Gylling, H. K., Hallikainen, M., Pihlajamäki, J., Ågren, J., Laakso, M., Rajaratnam, R., Rauramaa, R., & Miettinen, T. A. (2004) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m300522-jlr200 · Cited by 154

Rapid quantification of free and esterified phytosterols in human serum using APPI-LC-MS/MS

Lembcke, J., Ceglarek, U., Fiedler, M., Baumann, S., Leichtle, A. B., & Thiery, J. (2004) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.c400004-jlr200 · Cited by 152

New Insights Into the Genetic Regulation of Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption

Lammert, F., & WANG, D. (2005) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/j.gastro.2004.11.017 · Cited by 145

Cholesterol absorption efficiency and sterol metabolism in obesity

Miettinen, T. A., & Gylling, H. (2000) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(00)00404-4 · Cited by 139

Synthesis and absorption markers of cholesterol in serum and lipoproteins during a large dose of statin treatment

Miettinen, T. A., & Gylling, H. (2003) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2362.2003.01229.x · Cited by 139

Plant-based sterols and stanols in health & disease: “Consequences of human development in a plant-based environment?”

Plat, J., Baumgartner, S., Vanmierlo, T., Lütjohann, D., Calkins, K. L., Burrin, D. G., Guthrie, G. J., Thijs, C. T., Velde, A. A. T., Vreugdenhil, A. C. E., et al. (2019) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2019.02.003 · Cited by 138

Serum, biliary, and fecal cholesterol and plant sterols in colectomized patients before and during consumption of stanol ester margarine

Miettinen, T. A., Vuoristo, M., Nissinen, M. J., Järvinen, H., & Gylling, H. (2000) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.5.1095 · Cited by 138

Phytochemicals and Cardiovascular Disease

Howard, B. V., & Kritchevsky, D. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.95.11.2591 · Cited by 138

Micellar distribution of cholesterol and phytosterols after duodenal plant stanol ester infusion

Nissinen, M. J., Gylling, H., Vuoristo, M., & Miettinen, T. A. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00446.2001 · Cited by 136

Apolipoprotein E Participates in the Regulation of Very Low Density Lipoprotein-Triglyceride Secretion by the Liver

Mensenkamp, A. R., Jong, M. C., van Goor, H., van Luyn, M. J. A., Bloks, V. W., Havinga, R., Voshol, P. J., Hofker, M. H., van Dijk, K. W., Havekes, L. M., et al. (1999) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.274.50.35711 · Cited by 136

Altered levels of plasma 24S- and 27-hydroxycholesterol in demented patients

Kölsch, H., Heun, R., Kerksiek, A., von Bergmann, K., Maier, W., & Lütjohann, D. (2004) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2004.07.031 · Cited by 132

Canalicular ABC transporters and liver disease

Nicolaou, M., Andress, E. J., Zolnerciks, J. K., Dixon, P. H., Williamson, C., & Linton, K. J. (2011) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.3019 · Cited by 131

Plasma Concentrations of Plant Sterols: Physiology and Relationship with Coronary Heart Disease

Chan, Y., Varady, K. A., Lin, Y., Trautwein, E. A., Mensink, R. P., Plat, J., & Jones, P. J. H. (2006) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2006.tb00224.x · Cited by 131

Influence of Drug Transporter Polymorphisms on Pravastatin Pharmacokinetics in Humans

Kivistö, K. T., & Niemi, M. (2006) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-006-9159-2 · Cited by 130

Serum sterols during stanol ester feeding in a mildly hypercholesterolemic population

Gylling, H., Puska, P., Vartiainen, E. A., & Miettinen, T. A. (1999) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32138-6 · Cited by 130

Serum concentration and metabolism of cholesterol during rapeseed oil and squalene feeding

Miettinen, T. A., & Vanhanen, H. T. (1994) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/59.2.356 · Cited by 128

Acute effects of pravastatin on cholesterol synthesis are associated with SLCO1B1 (encoding OATP1B1) haplotype *17

Niemi, M., Neuvonen, P. J., Hofmann, U., Backman, J. T., Schwab, M. G., Lütjohann, D., von Bergmann, K., Eichelbaum, M. F., & Kivistö, K. T. (2005) · Pharmacogenetics and Genomics · doi:10.1097/01213011-200505000-00005 · Cited by 125

24S-hydroxycholesterol in plasma: A marker of cholesterol turnover in neurodegenerative diseases

Leoni, V., & Caccia, C. (2012) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2012.09.025 · Cited by 124

Vegan diet in young children remodels metabolism and challenges the statuses of essential nutrients

Hovinen, T., Korkalo, L., Freese, R., Skaffari, E., Isohanni, P., Niemi, M., Nevalainen, J., Gylling, H., Zamboni, N., Erkkola, M., et al. (2021) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.15252/emmm.202013492 · Cited by 123

Effects of Hesperidin on the Progression of Hypercholesterolemia and Fatty Liver Induced by High-Cholesterol Diet in Rats

Wang, X., Hasegawa, J., Kitamura, Y., Wang, Z., Matsuda, A., Shinoda, W., Miura, N., & Kimura, K. (2011) · Journal of Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1254/jphs.11097fp · Cited by 121

Plasma levels of plant sterols and the risk of coronary artery disease: the prospective EPIC-Norfolk Population Study

Pinedo, S., Vissers, M. N., von Bergmann, K., El-Harchaoui, K., Lütjohann, D., Luben, R., Wareham, N. J., Kastelein, J. J. P., Khaw, K., & Boekholdt, S. M. (2006) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m600371-jlr200 · Cited by 121

High Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption Is Associated With Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Alleles in ABCG8 and ABO

Silbernagel, G., Chapman, M. J., Genser, B., Kleber, M. E., Fauler, G., Scharnagl, H., Grammer, T. B., Boehm, B. O., Mäkelä, K.-M., Kähönen, M. A. P., et al. (2013) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.01.100 · Cited by 119

Pronounced variation in bile acid synthesis in humans is related to gender, hypertriglyceridaemia and circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor 19

Gälman, C., Angelin, B., & Rudling, M. J. (2011) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02466.x · Cited by 119

Impact of buttermilk consumption on plasma lipids and surrogate markers of cholesterol homeostasis in men and women

Conway, V., Couture, P., Richard, C., Gauthier, S., Pouliot, Y., & Lamarche, B. (2013) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2013.03.003 · Cited by 116

Alternate oils in fish feeds

Picková, J., & Mørkøre, T. (2007) · European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/ejlt.200600222 · Cited by 116

Cholesterol-raising factor from boiled coffee does not pass a paper filter.

Dusseldorp, M., Katan, M., van Vliet, T., Demacker, P. N. M., & Stalenhoef, A. F. H. (1991) · Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis A Journal of Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.11.3.586 · Cited by 116

Metabolic variables of cholesterol during squalene feeding in humans: comparison with cholestyramine treatment

Strandberg, T., Tilvis, R., & Miettinen, T. (1990) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)42347-8 · Cited by 115

Stanol Ester Margarine Alone and With Simvastatin Lowers Serum Cholesterol in Families With Familial Hypercholesterolemia Caused by the FH–North Karelia Mutation

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