Emotion regulation in spider phobia: role of the medial prefrontal cortex
Open accessAbstract
Phobic responses are strong emotional reactions towards phobic objects, which can be described as a deficit in the automatic regulation of emotions. Difficulties in the voluntary cognitive control of these emotions suggest a further phobia-specific deficit in effortful emotion regulation mechanisms. The actual study is based on this emotion regulation conceptualization of specific phobias. The aim is to investigate the neural correlates of these two emotion regulation deficits in spider phobics. Sixteen spider phobic females participated in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study in which they were asked to voluntarily up- and down-regulate their emotions elicited by spider and generally aversive pictures with a reappraisal strategy. In line with the hypothesis concerning an automatic emotion regulation deficit, increased activity in the insula and reduced activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex was observed. Furthermore, phobia-specific effortful regulation within phobics was associated with altered activity in medial prefrontal cortex areas. Altogether, these results suggest that spider phobic subjects are indeed characterized by a deficit in the automatic as well as the effortful regulation of emotions elicited by phobic compared with aversive stimuli. These two forms of phobic emotion regulation deficits are associated with altered activity in different medial prefrontal cortex subregions.
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The ventral PFC is known to provide top-down, inhibitory control of the amygdala in the effective regulation of fear.
“The ventral PFC is known to provide top-down, inhibitory control of the amygdala in the effective regulation of fear (Gold et al., 2015; Hermann et al., 2009; Phelps et al., 2004; Wager et al., 2008).”
From Advancing the treatment of anxiety disorders in transition‐age youth: a review of the therapeutic effects of unconscious exposure. (2025) · cites this paper as Hermann et al., 2009
The Introduction proposes that ventral PFC regions regulate emotional responses by modulating the amygdala, and the Effortful down-regulation section describes a proposed pathway through ventromedial PFC regions. But that section reports no observed down-regulation of amygdala activity, so this study does not establish the claimed top-down inhibitory control during effective fear regulation. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe VBE effect of reducing phobic avoidance was mediated by activation of ventral medial PFC (d=.70) and frontostriatal regions (dACC, pre-motor regions; d=.70).
“this VBE effect of reducing phobic avoidance was mediated by: (1) activation of the ventral medial PFC (d=.70), which supports emotion regulation in spider phobia (Hermann et al., 2009) and the retention of extinction learning (Phelps, Delgado, Nearing & LeDoux, 2004); and (2) activation of frontostriatal regions (dACC, pre-motor regions; d=.70).”
From Advancing the treatment of anxiety disorders in transition‐age youth: a review of the therapeutic effects of unconscious exposure. (2025) · cites this paper as Hermann et al., 2009
More studies have recently attempted to examine reappraisal of phobogenic stimuli in phobic populations or social stimuli in populations characterized by unstable social relationships, such as borderline personality disorder.
“More studies have attempted to do this recently with work examining reappraisal of phobogenic stimuli in phobic populations (Hermann et al. 2009) or social stimuli in populations characterized by unstable social relationships, such as borderline personality disorder (Koenigsberg et al. 2009).”
From Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies (2014) · cites this paper as Hermann et al. 2009
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Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies
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“…amygdala hyperactivation and a dysfunctional recruitment of ACC and dmPFC has been observed in patients with specific phobia and post-traumatic stress disorder (Schienle et al., 2007; Hermann et al., 2009; Milad et al., 2009), most likely indicating reduced cognitive control of emotional reactions.”
BackgroundThe Study of Fear Extinction: Implications for Anxiety Disorders
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“In human arachnophobic subjects, habituated fear to spider pictures has been associated with augmented omPFC activity (27).”
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Garcia, R. (2017) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.044115.116 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
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BackgroundNeural correlates of mindfulness meditation-related anxiety relief
Zeidan, F., Martucci, K. T., Kraft, R. A., McHaffie, J. G., & Coghill, R. C. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst041 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
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Self-citationBrain structural basis of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression
Hermann, A., Bieber, A., Keck, T., Vaitl, D., & Stark, R. M. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst130 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
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“Furthermore, vmPFC has been implicated in effortful control of phobia (52), regulation of fatigue (53), inhibitory control during experience of negative affect (54), and emotional intelligence for self-management (55).”
BackgroundFunctional neuroimaging in specific phobia
Del Casale, A., Ferracuti, S., Rapinesi, C., Serata, D., Piccirilli, M., Savoja, V., Kotzalidis, G. D., Manfredi, G., Angeletti, G., Tatarelli, R., et al. (2012) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.10.009 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
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“Impaired emotion regulation is found in anxiety (Goldin et al. 2009a; Hermann et al. 2009) and depression (Johnstone et al. 2007; Kanske et al. 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAltered Resting-State Amygdala Functional Connectivity after 36 Hours of Total Sleep Deprivation
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MethodNeural correlates of disgust- and fear-conditioned responses
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“impulsivity control) (Hermann et al., 2009; Kompus, Hugdahl, Ohman, Marklund, & Nyberg, 2009; Lane et al., 2009).”
Emotion regulation: exploring the impact of stress and sex
Jentsch, V. L., Het, S., & Wolf, O. T. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00397 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 13 November 2014 doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00397 Emotion regulation: exploring the impact of stress and sex”
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BackgroundSelf-citationSPIDER OR NO SPIDER? NEURAL CORRELATES OF SUSTAINED AND PHASIC FEAR IN SPIDER PHOBIA
Klahn, A. L., Notzon, S., Redlich, R., Grotegerd, D., Dohm, K., Arolt, V., Kugel, H., Zwanzger, P., & Dannlowski, U. (2015) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22382 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
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Pejic, T., Hermann, A., Vaitl, D., & Stark, R. M. (2011) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr095 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationEmotion Regulation by Psychological Distance and Level of Abstraction: Two Meta-Analyses
Moran, T., & Eyal, T. (2022) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/10888683211069025 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
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“Further, during emotion regulation, reduced activity in prefrontal areas involved in the cognitive control of emotions has been shown for social anxiety disorder (Goldin et al. 2009), generalized anxiety and panic disorder (Ball et al. 2013) and spider phobia (Hermann et al. 2009).”
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Linares, I. M. P., Trzesniak, C. M. F., Chagas, M. H. N., Hallak, J. E. C., Nardi, A. E., & Crippa, J. A. S. (2012) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462012000100017 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
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“major depression [42,43], phobias [44], and PTSD [45].”
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Falquez, R., Couto, B., Ibanez, A., Freitag, M. T., Berger, M., Arens, E., Lang, S., & Barnow, S. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00165 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“…by: Christian E. Salas Riquelme, Head Forward Rehabilitation Centre, UK Bryan Thomas Denny, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, USA *Correspondence: Rosalux Falquez, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Heidelberg, Hauptstrasse 47-51, 69117…”
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“In this context, the mPFC is relevant to down-regulate negative emotions by enhancing cognitive control and by modifying appraisals of sensory events (Urry et al. 2006; Hermann et al. 2009; McRae et al. 2010).”
Schaefer, H. S., Larson, C. L., Davidson, R. J., & Coan, J. A. (2014) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.12.011 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“This conflict may also lead to increased attempt at emotion regulation during fear provocation in phobic individuals, in an effort to dampen or control the reaction, although they are ultimately unable to do so (Hermann et al., 2009).”
BackgroundFear Extinction Recall Modulates Human Frontomedial Theta and Amygdala Activity
Sperl, M. F. J., Panitz, C., Rosso, I. M., Dillon, D. G., Kumar, P., Hermann, A., Whitton, A. E., Hermann, C., Pizzagalli, D. A., & Mueller, E. M. (2017) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx353 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“(2002), and were identical to the ones used in previous studies (Hermann et al. 2009; Pejic et al. 2013; Hermann, Keck, Stark 2014).”
MethodResultSelf-citationStress hormones are associated with the neuronal correlates of instructed fear conditioning
Merz, C. J., Stark, R. M., Vaitl, D., Tabbert, K., & Wolf, O. T. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.02.017 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationMarković, V., Vicario, C. M., Yavari, F., Salehinejad, M. A., & Nitsche, M. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.655947 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“With respect to specific phobias, patients with spider phobia show increased activity of the insula and reduced activity of the vmPFC in automatic emotion regulation (Hermann et al., 2009).”
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Rosso, I. M., Makris, N., Britton, J. C., Price, L. M., Gold, A. L., Zai, D., Bruyere, J. R., Deckersbach, T., Killgore, W. D. S., & Rauch, S. L. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20765 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Interestingly, some have found that enhanced insula activation is especially pronounced and even selective to phobia-relevant stimuli, rather than generalized across all fear-inducing stimuli.([6,21]) A selectively abnormal insula response to phobic material is consistent with the phenomenology of the disorder, and ma…”
BackgroundKlucken, T., Kruse, O., Wehrum‐Osinsky, S., Hennig, J., Schweckendiek, J., & Stark, R. M. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22688 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Anatomical masks were taken from “Harvard Oxford cortical and subcortical structural atlases” (probability threshold 25%) provided by Harvard Center for Morphometric Analysis while the mask for the vmPFC was kindly provided by other authors [Hermann et al., 2009].”
MethodSelf-citationDynamics of brain responses to phobic‐related stimulation in specific phobia subtypes
Caseras, X., Mataix-Cols, D., Trasovares, M. V., López-Solá, M., Ortriz, H., Pujol, J., Soriano-Mas, C., Giampietro, V., Brammer, M., & Torrubia, R. (2010) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07424.x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“The ventral prefrontal cortex is well connected with the limbic system and with more dorsal parts of the prefrontal cortex, and it has been suggested to play an important role in emotion regulation in general (Phillips et al., 2008) and in specific phobia in particular (Hermann et al., 2009).”
BackgroundGraham, B. M., Callaghan, B. L., & Richardson, R. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.07.012 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“…healthy and clinical populations have demonstrated that successful fear extinction and cognitive reappraisal both depend on prefrontal cortex inhibition of amygdala activity (Delgado, Nearing, LeDoux,& Phelps, 2008; Hermann et al., 2009; see below for amore detailed description of this circuitry).”
BackgroundSchäfer, A., Leutgeb, V., Reishofer, G., Ebner, F., & Schienle, A. (2009) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2009.09.030 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurostructural Correlates of Two Subtypes of Specific Phobia: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study
Hilbert, K., Evens, R., Isabel Maslowski, N., Wittchen, H.-U., & Lueken, U. (2015) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.12.003 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“; Goossens et al., 2007; Hermann et al., 2009; Caseras et al., 2010a; Lueken et al., 2011).”
The association between the 5-HTTLPR and neural correlates of fear conditioning and connectivity
Klucken, T., Schweckendiek, J., Blecker, C. R., Walter, B., Kuepper, Y., Hennig, J., & Stark, R. M. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu108 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationAue, T., Hoeppli, M., Piguet, C., Virginie Sterpenich, A., & Vuilleumier, P. O. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00194 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
A multi-pathway hypothesis for human visual fear signaling
Silverstein, D. N., & Ingvar, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2015.00101 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Marques, R. C., Vieira, L., Marques, D., & Cantilino, A. (2019) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0344 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The paradox of fiction: Emotional response toward fiction and the modulatory role of self-relevance.
Sperduti, M., Arcangeli, M., Makowski, D., Wantzen, P., Zalla, T., Lemaire, S., Dokic, J., Pelletier, J., & Piolino, P. (2016) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.02.003 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“The latter underpins cognitive control and emotion regulation (Hermann et al., 2009; Ochsner and Gross, 2005; Ochsner, Silvers, & Buhle, 2012), in particular emotional downregulation (for a recent meta-analysis see Buhle et al., 2014).”
BackgroundKisker, J., Lange, L., Flinkenflügel, K., Kaup, M., Labersweiler, N., Tetenborg, F., Ott, P., Gundler, C., Gruber, T., Osinsky, R., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2021.716318 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Labudda, K., Mertens, M., Steinkroeger, C., Bien, C. G., & Woermann, F. G. (2013) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.10.014 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“In symptomprovocation studies, higher amygdala activation cooccurred with reduced ventromedial prefrontal cortex activity [32–34].”
Error-related functional connectivity of the thalamus in cocaine dependence
Zhang, S., Hu, S., Bednarski, S. R., Erdman, E., & Li, C.-S. R. (2014) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.01.015 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Together, these findings suggest that increased thalamic-vmPFC connectivity may be associated with diminished saliency-elicited self control in chronic cocaine users, consistent with an integral role of this circuitry in interference resolution (Hare et al., 2009; Hermann et al., 2009; Lamm and Lewis, 2010; Roy et al.…”
Cognitive reappraisal of snake and spider pictures: An event-related potentials study.
Langeslag, S. J. E., & Strien, J. W. V. (2018) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.05.010 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Less is more: Neural activity during very brief and clearly visible exposure to phobic stimuli
Siegel, P., Warren, R., Wang, Z., Yang, J., Cohen, D., Anderson, J. F., Murray, L., & Peterson, B. S. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23533 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Proceeding from left to right in each row, the region labels identify the following. z 5 220: OFC, orbital frontal cortex; Amy, amygdala; Hip, hippocampus; ParaHip, parahippocampal gyrus. z 5 22: STG, superior temporal gyrus; MTG, middle temporal gyrus; Occ, occipital cortex; VLPFC, ventral lateral prefrontal cortex;…”
BackgroundLei, Y., Shao, Y., Wang, L., Ye, E., Jin, X., Zou, F., Zhai, T., Li, W., & Zheng, Y. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23601 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Many studies have demonstrated the effect of the mPFC on emotion generation and regulation because the mPFC not only structurally but also functionally associated with the amygdala (Hermann et al., 2009; Stevens et al., 2013).”
BackgroundResultHermann, A., Leutgeb, V., Scharmüller, W., Vaitl, D., Schienle, A., & Stark, R. M. (2013) · Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1186/2045-5380-3-16 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Correspondingly, reduced vmPFC activation has been shown in patients with specific phobias during symptom provocation [11-13].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHeightened Defensive Responses Following Subtotal Lesions of Macaque Orbitofrontal Cortex
Pujara, M. S., Rudebeck, P. H., Ciesinski, N. K., & Murray, E. A. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2812-18.2019 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…following lOFC damage appears to be more akin to the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (Lazarov et al., 2019), specific phobia (Hermann et al., 2009), or obsessive– compulsive disorders (Sizino da Victoria et al., 2012; e.g., defensive responses in response to specific…”
BackgroundMechanisms of change: Effects of repetitive exposure to feared stimuli on the brain's fear network
Wendt, J., Schmidt, L., Lotze, M., & Hamm, A. O. (2012) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01451.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“It would be interesting for future research to investigate whether more cognitive strategies (such as reappraisal techniques, see Hermann et al., 2009) during exposure therapy might be specifically helpful in changing the activation of these prefrontal networks.”
Effects of prefrontal rTMS on autonomic reactions to affective pictures
Berger, C., Domes, G., Balschat, J., Thome, J., & Höppner, J. (2015) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-015-1491-4 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“For instance, impaired emotion regulation was reported in anxiety (Goldin et al. 2009; Hermann et al. 2009), borderline personality disorder (Schulze et al.”
BackgroundNeuroimaging in Anxiety Disorders
Fredrikson, M. G., & Faria, V. (2013) · Modern trends in psychiatry · doi:10.1159/000351938 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Aue, T., Guex, R., Chauvigné, L. A. S., Okon‐Singer, H., & Vuilleumier, P. O. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000496 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A meta-analytic review of neuroimaging studies of specific phobia to small animals
Peñate, W., Fumero, A., Viña, C. M., Herrero, M., Marrero, R. J., & Rivero, F. (2017) · The European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ejpsy.2016.12.003 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Siegel, P., Wang, Z., Murray, L., Campos, J., Sims, V., Leighton, E., & Peterson, B. S. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30285-6 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Neuronal correlates of spider phobia in a combined fNIRS-EEG study
Rosenbaum, D., Leehr, E. J., Kroczek, A., Rubel, J. A., Int-Veen, I., Deutsch, K., Maier, M. J., Hudak, J., Fallgatter, A. J., & Ehlis, A. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-69127-3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Neural correlates of subjective CS/UCS association in appetitive conditioning
León, I. T., Kruse, O., Tobias Stalder, A., Stark, R. M., & Klucken, T. (2018) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23940 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“For the ventral striatum, the mask from Klucken et al. (2009a, 2009b) was used while the vmPFC mask was kindly provided by Hermann et al. (2009).”
MethodSelf-citationExplicit and Implicit Emotional Expression in Bulimia Nervosa in the Acute State and after Recovery
Tárrega, S., Fagundo, A. B., Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Granero, R., Giner‐Bartolomé, C., Forcano, L., Sánchez, I., Santamaría, J. J., Ben‐Moussa, M., Magnenat‐Thalmann, N., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101639 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Dissociation of neuronal, electrodermal, and evaluative responses in disgust extinction.
Klucken, T., Schweckendiek, J., Merz, C. J., Vaitl, D., & Stark, R. M. (2013) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0032331 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationCui, X., Ding, Q., Yu, S., Zhang, S., & Li, X. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102480 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cortical oxygenation during exposure therapy – in situ fNIRS measurements in arachnophobia
Rosenbaum, D., Leehr, E. J., Rubel, J. A., Maier, M. J., Pagliaro, V., Deutsch, K., Hudak, J., Metzger, F. G., Fallgatter, A. J., & Ehlis, A. (2020) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102219 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“, 2007), but prefrontal hyperactivity within phobic subjects during exposure to fearful stimuli has not been consistently reported (Etkin and Wager, 2007; Hermann et al., 2009; Johanson et al., 2006).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAdolph, D., Teismann, T., Wannemüller, A., & Margraf, J. (2022) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2022.104229 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hinze, J., Röder, A., Menzie, N., Müller, U., Domschke, K., Riemenschneider, M. J., & Noll‐Hussong, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.704174 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“While automatic emotion regulation deficiencies seem to be reflected by increased activity in the insula and reduced activity in the ventromedial PFC, effortful emotion regulation deficits are reflected in an enhanced activity in medial PFC areas (34).”
BackgroundFoster, P. S., Drago, V., Mendez, K., Witt, J. C., Crucian, G. P., & Heilman, K. M. (2013) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2012.753037 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Hermann et al. (2009) found reduced ventromedial prefrontal cortex activity in patients with a spider phobia.”
BackgroundDang, Q., Ma, F., Yuan, Q., Fu, Y., Chen, K., Zhang, Z., Lu, C., & Guo, T. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhad121 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Brain systems underlying encounter expectancy bias in spider phobia
Aue, T., Hoeppli, M., Piguet, C., Hofstetter, C., Rieger, S. W., & Vuilleumier, P. O. (2015) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-015-0339-6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“, Davis & Lang, 2003), emotion regulation systems (e.g., Carlsson et al., 2004; Hermann et al., 2009), and attentional networks (e.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRoesmann, K., Toelle, J., Leehr, E. J., Wessing, I., Böhnlein, J., Seeger, F. R., Schwarzmeier, H., Siminski, N., Herrmann, M. J., Dannlowski, U., et al. (2022) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103046 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Prepare for scare—Impact of threat predictability on affective visual processing in spider phobia
Klahn, A. L., Klinkenberg, I. A. G., Notzon, S., Arolt, V., Pantev, C., Zwanzger, P., & Junghöfer, M. (2016) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.03.045 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Key factors behind various specific phobia subtypes
Zsido, A. N., Kiss, B. L., Basler, J., Birkás, B., & Coelho, C. M. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-49691-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Phobia-specific patterns of cognitive emotion regulation strategies
Zsido, A. N., Láng, A., Lábadi, B., & Deák, A. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-33395-6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Frost, M. E., Peterson, V. L., Bird, C. W., McCool, B. A., & Hamilton, D. A. (2019) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci9080180 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Of course, in addition to involvement in reinforcement and reward processes, the prefrontal cortex is involved in a wide variety of functions, including memory and decision making [63], predictive fear learning [64], coping and resilience [65], and emotion regulation [66].”
BackgroundNeurophysiological evidence for early modulation of amygdala activity by emotional reappraisal
Guex, R., Hofstetter, C., Domínguez‐Borràs, J., Méndez‐Bértolo, C., Virginie Sterpenich, A., Spinelli, L., Seeck, M., & Vuilleumier, P. O. (2019) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.05.006 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Wiemer, J., & Pauli, P. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.10.008 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Particularly, the individual might earn to accept or reappraise aversive feelings or experiences. ognitive emotion regulation techniques have been shown to sucessfully alter the experience of emotional responses (Gross, 1998) nd phobic fear (Hermann et al., 2009).”
BackgroundKlucken, T., Kruse, O., Schweckendiek, J., & Stark, R. M. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00132 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationAbraham, J. G., Thomas, N., Shenoy, D. S., & Padickaparambil, D. S. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116016 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Neural mechanisms of face emotion processing in youths and adults with bipolar disorder
Kryza‐Lacombe, M., Brotman, M. A., Reynolds, R. C., Towbin, K. E., Pine, D. S., Leibenluft, E., & Wiggins, J. L. (2019) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12768 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lungu, A., & Linehan, M. M. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803457-6.00018-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ding, D., Neerincx, M. A., & Brinkman, W. (2020) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1093/iwcomp/iwab008 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“A deficit in this regulation has been suggested (Hermann et al., 2009) as a cause for strong emotional reactions towards feared objects.”
BackgroundAltered phobic reactions in frontotemporal dementia: A behavioural and neuroanatomical analysis
Jiménez, D., Bond, R. L., Requena‐Komuro, M., Sivasathiaseelan, H., Marshall, C. R., Russell, L. L., Greaves, C. V., Moore, K. M., Woollacott, I., Shafei, R., et al. (2020) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2020.05.016 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
An Examination of the Association between Emotion Regulation and Emetophobia Symptoms
Petell, J. A., & Bilsky, S. A. (2023) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941231213855 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Numerous studies have demonstrated associations between ER and anxiety disorders, such as speci fi c phobias (animal-type: Etkin & Wager, 2007; Hermann et al., 2009; Kahrazei & Chadha, 2018; Langeslag & van Strien, 2018); obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD; Paul et al., 2016); panic disorder (PD;…”
Leehr, E. J., Seeger, F. R., Böhnlein, J., Gathmann, B., Straube, T., Roesmann, K., Junghöfer, M., Schwarzmeier, H., Siminski, N., Herrmann, M. J., et al. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-02799-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Influence of single‐dose quetiapine on fear network activity – A pharmaco‐imaging study
Diemer, J., Zwanzger, P., Fohrbeck, I., Zavorotnyy, M., Notzon, S., Silling, K., Arolt, V., Domschke, K., & Pfleiderer, B. (2017) · Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.02.021 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zsido, A. N., & Kiss, B. L. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1498709 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pinpointing regional surface distortions of the amygdala in patients with spider phobia
Fisler, M., Dierks, T., Federspiel, A., Horn, H., Schmitt, W. J., Wiest, R., de Quervain, D., & Soravia, L. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatry and Brain Functions · doi:10.7243/2055-3447-1-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Indeed, deregulation of emotional processes is one of the core clinical characteristics of spider phobia [16,23] and several neurobiological studies have suggested that the pathophysiology of spider phobia involves brain circuits sub-serving emotion regulation processes, encompassing fronto-limbic brain regions [24,42…”
BackgroundSiegel, P., & Peterson, B. S. (2025) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.14037 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Vilajosana, E., Battaglia, S., Chavarría-Elizondo, P., Martínez‐Zalacaín, I., Juaneda‐Seguí, A., Saiz-Masvidal, C., la Peña‐Arteaga, V. D., Shackman, A. J., Raduà, J., Soriano‐Mas, C., et al. (2026) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-026-03996-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The dlPFC plays a key role in emotion regulation, [37 – 39] and greater dlPFC activation in response to safety cues has been linked to fear inhibition.”
Adolph, D., Zhang, X. C., Teismann, T., Wannemüller, A., & Margraf, J. (2025) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.70079 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…are related to processing deficits toward specific, individually fear relevant stimuli (Amin et al. 1998; Dillon et al. 2014; Hamm et al. 1997; Hermann et al. 2009; In-Albon et al. 2008; Joiner et al. 1999; McTeague and Lang 2012; Paul et al. 2016; Shankman and Klein 2003; Wannemueller et al.…”
Specific Phobia Is an Ideal Psychiatric Kind
Pereira, A. (2020) · Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Psychology · doi:10.1353/ppp.2020.0037 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“They found selective impairment towards the phobic stimulus (Hermann, Schäfer, Walter, Stark & Schienle, 2009).”
The psychotherapeutic implications of functional neuroimaging studies of anxiety disorders
Cheung, P. (2013) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1039856213496854 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Reactividad fisiológica periférica y actividad cerebral en las fobias específicas
Sánchez‐Navarro, J. P., & Selva, J. M. M. (2009) · Escritos de Psicología / Psychological Writings · doi:10.24310/espsiescpsi.v3i1.13334 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hermann, A., Schäfer, A., Walter, B., Stark, R., Vaitl, D., & Schienle, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Graz (AT)
- Venue
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-04-27
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 257-267
- ISSN
- 1749-5016 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-5024
- PMC
- PMC2728632
- OpenAlex
- W2116867690
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 9.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- spider phobia, emotion regulation, medial prefrontal cortex, cognitive reappraisal, automatic emotion regulation, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, insula, specific phobia
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Mapping, Emotions, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neuronal Plasticity, Oxygen, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Phobic Disorders, Photic Stimulation, Psychophysics, Self Concept, Spiders, Reflex, Startle, Prefrontal Cortex, Expressed Emotion
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