Molecular Clocks in Reptiles: Life History Influences Rate of Molecular Evolution
Open accessAbstract
Life history has been implicated as a determinant of variation in rate of molecular evolution amongst vertebrate species because of a negative correlation between body size and substitution rate for many molecular data sets. Both the generality and the cause of the negative body size trend have been debated, and the validity of key studies has been questioned (particularly concerning the failure to account for phylogenetic bias). In this study, a comparative method has been used to test for an association between a range of life-history variables-such as body size, age at maturity, and clutch size-and DNA substitution rate for three genes (NADH4, cytochrome b, and c-mos). A negative relationship between body size and rate of molecular evolution was found for phylogenetically independent pairs of reptile species spanning turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodile, and tuatara. Although this study was limited by the number of comparisons for which both sequence and life-history data were available, the results suggest that a negative body size trend in rate of molecular evolution may be a general feature of reptile molecular evolution, consistent with similar studies of mammals and birds. This observation has important implications for uncovering the mechanisms of molecular evolution and warns against assuming that related lineages will share the same substitution rate (a local molecular clock) in order to date evolutionary divergences from DNA sequences.
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The predicted correlation of generation time with mutation rate has been supported by studies comparing rates of molecular evolution with generation time (or body size) across vertebrate species.
“The predicted correlation of generation time with mutation rate 24 has been supported by studies that compare the rates of molecular evolution with generation time (or its correlate, body size) across a range of genes for several vertebrate species 35,37-39 .”
From The modern molecular clock (2003) · cites this paper as [38]
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BackgroundAscomycota has a faster evolutionary rate and higher species diversity than Basidiomycota
Wang, H., Guo, S., Huang, M.-R., Thorsten, L. H., & Wei, J. (2010) · Science China Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-010-4063-8 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Fontanillas, E., Welch, J. J., Thomas, J. A., & Bromham, L. D. (2007) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-95 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“The potential correlation between ancestral small size in metazoan and fast early rates is also supported by the observation of a negative relationship between body size and rate of molecular evolution in several vertebrates clades, including birds [35], reptiles [36] and mammals [37].”
ResultSelf-citationThermal energy and the rate of genetic evolution in marine fishes
Wright, S. D., Ross, H. A., Keeling, D. J., McBride, P. D., & Gillman, L. N. (2010) · Evolutionary Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10682-010-9416-z · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Animal body mass, which increases in cooler terrestrial climates, has been found to inversely correlate with substitution rate ( Bromham 2002; Gillooly et al. 2005).”
Backgroundvan Tuinen, M., & Hadly, E. A. (2004) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/s00239-004-2624-9 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“c Applies to reptile cytochrome b ( Bromham 2002, Fig. 1a).”
BackgroundInfluentialThorpe, R. S., Pook, C. E., & Malhotra, A. (2007) · Herpetological Journal · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Thorpe, R. S., LEADBEATER, D. L., & Pook, C. E. (2005) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02574.x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“…rate of the molecular clock has been shown to vary within and between species as a result of many factors including differences in metabolic rate, variation in DNA repair efficiency, mutagen exposure differences, and variation in generation time and body size (Martin & Palumbi 1993; Bromham 2002).”
InfluentialMolecular analyses of ostracod flocks from Lake Baikal and Lake Tanganyika
Schön, I., & Martens, K. (2011) · Hydrobiologia · doi:10.1007/s10750-011-0935-6 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Generation time might be the most obvious factor as other researchers have found that short generation times cause faster rates of molecular evolution in taxa as different as plants (Smith & Donoghue, 2008), birds (Mooers & Harvey, 1994), primates (Sarich & Wilson, 1973), reptiles (Bromham, 2002), and 143 invertebrate…”
BackgroundTollis, M., Hutchins, E. D., Stapley, J., Rupp, S. M., Eckalbar, W. L., Maayan, I., Lasku, E., Infante, C. R., Dennis, S. R., Robertson, J. A., et al. (2018) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evy013 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“This can help determine whether or not underlying shifts in molecular evolution are related to morphological rates of change and species diversity, which has been a subject of debate (Bromham et al. 2002; Davies and Savolainen 2006).”
BackgroundCALIBRATION AGE AND QUARTET DIVERGENCE DATE ESTIMATION
Brochu, C. A. (2004) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb01715.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The influence of size on body shape diversification across Indo‐Pacific shore fishes*
Friedman, S. T., Martinez, C. M., Price, S. A., & Wainwright, P. C. (2019) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/evo.13755 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Similarly, there is substantial evidence for a negative correlation between body size and rates of molecular evolution in reptiles (Bromham 2002), mammals (Bromham 2011), and scombrid fishes (Qiu et al. 2014).”
BackgroundMurrell, A., Dobson, S. J., Walter, D. E., Campbell, N. J. H., Shao, R., & Barker, S. C. (2005) · Invertebrate Systematics · doi:10.1071/is05027 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Energy and the tempo of evolution in amphibians
Wright, S. D., Gillman, L. N., Ross, H. A., & Keeling, D. J. (2010) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00549.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“In addition, animal body mass, which is influenced by climate and increases at higher latitudes in anurans (but not urodeles) (Olalla-Tárraga & Rodríguez, 2007), has been found to inversely correlate with substitution rate (Bromham, 2002; Gillooly et al., 2005) and may therefore have contributed to our result.”
BackgroundInvestigating Evolutionary Rate Variation in Bacteria
Gibson, B., & Eyre‐Walker, A. (2019) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/s00239-019-09912-5 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Recalibrating the molecular clock for Arctic marine invertebrates based on DNA barcodes
Loeza‐Quintana, T., Carr, C. M., Khan, T., Bhatt, Y. A., Lyon, S. P., Hebert, P. D. N., & Adamowicz, S. J. (2018) · Genome · doi:10.1139/gen-2018-0107 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Froufe, E., Alekseyev, S. S., Knizhin, I. B., Alexandrino, P. B., & Weiss, S. J. (2003) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1046/j.1472-4642.2003.00024.x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“However, body size and age at maturity have been shown to be inversely related to substitution rate (Bromham, 2002).”
BackgroundPhylogeography of the Madeiran endemic lizard Lacerta dugesii inferred from mtDNA sequences
Brehm, A., Jesus, J., Spínola, H., Alves, C., Vicente, L., & Harris, D. J. (2003) · Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00310-x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Although calibration of molecular clocks is complex (see Bromham, 2002), our data seem to be more consistent with the hypothesis proposed by Geldmacher et al. (2001).”
ResultMolecular Clocks and Explosive Radiations
Bromham, L. (2003) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/s00239-003-0002-7 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Mutation rate is expected to be reflected predominantly in the silent (synonymous) substitution rate, yet the body size effect has been noted for both synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution rates (Bromham 2002) and total genetic distance (Martin and Palumbi 1993; Mooers and Harvey 1994).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationMoen, D. S. (2006) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01082.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“…increase would be in contrast to the generally well-established negative correlation between body size and rate of molecular evolution (Martin & Palumbi, 1993; Mooers & Harvey, 1994; Bromham et al., 1996; Bromham, 2002; but see Slowinski & Arbogast, 1999, for critiques of some of these approaches).”
ResultRosenbaum, P. A., Robertson, J. M., & Zamudio, K. R. (2007) · Conservation Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10592-006-9172-3 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
What can DNA Tell us About the Cambrian Explosion?
Bromham, L. D. (2003) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/43.1.148 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationTollis, M., DeNardo, D. F., Cornelius, J. A., Dolby, G., Edwards, T., Henen, B. T., Karl, A. E., Murphy, R. W., & Kusumi, K. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177708 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Divakar, P. K., Kauff, F., Crespo, A., Leavitt, S. D., & Lumbsch, H. T. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083115 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Velo‐Antón, G., Godinho, R., Campos, J. C., & Brito, J. C. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094626 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“We also note that long-lived animals with long generation times, such as crocodiles, are prone to exhibit low levels of mtDNA genetic structure [40,41,42,43], which is partially explained by their low metabolic rates [44], low mutation rates during DNA replication [45], and long longevity [46].”
BackgroundSchuettpelz, E., & Pryer, K. M. (2006) · Systematic Biology · doi:10.1080/10635150600755438 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Pellissier, L. (2015) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2015.00052 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Murtskhvaladze, M., Tarkhnishvili, D., Anderson, C. L., & Kotorashvili, A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233680 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“The rates of reptile mitogenome evolution vary depending on the taxonomic group and even body size of animals [73].”
BackgroundThe ovotestis: an underdeveloped organ of evolution
Davison, A. (2006) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.20424 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Marko, P. B., & Moran, A. L. (2002) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01442.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“…of studies in which there is no a priori expectation of decoupled molecular and morphological evolutionary change, however, suggest that molecular and morphological evolution may at times be related (Bousquet et al. 1992; Smith et al. 1992; Savard et al. 1993; Omland 1994, 1997; Bronham 2002).”
BackgroundEstabrook, G. F., Smith, G. R., & Dowling, T. E. (2007) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00089.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“…operating at the level of life-history ecology and organismal biology, include generation time (Chao and Carr 1993; Martin and Palumbi 1993; Ohta 1993; Bromham 2002), homeothermy (Adachi et al. 1993), thermal habit (Bargelloni et al. 1994; Rand 1994), environmental 1176 C© 2007 The Author(s).”
BackgroundLamb, T., MEEKER, A. M., Bauer, A. M., & Branch, W. R. (2003) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00168.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“In the absence of lineage-specific substitution rates for gerrhosaurid lizards (see Bromham, 2002 ), we refrain from dating the haplotypic divergences observed among taxa.”
BackgroundA phylogenetic framework for the evolution of female polymorphism in anoles
Paemelaere, E. A. D., Guyer, C., & Dobson, F. S. (2011) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01742.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“and should be approached with caution (Crother & Guyer, 1996; Bromham, 2002; Graur & Martin, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodField, D. J., Berv, J. S., Hsiang, A. Y., Lanfear, R., Landis, M. J., & Dornburg, A. (2019) · doi:10.7287/peerj.preprints.27521v1 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“As lineages shift their life histories in response to new ecological opportunities, this can further result in dramatic shifts in the substitution rates of entire loci (Martin and Palumbi, 1993; Bromham, 2002; Smith and Donoghue, 2008).”
BackgroundAge at first reproduction explains rate variation in the strepsirrhine molecular clock
Tsantes, C., & Steiper, M. E. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0906686106 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Evidence supporting the BS hypothesis comes from work across a very broad range of taxa (19, 21, 22, 28), although the effect has been disputed (29–31).”
BackgroundMcConway, K., & Sims, H. J. (2004) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb01569.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“…evidence that rates of molecular evolution are heterogeneous among lineages, among genes, and over time (e.g., Ayala 1997; Sanderson 1997; Kumar and Hedges 1998; Thorne et al. 1998; Foote et al. 1999; Cutler 2000; Huelsenbeck et al. 2000; Sanderson and Doyle 2001; Bromham 2002; Soltis et al. 2002).”
BackgroundRoycroft, E., Achmadi, A. S., Callahan, C. M., Esselstyn, J. A., Good, J. M., Moussalli, A., & Rowe, K. C. (2021) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evab103 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“13(7): doi:10.1093/gbe/evab103 Advance Access publication 14 May 2021 scales, with larger species expected to have slower rates due to longer generation times (Bromham 2002; Berv and Field 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe tempo of genetic evolution in birds: body mass and climate effects
Gillman, L. N., McCowan, L. S. C., & Wright, S. D. (2012) · Journal of Biogeography · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2012.02730.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Several empirical studies have found an inverse relationship between the tempo of microevolution and body mass (Wu & Li, 1985; Martin & Palumbi, 1993; Bromham et al., 1996; Bleiweiss, 1998a; Nunn & Stanley, 1998; Bromham, 2002; Gillooly et al., 2005; Fontanillas et al., 2007), whereas others have found no evidence of…”
BackgroundWorker Reproduction and Caste Polymorphism Impact Genome Evolution and Social Genes Across the Ants
Barkdull, M., & Moreau, C. S. (2023) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evad095 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Eusociality in and of itself is already known to influence genome evolution via an effect on effective population size (Bromham and Leys 2005; Romiguier et al. 2014).”
BackgroundGlobal Rate Variation in Bony Vertebrates
Takezaki, N. (2018) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evy125 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“…time [Li et al. 1996; Bromham et al. 2002; Smith and Donoghue 2008; Thomas et al. 2010], life span [Nabholz et al. 2008; Welch et al. 2008]), body size (Bromham 2002; Wollenberg et al. 2011; Figuet et al. 2016), and environment (e.g., Davies et al. 2004; Wright et al. 2006; Lourenco et al. 2013).”
BackgroundPhylogeography of the tree lizard,Urosaurus ornatus: responses of populations to past climate change
Haenel, G. J. (2007) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03515.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…to 2.5 million years since divergence, placing it sometime during the end-Pliocene and Early Pleistocene (because no error terms were included in clock estimates, the ranges may be even greater and even this wide range time estimate does not have great support; Bromham 2002; Graur & Martin 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialGrechko, V. V. (2013) · Molecular Biology · doi:10.1134/s0026893313010056 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Marcionetti, A., & Salamin, N. (2023) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evad088 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Overall differences in evolutionary rates between lineages are widely observed (e.g., Ohta, 1993; Bromham et al., 1996; Bromham, 2002; Nabholz et al., 2008; Bromham, 2009; Welch et al., 2008; Thomas et al., 2010) and are primarily attributed to differences in generation-time, where organisms with…”
BackgroundLiterman, R., Burrett, A., Bista, B., & Valenzuela, N. (2017) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/s00239-017-9820-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Temperature predicts the rate of molecular evolution in Australian Eugongylinae skinks
Ivan, J., Moritz, C. C., Potter, S., Bragg, J. G., Turakulov, R. I., & Hua, X. (2021) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/evo.14342 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“This negative association has been identified in mammals, birds, and reptiles (Mooers and Harvey 1994; Bromham et al. 1996; Bromham 2002), and so is it in our study even after accounting for temperature.”
BackgroundWang, C.-F., Hsieh, C., Lee, S., & Wang, H. (2011) · Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00646.x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The rate of the molecular clock was shown to vary within and amongst species as a result of many factors including variations in the metabolic rate, DNA repair efficiency, mutagen exposure, generation time, and body size (Martin & Palumbi, 1993; Bromham, 2002).”
BackgroundLeft-right dewlap asymmetry and phylogeography ofAnolis lineatuson Aruba and Curaçao
Gartner, G. E. A., Gamble, T., Jaffe, A. L., Harrison, A. S., & Losos, J. B. (2013) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/bij.12131 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“…would be difficult, if not impossible, to implement as a result of variation in coalescent times related to differences in effective population sizes and differences in lineage-specific substitution rates (Bromham, 2002; Moritz & Cicero, 2004; Hickerson, Meyer & Moritz, 2006; Pons et al ., 2006).”
BackgroundLoeza‐Quintana, T., & Adamowicz, S. J. (2018) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/s00239-018-9831-2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Skeels, A., Bach, W., Hagen, O., Jetz, W., & Pellissier, L. (2022) · Systematic Biology · doi:10.1093/sysbio/syac048 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…are associated with fast life-history syndromes (e.g. small body sizes, shorter generation times) in a number of clades (Bromham et al. 1996; Bromham 2002; Qiu et al. 2014; Barrera-Redondo et al. 2018) and with high rates of cell division (Lanfear et al. 2013) (but see [Weir and Schluter…”
BackgroundRolland, J., Loiseau, O., Romiguier, J., & Salamin, N. (2016) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0666-4 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“lecular evolution were found in reptiles [28] and could”
BackgroundPatterns of Evolutionary Speed: In Search of a Causal Mechanism
Gillman, L. N., & Wright, S. D. (2013) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d5040811 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Many studies have found depressed rates of genetic evolution in larger bodied animals [7,33–39].”
BackgroundTingley, R., & Dubey, S. (2012) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12-244 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“, body size), and such traits are known to impact rates of molecular evolution [32-34].”
BackgroundFIXATION OF SLIGHTLY BENEFICIAL MUTATIONS: EFFECTS OF LIFE HISTORY
Vindenes, Y., Lee, A. M., Engen, S., & Sæther, B. (2009) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00868.x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…analyses of molecular rates of evolution have revealed large and systematic interspecific differences (Britten 1986; Nunn and Stanley 1998; Bromham 2002; Rodriguez-Trelles et al. 2006; Nabholz et al. 2007; Smith and Donoghue 2008), which can partly be explained by variation in life…”
BackgroundLewin, L. E., & Eyre‐Walker, A. (2025) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msaf069 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Studies have found this variation in rate to be correlated to several aspects of species biology, including body size, longevity, metabolic rate, DNA repair mechanisms, and generation time (Bromham 2002; Nabholz et al. 2008; Smith and Donoghue 2008; Thomas et al. 2010).”
Clonal reproduction shapes evolution in the lizard malaria parasitePlasmodium floridense
Falk, B. G., Glor, R. E., & Perkins, S. L. (2015) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/evo.12683 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Arntzen, J. W., & Sá-Sousa, P. (2007) · Topics in geobiology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6374-9_12 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Causes of Variation in the Rate of Molecular Evolution
Bromham, L. D. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60181-2_4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationSoria‐Hernanz, D. F., Braverman, J. M., & Hamilton, M. B. (2008) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msn074 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Rates of molecular evolution and their application to neotropical avian biogeography
Witt, C. C. (2004) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.3296 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“However, in a broader survey of datasets, Bromham et al. (2003) found no link between rates of morphological and molecular evolution. Furthermore, Bromham et al. (2003) showed that Omland’s (1997) method may have violated the assumption”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDrivers of unique and asynchronous population dynamics in Malagasy herpetofauna
Kuhn, A., Gehara, M., Andrianarimalala, M. S. M., Rabibisoa, N., Randriamahatantsoa, B., Overcast, I., Raxworthy, C. J., Ruane, S., & Burbrink, F. T. (2022) · Journal of Biogeography · doi:10.1111/jbi.14315 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“This mean mutation rate was based on previous studies that have estimated mutation rates for amphibians and reptiles (Bromham, 2002; Eo & DeWoody, 2010).”
MethodNeutral and adaptive protein evolution
Yang, Z. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567028.003.0008 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Estandía, A., Chesser, R. T., James, H. F., Levy, M., Ferrer, J., Bretagnolle, V., González‐Solís, J., & Welch, A. J. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.07.27.453752 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Indeed, small-bodied animals often show higher rates of substitution than large-bodied animals (reptiles: Bromham 2002; mammals: Welch et al. 2008; mammals and birds: Nabholz et al. 2013; birds: Jarvis et al. 2014; Weber et al. 2014; Berv and Field 2018).”
BackgroundLIFE HISTORY AND THE MALE MUTATION BIAS
Bartosch-Härlid, A., Berlin, S., Smith, N. G. C., Mosller, A. P., & Ellegren, H. (2003) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00251.x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Lichen-Forming Fungi, Diversification of
Lumbsch, H. T. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800049-6.00249-3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Reconstruction of body mass evolution in the Cetartiodactyla and mammals using phylogenomic dataPreprint
Figuet, E., Ballenghien, M., Lartillot, N., & Galtier, N. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/139147 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Energy and spatial order in niche and community
Wright, S. D., & Rohde, K. (2013) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/bij.12141 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Simulating molecular evolution
Yang, Z. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567028.003.0009 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Climate and diversity: the role of history
Clarke, A. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511814938.013 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Molecular clocks and rates of evolution in marine invertebrates
Quintana, L., & del Rosario, T. (2017) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bannikova, A. A., & Lebedev, V. S. (2022) · Biology Bulletin Reviews · doi:10.1134/s2079086422050024 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Big animals and tall plants usually have relatively low rates of molecular evolution (Martin and Palumbi, 1993; Bromham, 2002; Gillooly et al., 2005; Lanfear et al., 2013; Barrera-Redondo et al., 2018).”
Background
- Authors
- Bromham, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Sussex (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Bromham, Lindell
- ORCID
- Bromham, Lindell
- Venue
- Molecular Biology and Evolution
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2002-03-01
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 302-309
- ISSN
- 0737-4038 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-1719
- OpenAlex
- W2152489289
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 9.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Molecular Biology and Evolution (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Keywords
- molecular clock, molecular evolution rate, life history, body size, reptiles, phylogenetic bias, age at maturity, clutch size, cytochrome b, c-mos, turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, tuatara, divergence time estimation
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Body Constitution, Cytochrome b Group, Environment, Litter Size, Models, Genetic, NAD, Phylogeny, Reptiles, Sexual Maturation, Species Specificity, Time Factors, Mutagenesis, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos, Evolution, Molecular
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