The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Neurocognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia: are we measuring the ‘‘right stuff’’?
Abstract
There has been a surge of interest in the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia. The published literature in this area has doubled in the last few years. In this paper, we will attempt to confirm the conclusions from a previous review that certain neurocognitive domains (secondary verbal memory, immediate memory, executive functioning as measured by card sorting, and vigilance) are associated with functional outcome. In addition to surveying the number of replicated findings and tallying box scores of results, we will approach the review of the studies in a more thorough and empirical manner by applying a meta-analysis. Lastly, we will discuss what we see as a key limitation of this literature, specifically, the relatively narrow selection of predictor measures. This limitation has constrained identification of mediating variables that may explain the mechanisms for these relationships.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Cognition determines, to a considerable extent, one's social and professional success and the ability to live independently (Audet, Hebert, Dubois, Rochette, & Mercier, 2007; Benedict & Zivadinov, 2006; Green, Kern, Braff, & Mintz, 2000).”
From Efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulation on cognitive functioning in brain disorders: a meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Green, Kern, Braff, & Mintz, 2000
In the citing paper
“These impairments have been shown to be associated with various impaired functional outcomes.4,5”
From Clinical trials of potential cognitive-enhancing drugs in schizophrenia: what have we learned so far? (2013) · cites this paper as [4]
Citations
Cites
Wasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,377
What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia?
(1996) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.153.3.321 · Cited by 3,516
Self-citationVygotsky and the Social Formation of Mind
Kozulin, A., & Wertsch, J. V. (1987) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422646 · Cited by 3,339
(1995) · Cited by 2,809
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test manual
Heaton, R. K. (1981) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,604
Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis.: II. Impact on employment and social functioning
Rao, S. M., Leo, G. J., Ellington, L., Nauertz, T., Bernardin, L., & Unverzagt, F. (1991) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.41.5.692 · Cited by 890
Loeb, M., Davies, D. R., & Parasuraman, R. (1984) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422535 · Cited by 716
Breier, A. (1991) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810270051007 · Cited by 626
Further Evidence for Dementia of the Prefrontal Type in Schizophrenia?
Goldberg, T. E. (1987) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800230088014 · Cited by 521
Should schizophrenia be treated as a neurocognitive disorder?
Green, M. F., & Nuechterlein, K. (1999) · Schizophrenia bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033380 · Cited by 447
Self-citationUnitizing and categorizing problems in coding qualitative data
Guetzkow, H. S. (1950) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(195001)6:1 · Cited by 436
BRAFF, D. L. (1991) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810340023003 · Cited by 399
Self-citationEmotion recognition and social competence in chronic schizophrenia.
Mueser, K. T., Doonan, R. J., Penn, D. L., Blanchard, J. J., Bellack, A. S., Nishith, P., & de León, J. (1996) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.105.2.271 · Cited by 368
Neurocognitive and Social Functioning in Schizophrenia
Addington, J., & Addington, D. E. (1999) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033363 · Cited by 365
The functional significance of symptomatology and cognitive function in schizophrenia
Velligan, D. I., Mahurin, R. K., Diamond, P., Hazleton, B. C., Eckert, S. L., & Miller, A. L. (1997) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(97)00010-8 · Cited by 345
Harvey, P. D., Howanitz, E. M., Parrella, M. J., WHITE, L. E., Davidson, M., Mohs, R. C., Hoblyn, J. C., & Davis, K. L. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.8.1080 · Cited by 337
Use of neuropsychological tests to predict adult patients' everyday functioning.
Heaton, R. K., & Pendleton, M. G. (1981) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.49.6.807 · Cited by 311
Emotion recognition and social competence in chronic schizophrenia.
Mueser, K. T., Doonan, R., Penn, D. L., et al. (1996) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.105.2.271 · Cited by 286
Buchanan, R. W., Holstein, C., & Breier, A. F. (1994) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(94)90082-5 · Cited by 281
Use of neuropsychological tests to predict adult patients' everyday functioning.
Heaton, R. K., & Pendleton, M. G. (1981) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.49.6.807 · Cited by 265
Further Investigation of the Predictors of Outcome Following First Schizophrenic Episodes
Johnstone, E. C., Macmillan, J. F., Frith, C., Benn, D. K., & Crow, T. J. (1990) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.157.2.182 · Cited by 247
Evaluation of social problem solving in schizophrenia.
Bellack, A. S., Sayers, M. D., Mueser, K. T., & Bennett, M. (1994) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.103.2.371 · Cited by 226
Cognitive Rehabilitation for Schizophrenia: Problems, Prospects, and Strategies
Bellack, A. S., Gold, J. M., & Buchanan, R. W. (1999) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033377 · Cited by 222
Moritz, D. J., Kasl, S. V., & Berkman, L. F. (1995) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117344 · Cited by 214
Mueser, K. T., Bellack, A. S., Douglas, M. S., & Wade, J. H. (1991) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(91)90064-v · Cited by 196
The relationship of social cognition to ward behavior in chronic schizophrenia
Penn, D. L., Spaulding, W. D., Reed, D., & Sullivan, M. E. (1996) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/0920-9964(96)00010-2 · Cited by 193
Heaton, R. K., Velin, R. A., McCutchan, J. A., Gulevich, S. J., Atkinson, J. H., Wallace, M. R., Godfrey, H. P., Kirson, D., & Grant, I. (1994) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199401000-00001 · Cited by 190
Neuropsychological and Psychophysiological Correlates of Psychosocial Functioning in Schizophrenia
Brekke, J. S., Raine, A., Ansel, M., Lencz, T., & Bird, L. (1997) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/23.1.19 · Cited by 177
Perception of emotion and neurocognitive functioning in schizophrenia: what's the link?
Kee, K. S., Kern, R. S., & Green, M. F. (1998) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(98)00083-3 · Cited by 155
Self-citationInterpersonal Problem Solving and Information Processing in Schizophrenia
Corrigan, P. W., & Toomey, R. (1995) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/21.3.395 · Cited by 146
Wisconsin card sorting test and work performance in schizophrenia
Lysaker, P. H., Bell, M. D., & Goulet, J. L. (1995) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(94)02641-u · Cited by 143
Information Processing and Social Competence in Chronic Schizophrenia
Penn, D. L., Mueser, K. T., Spaulding, W. D., Hope, D. A., & Reed, D. (1995) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/21.2.269 · Cited by 141
Cognitive Deficits and Psychiatric Rehabilitation Outcomes in Schizophrenia
Silverstein, S. M., Schenkel, L. S., Valone, C., & Nuernberger, S. W. (1998) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1023/a:1022197109569 · Cited by 135
Neuropsychological predictors of skills training for chronic psychiatric patients
Kern, R. S., Green, M. F., & Satz, P. (1992) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(92)90055-8 · Cited by 120
Self-citationBartels, S. J., Mueser, K. T., & Miles, K. M. (1997) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(97)00080-7 · Cited by 116
Bowen, L., Wallace, C. J., Glynn, S. M., Nuechterlein, K. H., Lutzker, J. R., & Kuehnel, T. G. (1994) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(94)90012-4 · Cited by 112
Neurocognitive deficits and social functioning in outpatients with schizophrenia
Dickerson, F., Boronow, J. J., Ringel, N., & Parente, F. J. (1996) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/0920-9964(96)00040-0 · Cited by 107
Lysaker, P. H., Bell, M. D., Zito, W., & BIOTY, S. M. (1995) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199511000-00003 · Cited by 107
The influence of neurocognitive deficits and symptoms on quality of life in schizophrenia.
Heslegrave, R. J., Awad, A. G., & Voruganti, L. N. P. (1997) · PubMed Central · Cited by 106
Neuropsychiatric rehabilitation for persistent mental illness
Jaeger, J., & Douglas, E. (1992) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/bf01064683 · Cited by 106
Meltzer, H. Y. (1996) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/0893-133x(95)00202-o · Cited by 105
Paulus, M. P., Geyer, M. A., & BRAFF, D. L. (1996) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.153.5.714 · Cited by 85
Self-citationKern, R. S., Wallace, C. J., Hellman, S. G., Womack, L. M., & Green, M. F. (1996) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(96)00028-3 · Cited by 83
Self-citationDirect assessment of functional status in older patients with schizophrenia
Klapow, J. C., Evans, J. D., Patterson, T. L., Heaton, R. K., Koch, W. L., & Jeste, D. V. (1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.7.1022 · Cited by 81
Cognitive correlates to social cue perception in schizophrenia
Corrigan, P. W., Green, M. F., & Toomey, R. (1994) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(94)90105-8 · Cited by 80
Self-citationWykes, T., Sturt, E., & Katz, R. (1990) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.157.6.865 · Cited by 77
Relationship between cognitive and social dysfunction in schizophrenia
Addington, J., McCleary, L., & Munroe-Blum, H. (1998) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(98)00079-6 · Cited by 67
Information Processing and Social Cognitive Problem Solving in Schizophrenia
Penn, D. L., van der Does, W. A. J., Spaulding, W. D., Garbin, C. P., LINSZEN, D. H., & Dingemans, P. M. A. J. (1993) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199301000-00003 · Cited by 60
Neuropsychological Prediction of Treatment Efficacy and One-Year Outcome in Schizophrenia
GOLDMAN, R. S., Axelrod, B. N., Tandon, R., Ribeiro, S. C. M., Craig, K. A., & Berent, S. (2010) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000284811 · Cited by 59
The association between adaptive and cognitive deficits in geriatric chronic schizophrenic patients
Harvey, P. D., Sukhodolsky, D. G., Parrella, M. J., WHITE, L. E., & Davidson, M. (1997) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(97)00068-6 · Cited by 49
Wiedl, K. H., & Wienöbst, J. (1999) · International Journal of Rehabilitation Research · doi:10.1097/00004356-199903000-00007 · Cited by 42
Wiedl, K. H., Wienöbst, J., Schöttke, H., Green, M. F., & Nuechterlein, K. H. (2001) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006907 · Cited by 42
Self-citationInformation processing, social skill, and gender in schizophrenia
Penn, D. L., Mueser, K. T., & Spaulding, W. D. (1996) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(95)02768-8 · Cited by 41
Should schizophrenia be treated as a neurocognitive disorder?
Green, M. F. (1999) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(99)80104-7 · Cited by 35
Self-citationMemory and social skill in schizophrenia: the role of gender
Mueser, K. T., Blanchard, J. J., & Bellack, A. S. (1995) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(95)02661-f · Cited by 35
Cognitive and symptom correlates of participation in social skills training groups
McKee, M., Hull, J. W., & Smith, T. E. (1997) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(96)00090-4 · Cited by 28
Ikebuchi, E., Nakagome, K., Tugawa, R., Asada, Y., Mori, K., Takahashi, N., Takazawa, S., Ichikawa, I., & Akaho, R. (1996) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(96)00063-1 · Cited by 26
Dynamic testing—problems, uses, trends and evidence of validity.
Guthke, J., Beckmann, J. F., & Dobat, H. (1997) · Durham Research Online (Durham University) · Cited by 26
Psychometric Implications of Learning Potential Assessment: A Typological Approach
Schöttke, H., Bartram, M., & Wiedl, K. H. (2020) · Taylor & Francis eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003077398-11 · Cited by 14
Sutton, A. (1988) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-19131-4_5 · Cited by 8
Cited by
Sorted by citations
van Os, J., & Kapur, S. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60995-8 · Cited by 1,971
Fett, A.-K. J., Viechtbauer, W., Dominguez, M.-D.-G., Penn, D. L., van Os, J., & Krabbendam, L. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.07.001 · Cited by 1,833
Keefe, R. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2003.09.011 · Cited by 1,573
Longitudinal studies of cognition and functional outcome in schizophrenia: implications for MATRICS
Green, M. F., Kern, R. S., & Heaton, R. K. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.09.009 · Cited by 1,422
Self-citationAssessment of executive functions: Review of instruments and identification of critical issues.
CHAN, R., SHUM, D., TOULOPOULOU, T., & CHEN, E. (2008) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/j.acn.2007.08.010 · Cited by 1,401
Metadata
- Authors
- Green, M. F., Kern, R. S., Braff, D. L., & Mintz, J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Green, M. F.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Bulletin
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2000-01-01
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 119-136
- ISSN
- 0586-7614 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-1701
- OpenAlex
- W2150174494
- Cited by
- 2,999
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 85 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 89 · 2021: 111 · 2020: 120 · 2019: 146 · 2018: 132 · 2017: 143 · 2016: 146 · 2015: 180 · 2014: 146 · 2013: 180 · 2012: 183
- FWCI
- 31.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, neurocognitive impairment
- MeSH terms
- Cognition Disorders, Humans, Neuropsychological Tests, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Social Adjustment, Comorbidity, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
