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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder: Clinical, Developmental, and Neuroscience Perspectives 16 Years After its Formal Identification in SLEEP
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“Neuromodulatory systems also create the conditions of muscle atonia during dreaming, without which dreams can be acted out by the body during sleep, a dangerous parasomnia called REM sleep behavior disorder.25”
From The overfitted brain: Dreams evolved to assist generalization (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
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Kryger, M. H., Roth, T. G., & Dement, W. C. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-59875-3 · Cited by 5,118
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Self-citationDreaming and the brain: toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states
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THE RETICULAR FORMATION REVISITED
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REM sleep behavior disorder was associated with Parkinson’s disease: a community-based study
Ma, J., Hou, M.-M., Tang, H.-D., Gao, X., Liang, L., Zhu, L.-F., Zhou, Y., Sheng-yu, Z. H. A., Cui, S.-S., Du, J.-J., et al. (2016) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-016-0640-1 · Cited by 23
“Recent studies found that RBD may represent an early clinical manifestation of a developing neurodegenerative disorders, mostly synucleinopathies such as PD (Parkinson’s disease), MSA (multiple system atrophy) and DLB (Lewy Body Dementia) [3–6].”
BackgroundFigorilli, M., Marquès, A., Meloni, M., Zibetti, M., Pereira, B., Lambert, C., Puligheddu, M., Cicolin, A., Lopiano, L., Durif, F., et al. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz323 · Cited by 22
Sleep-Wake Control by Melanin-Concentrating Hormone (MCH) Neurons: a Review of Recent Findings
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Association between clinically probable REM sleep behavior disorder and tetanus in dogs
Shea, A., Hatch, A., Risio, L. D., & Beltrán, E. (2018) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.15320 · Cited by 22
“In humans, the International Classification of Sleep Disorders advised that a diagnosis of RBD requires demonstration of the presence of REM sleep without atonia on polysomnography, absence of EEG epileptiform activity during REM sleep, dream enactment behavior and/or abnormal REM sleep behavior documented during poly…”
InfluentialAlóe, F., Gonçalves, L. R., de Azevedo, A. P., & Barbosa, R. C. (2019) · Revista Neurociências · doi:10.34024/rnc.2003.v11.8888 · Cited by 22
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“However, the intensity of REM sleep behavior symptoms may not be distinctive for elderly patients because it tends to change as the underlying neurodegenerative change progresses [35].”
BackgroundRapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder: A Window on the Emotional World of Parkinson Disease
Mariotti, P., Quaranta, D., Giacopo, R. D., Bentivoglio, A. R., Mazza, M., Martini, A., Canestri, J., & Marca, G. D. (2015) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.4416 · Cited by 21
Sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease
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REM sleep behavior disorder and other sleep disturbances in Disney animated films
Iranzo, Á., Schenck, C. H., & Fonte, J. (2007) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2006.12.001 · Cited by 21
Self-citationLi, G., Chen, Z., Zhou, L., Yao, M., Luo, N., Kang, W., Chen, S., & Liu, J. (2019) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.09.015 · Cited by 21
Current Status of α-Synuclein Biomarkers and the Need for α-Synuclein PET Tracers
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“This disorder is a well-established prodromal marker of neurodegenerative diseases, including PD and DLB, and is thought to result from α -synuclein-related degeneration in brain-stem regions that regulate sleep [21,22].”
Building your best day for healthy brain aging—The neuroprotective effects of optimal time use
Mellow, M. L., Dumuid, D., Thacker, J. S., Dorrian, J., & Smith, A. E. (2019) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.04.204 · Cited by 19
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Parasomnias of Childhood and Adolescence
Stores, G. (2007) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2007.05.014 · Cited by 20
The REM sleep behavior disorder odyssey
Mahowald, M. W., & Schenck, C. H. (2009) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2009.02.002 · Cited by 20
Self-citationArnulf, I., Mabrouk, T., Mohamed, K., Konofal, É., Derenne, J., & Couratier, P. (2005) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.20517 · Cited by 20
Does “Idiopathic” REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Exist?
Mahowald, M. W. (2006) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/29.7.874 · Cited by 20
Self-citationJung, Y. J., & Oh, E. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.9144 · Cited by 19
Progressive Olfactory Impairment and Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation in REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
Janzen, A., Vadász, D., Booij, J., Luster, M., Librizzi, D., Henrich, M. T., Timmermann, L., Habibi, M., Sittig, E., Mayer, G., et al. (2022) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-223201 · Cited by 19
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REM sleep behaviour disorder ( RBD ): Personal perspectives and research priorities
Schenck, C. H. (2024) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14228 · Cited by 20
“He then referred me to Adrian Morrison at the University of Pennsylvania who was pursuing the brainstem lesion experimental animal model of RBD in cats (Schenck & Mahowald, 2002) that was originally identified in 1965 by Michel Jouvet in Lyon (Högl et al., 2022; Schenck & Mahowald, 2002).”
InfluentialSelf-citationSleep disturbance in Parkinson disease
Roychowdhury, S., & Forsyth, D. R. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jcgg.2012.04.002 · Cited by 19
Trauma-Associated Sleep Disturbances: a Distinct Sleep Disorder?
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Dreams, Sleep, and Psychotropic Drugs
Nicolas, A., & Ruby, P. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.507495 · Cited by 21
Analysis of the electromyogram of rapid eye movement sleep using wavelet techniques
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“Other motor disorders of sleep can predict neurodegenerative diseases such as PD. Rapid eye movement Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep abnormality in which, patients lose their normal muscle atonia and in turn enact their dreams. This can result in serious injury [ 1 ].”
BackgroundAssessing gray matter volume in patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
Zuo, C., Han, X., Li, X.-M., Tang, W.-J., Yu, H., Wu, P., Ge, J., Wang, J., & Shi, K. (2019) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.249235 · Cited by 19
“…by the loss of normal skeletal muscle atonia during REM sleep, with prominent motor activity that accompanies dream-enacting behaviors (Schenck and Mahowald, 2002). iRBD is thought to be a strong predictive factor for the development of neurodegenerative disorders, particularly those…”
Clinical, diagnostic, genetic and management issues in dementia with Lewy bodies
Boeve, B. F. (2005) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20050098 · Cited by 19
Sleep dysfunction and role of dysautonomia in Parkinson's disease
Mitra, T., & Chaudhuri, К. R. (2009) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/s1353-8020(09)70790-4 · Cited by 19
“The manifesting behaviours include excessive chin muscle tone and limb jerking [14,15] – these complex and often violent movements prove to be very debilitating for the patient’s bed partner.”
BackgroundAbnormal motor behavior during sleep
Montplaisir, J. Y. (2004) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/s1389-9457(04)90005-6 · Cited by 19
Disturbed Dreaming in Medical Conditions
Nielsen, T. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-72-160797-7/50085-9 · Cited by 19
Sleep-Related Hypermotor Epilepsy: Etiology, Electro-Clinical Features, and Therapeutic Strategies
Wan, H., Wang, X., Chen, Y., Jiang, B., Chen, Y., Hu, W., Zhang, K., & Shao, X. (2021) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s330986 · Cited by 18
“improved clinical discrimination, but not all patients with SHE exhibit EEG abnormalities, and EEG epileptiform abnormalities may also occur in some patients with RBD.(109) This adds to the difficulties of successful diagnosis.”
BackgroundInfluentialFenik, V. B. (2015) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2015.00254 · Cited by 17
REM sleep behaviour disorder: not just a bad dream
Matar, E., & Lewis, S. J. G. (2017) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja17.00321 · Cited by 17
Structural MRI in Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease
Micco, R. D., Russo, A., & Tessitore, A. (2018) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2018.08.011 · Cited by 20
Sleep Abnormalities in Wilson’s Disease
de Cock, V. C., Girardot-Tinant, N., Woimant, F., & Poujois, A. (2018) · Current Treatment Options in Neurology · doi:10.1007/s11940-018-0531-4 · Cited by 17
Treatment of sleeping disorders should be considered in clinical management of Parkinson's disease
dos Santos, A. B., Barreto, G. E., & Kohlmeier, K. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00273 · Cited by 18
Bhidayasiri, R., Sringean, J., Rattanachaisit, W., & Truong, D. D. (2017) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2017.01.018 · Cited by 18
Clinical Overview of REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
Porter, V. R., & Avidan, A. Y. (2017) · Seminars in Neurology · doi:10.1055/s-0037-1605595 · Cited by 18
Emotion dysregulation in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
Jun, J., Kim, R., Jung, H.-M., Byun, J., Seok, J. M., Kim, T., Lim, J., Sunwoo, J., Kim, H., Schenck, C. H., et al. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz224 · Cited by 17
Self-citationMahowald, M. W., & Schenck, C. H. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-6645-3.00095-5 · Cited by 17
Self-citationChanges in Regional Cerebral Perfusion Over Time in Idiopathic REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
Baril, A., Gagnon, J., Pelletier, A., Soucy, J., Gosselin, N., Postuma, R. B., & Montplaisir, J. Y. (2020) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.28092 · Cited by 17
“Idiopathic rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) is characterized by a loss of muscle atonia during REM sleep, leading to dream enactment behaviors.(1,2) Most iRBD patients convert to a neurodegenerative synucleinopathy, including Parkinson’s disease (PD) or dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB).”
BackgroundCorner, M. A., & Schenck, C. H. (2015) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-015-1557-1 · Cited by 17
Self-citationCock, V. C. D. (2012) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2012.07.005 · Cited by 17
Dreaming and nightmares in REM sleep behavior disorder.
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Schenck, C. H. (2022) · Sleep and Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-022-02574-6 · Cited by 17
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Crișan, C. A., Milhem, Z., Stretea, R., Țața, I.-M., Cherecheș, R. M., & Micluția, I. (2023) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm13020306 · Cited by 19
“The worst aspect of RBD is that most patients develop a neurodegenerative disease within 6–15 years of initial RBD diagnosis [108].”
BackgroundAwake or Sleeping? Maybe Both… A Review of Sleep-Related Dissociative States
Sodré, M. E. J., Wießner, I., Irfan, M., Schenck, C. H., & Mota-Rolim, S. A. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12123876 · Cited by 19
“Meticulous historical accounting and carefully monitored videopolysomnography facilitate excluding other differential diagnoses such as obstructive sleep apnea, periodic limb movements, sleepwalking, sleep talking, confusional arousals, night terrors (NREM parasomnias), and nightmares [107].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationParasomnias: Psychiatric Considerations
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Sleep Disorders in Wilson’s Disease
Cock, V. C. D., Woimant, F., & Poujois, A. (2019) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-019-1001-4 · Cited by 16
Cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin levels are normal in idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder
Anderson, K. N., Vincent, A. C., Smith, I. E., & Shneerson, J. M. (2010) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.02954.x · Cited by 16
“Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) causes abnormal motor activities in association with vivid dreams [1].”
BackgroundSchenck, C. H. (2005) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/28.8.917 · Cited by 16
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“Finally, at the brainstem level itself, the presence of a paroxysmally poised embedded network persisting throughout life as a relic of primitive functional organization [85] might provide some clues to the etiology of the spectacular clinical condition known as “REM-sleep Behavior Syndrome” [95].”
BackgroundClinical implication of high-density EEG sleep recordings in Parkinson’s disease
Amato, N., Caverzasio, S., & Galati, S. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108746 · Cited by 15
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Pramipexole in the treatment of REM sleep behaviour disorder: A critical review
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Opioids cause dissociated states of consciousness in C57BL/6J mice
OʼBrien, C., Locklear, C. E., Glovak, Z. T., Unzaga, D. Z., Baghdoyan, H. A., & Lydic, R. (2021) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00266.2021 · Cited by 17
Alcantara-Zapata, D. E., Mondaca, N. L., Gregorio, N. D., Cornejo, P. A., Ibarra, C., Baltodano-Calle, M. J., Gonzales, G. F., & Behn, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.1099276 · Cited by 14
“Patients with REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) tend to develop neurodegenerative diseases (Schenck and Mahowald, 2002; Boeve et al., 2003).”
BackgroundImproved sleep stage predictions by deep learning of photoplethysmogram and respiration patterns
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Sleep Disturbances and Phenoconversion in Patients with REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
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“However, DEBs can occur among patients with OSA during arousals from NREM and REM sleep, which is clinically termed pseudo-RBD [1].”
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From REM sleep behaviour disorder to status dissociatus: Insights into the maze of states of being
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Self-citationResearch Progress on the Relationship between Parkinson's Disease and REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
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“REM sleep without atonia (RSWA) and the presence of aberrant behaviors that are usually connected to dream content during REM sleep, are the hallmarks of RBD [6].”
BackgroundIelo, A., Bonanno, L., Brunati, C., Cannuli, A., Basile, G. A., Dattola, S., Migliorato, A., Trimarchi, F., Cascio, F., Milardi, D., et al. (2024) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.107230 · Cited by 15
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“However, the intensity of REM sleep behavioral symptoms may not be obvious in elderly patients because it tends to change as the underlying neurodegenerative changes progress [44].”
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Nonmotor Aspects of Parkinson's Disease
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Clasificación de los trastornos del sueño
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“Patients with RBD report dreams that have more action, intensity, and violence than typical dreams ( Mason & Pack, 2007 ; Schenck & Mahowald, 2002 ).”
BackgroundMalhotra, R. K., & Avidan, A. Y. (2012) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2012.08.016 · Cited by 13
Mobius syndrome in association with the REM sleep behaviour disorder
Anderson, K. N., Shneerson, J. M., & Smith, I. (2007) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2006.105494 · Cited by 13
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Autoregressive and Cepstral Analysis of Electromyogram in Rapid Movement Sleep
Shokrollahi, M., Krishnan, S., Jewell, D. R., & Murray, B. J. (2009) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03882-2_419 · Cited by 13
“In this condition, patients enact their dreams because they lose the atonia of REM sleep. This can result in serious injury [ 1 ].”
BackgroundDream content in RBD: Effect of clonazepam
Fantini, M. L., & Ferini‐Strambi, L. (2012) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2012.06.023 · Cited by 13
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Self-citationIs increased spinal nociception another hallmark for Parkinson’s disease?
Boura, E., Stamelou, M., Vadász, D., Ries, V., Unger, M. M., Kägi, G., Oertel, W. H., Möller, J. C., & Mylius, V. (2017) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-016-8390-y · Cited by 12
“IRBD is considered a risk factor for subsequent development of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and other alpha-synucleinopathies and can precede motor manifestations of these disorders up to many decades [10, 32, 33].”
Idiopathic REM Sleep Behavior Disorder: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Lewy Body Diseases
Miyamoto, T., Miyamoto, M., Iwanami, M., & Hirata, K. (2011) · Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.4061/2011/941268 · Cited by 12
“A second limitation is that more than 80% of patients presenting at sleep centers with iRBD are men [1, 3, 39] so that the male-to-female ratio was not matched in the iRBD, PD, and control groups.”
BackgroundInfluentialWhat physicians need to know about dreams and dreaming
Pagel, J. F. (2012) · Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1097/mcp.0b013e328358bf42 · Cited by 12
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REM sleep behavior disorders in Parkinson's disease and other Parkinsonian disorders
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Idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder
Fantini, M. L., & Ferini‐Strambi, L. (2007) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-007-0734-z · Cited by 12
“The dreamer is often attacked by animals or unfamiliar people and he would either fight back in self-defence or attempt to flee [1, 4].”
BackgroundInfluentialMiyamoto, M., & Miyamoto, T. (2013) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2013.03.004 · Cited by 12
Patologías asociadas al trastorno de conducta de sueño REM. Descripción de una serie hospitalaria
Abildúa, M. J. A., Martínez, A. M., Gutiérrez, F. J. A., Gutiérrez, V. L., Lucas, C. A., Montero, C. J., Garcia, B., Álvarez‐Santullano, M. M., Fernández, C. B., Martín, G. C., et al. (2017) · Neurología · doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2016.11.011 · Cited by 12
Fasiello, E., Scarpelli, S., Gorgoni, M., Alfonsi, V., Galbiati, A., & Gennaro, L. D. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13768 · Cited by 11
Dokkedal‐Silva, V., Kim, L. J., Morelhao, P. K., Galduróz, J. C. F., Tufik, S. B., & Andersen, M. L. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.8308 · Cited by 11
REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson’s disease
Muntean, M., Sixel‐Döring, F., & Trenkwalder, C. (2014) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-014-1192-4 · Cited by 11
“These agents could alter REM sleep physiology in such an extent that RBD may be induced, thus it may be useful to use other agents for treating depression in these patients (Onofrj et al. 2003; Schenck and Mahowald 2002).”
BackgroundGe, K., He, X., Xu, Z., & Chu, R. (2019) · ChemistrySelect · doi:10.1002/slct.201903609 · Cited by 11
Mastering nocturnal jigsaws in Parkinson’s disease: a dusk-to-dawn review of night-time symptoms
Bhidayasiri, R., Sringean, J., & Trenkwalder, C. (2020) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-020-02170-6 · Cited by 11
“RBD is a REM sleep parasomnia, characterised by motor activity, caused by a loss of the REM sleep-associated muscle atonia, in association with dream mentation (Schenck and Mahowald 2002).”
BackgroundCavallotti, S., Stein, H., Savarese, M., Terzaghi, M., & D’Agostino, A. (2022) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2022.02.022 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Schenck, C. H., & Mahowald, M. W.
- Affiliations
- Hennepin County Medical Center (US)
- ORCID
- Schenck, Carlos H.
- Venue
- SLEEP
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2002-01
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 120-138
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- OpenAlex
- W2332602680
- Cited by
- 770
- References
- 159
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 11.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- REM sleep behavior disorder, clinical features, developmental aspects, neurobiology, sleep disorders, REM sleep
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anticonvulsants, Chronic Disease, Clonazepam, Diagnosis, Differential, Electroencephalography, Female, HLA Antigens, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Narcolepsy, Videotape Recording, Prevalence, Polysomnography, Parkinsonian Disorders, REM Sleep Parasomnias
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