How grossed out are you? The neural bases of emotion regulation from childhood to adolescence
Open accessAbstract
The ability to regulate one's emotions is critical to mental health and well-being, and is impaired in a wide range of psychopathologies, some of which initially manifest in childhood or adolescence. Cognitive reappraisal is a particular approach to emotion regulation frequently utilized in behavioral psychotherapies. Despite a wealth of research on cognitive reappraisal in adults, little is known about the developmental trajectory of brain mechanisms subserving this form of emotion regulation in children. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we asked children and adolescents to up-and down-regulate their response to disgusting images, as the experience of disgust has been linked to anxiety disorders. We demonstrate distinct patterns of brain activation during successful up- and down-regulation of emotion, as well as an inverse correlation between activity in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and limbic structures during down-regulation, suggestive of a potential regulatory role for vmPFC. Further, we show age-related effects on activity in PFC and amygdala. These findings have important clinical implications for the understanding of cognitive-based therapies in anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence.
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On voluntary emotion regulation tasks, TD youth show greater amygdala downregulation, increased lPFC recruitment, and increased amygdala-lPFC coupling with age.
“On voluntary emotion regulation (reappraisal) tasks, TD youth show greater amygdala downregulation [28–30], increased lateral (l)PFC recruitment, and increased amygdala-lPFC coupling [26,28] with age.”
From Trauma, PTSD, and the Developing Brain (2017) · cites this paper as [29]
The Discussion (§4.2.4; page unavailable) reports decreasing left-amygdala activation with age during down-regulation, consistent with the amygdala part of the claim. It reports decreasing, not increasing, prefrontal activation with age in that condition. The Discussion (§4.2; page unavailable) describes an amygdala–ventromedial PFC relationship, but does not establish increasing amygdala–lateral PFC coupling with age. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredChildren become better able to successfully regulate emotional responses utilizing pretense as a cognitive reappraisal strategy, suggesting that the ventromedial PFC attenuates amygdala and insula activation during the down-regulation of emotion.
“Lastly, with regards to emotion regulation strategies, children become better able to successfully regulate emotional responses utilizing pretense as a cognitive reappraisal strategy, suggesting that the ventromedial PFC attenuates amygdala and insula activation during the down-regulation of emotion (Pitskel et al., 2011).”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Pitskel et al., 2011
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSelf-regulatory abilities develop in tandem with the prefrontal cortex during childhood.
“Self-regulatory abilities develop in tandem with the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during childhood (Pitskel et al., 2011).”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Pitskel et al., 2011
Developmental fMRI work on emotion does not consistently show greater amygdala reactivity in teenagers.
“recent developmental fMRI studies of emotion reactivity and regulation have not consistently found heightened responses in amygdala during adolescence [31,32,44,45].”
From Arrested development? Reconsidering dual-systems models of brain function in adolescence and disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [44]
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“…and no age effects on amygdala responding (McRae et al., 2012b), another decreases in prefrontal recruitment and improved amygdala modulation (Pitskel et al., 2011), and another did not conduct across-age comparisons (Levesque, Joanette, Mensour, Beaudoin, Leroux, Bourgouin & Beauregard,…”
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- Authors
- Pitskel, N. B., Bolling, D. Z., Kaiser, M. D., Crowley, M. J., & Pelphrey, K. A.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pelphrey, Kevin A.
- Venue
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-07
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 324-337
- ISSN
- 1878-9293 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3113636
- OpenAlex
- W1992208753
- Cited by
- 100
- References
- 110
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 4.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health
- John Merck Scholars Fund
- Simons Foundation
- Doris Duke Charitable Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (MH071284)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, disgust, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, limbic system, childhood, adolescence, age-related brain development, anxiety disorders, cognitive behavioral therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Brain, Child, Cognition, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Photic Stimulation
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