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Psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia: update of the recent evidence (1998-2004)
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Recognition that psychological and behavioral factors play an important role in insomnia has led to increased interest in therapies targeting these factors. A review paper published in 1999 summarized the evidence regarding the efficacy of psychological and behavioral treatments for persistent insomnia. The present review provides an update of the evidence published since the original paper. As with the original paper, this review was conducted by a task force commissioned by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine in order to update its practice parameters on psychological and behavioral therapies for insomnia. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted on 37 treatment studies (N = 2246 subjects/patients) published between 1998 and 2004 inclusively and identified through Psyclnfo and Medline searches. Each study was systematically reviewed with a standard coding sheet and the following information was extracted: Study design, sample (number of participants, age, gender), diagnosis, type of treatments and controls, primary and secondary outcome measures, and main findings. Criteria for inclusion of a study were as follows: (a) the main sleep diagnosis was insomnia (primary or comorbid), (b) at least 1 treatment condition was psychological or behavioral in content, (c) the study design was a randomized controlled trial, a nonrandomized group design, a clinical case series or a single subject experimental design with a minimum of 10 subjects, and (d) the study included at least 1 of the following as dependent variables: sleep onset latency, number and/or duration of awakenings, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, or sleep quality. RESULTS: Psychological and behavioral therapies produced reliable changes in several sleep parameters of individuals with either primary insomnia or insomnia associated with medical and psychiatric disorders. Nine studies documented the benefits of insomnia treatment in older adults or for facilitating discontinuation of medication among chronic hypnotic users. Sleep improvements achieved with treatment were well sustained over time; however, with the exception of reduced psychological symptoms/ distress, there was limited evidence that improved sleep led to clinically meaningful changes in other indices of morbidity (e.g., daytime fatigue). Five treatments met criteria for empirically-supported psychological treatments for insomnia: Stimulus control therapy, relaxation, paradoxical intention, sleep restriction, and cognitive-behavior therapy. DISCUSSION: These updated findings provide additional evidence in support of the original review's conclusions as to the efficacy and generalizability of psychological and behavioral therapies for persistent insomnia. Nonetheless, further research is needed to develop therapies that would optimize outcomes and reduce morbidity, as would studies of treatment mechanisms, mediators, and moderators of outcomes. Effectiveness studies are also needed to validate those therapies when implemented in clinical settings (primary care), by non-sleep specialists. There is also a need to disseminate more effectively the available evidence in support of psychological and behavioral interventions to health-care practitioners working on the front line.
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In the citing paper
“there is a rationale for using CBT with both PI and IdI patients.”
From Comparative investigation of the psychophysiologic and idiopathic insomnia disorder phenotypes: Psychologic characteristics, patients' perspectives, and implications for clinical management (2012) · cites this paper as [44]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“CBT-I is recognised as being the treatment of choice for insomnia [93], both in isolated form or as a comorbidity [94], in psychiatric populations [95], among the elderly [96,97], and delivered remotely [98].”
From Cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for the discontinuation of long-term benzodiazepine use in insomnia and anxiety disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [93]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“There is a large body of evidence on the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I).1-3”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy-based behavioral intervention for insomnia: a pilot randomized controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“considering that the efficacy of behavioral therapy components is well established.1-3”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy-based behavioral intervention for insomnia: a pilot randomized controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It is important to mention that behavioral components, such as stimulus control and sleep restriction, were used in both groups, which may have contributed to similar results in both groups, considering that the efficacy of behavioral therapy components is well established.1-3”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy-based behavioral intervention for insomnia: a pilot randomized controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
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In the citing paper
“cognitive behavioral treatments produce significant improvement of chronic insomnia in the short-term”
From Clinical Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults (2008) · cites this paper as [67]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“and these improvements appear sustained at follow-up for up to two years. 67”
From Clinical Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults (2008) · cites this paper as [67]
In the citing paper
“CBT-I has a robust efficacy profile in the treatment of insomnia (Irwin et al, 2006;Morin et al, 2006).”
From Sleep health: Reciprocal regulation of sleep and innate immunity (2017) · cites this paper as Morin et al, 2006
In the citing paper
“A range of non-pharmacological treatments can reduce sleep problems”
From The effect of non-pharmacological sleep interventions on depression symptoms: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“Evidence suggests that CBT-I is effective when compared with placebos [19,20].”
From Comparative effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a systematic review (2012) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“In 2006, the task force completed another systematic review of 37 treatment studies subsequent to the previous review (1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004) [32].”
From Non-Pharmacological Treatment of Insomnia (2012) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“In addition to revealing sleep improvements sustained in time in primary insomnia and in the presence of medical/psychiatric comorbidities, 9 treatment studies in older adults also indicated facilitation of discontinuation of hypnotic medication after chronic use [32].”
From Non-Pharmacological Treatment of Insomnia (2012) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), the first-line treatment for insomnia (Morin et al., 2006), requires frequent monitoring and has a high cost (Passos et al., 2012).”
From Exercise can improve sleep quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2018) · cites this paper as Morin et al., 2006
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“SHhas been shown to have good credibility ratings (Edinger & Sampson, 2003), yet limited efficacy as an independent intervention for insomnia (Morin et al., 2006).”
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Self-citationBrief Behavioral Treatment for Insomnia: A Meta-Analysis
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“…for insomnia (CBT-I) is a nonpharmacological intervention that addresses maladaptive behaviors and dysfunctional thoughts that perpetuate sleep problems, using a combination of techniques including sleep restriction, stimulus control, and cognitive restructuring (Morin, 1993; Morin et al., 2006).”
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“, 2015) as well as quality of life (Morin et al., 2006) in otherwise healthy participants and in those with”
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“Sources for TranS-C include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (Morin et al., 2006; Morin & Espie, 2003; Perlis, Aloia, & Kuhn, 2011), Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (Frank et al., 2005), Chronotherapy (Wirz-Justice, Benedetti, & Terman, 2009), and Motivational Interviewing (Miller…”
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“Adult research has shown that cognitive–behavioral treatment (CBT) for insomnia is effective for 70% to 80% of adults, including young adults (Jacobs, PaceSchott, Stickgold, & Otto, 2004; Morin et al., 2006) in comparison to pharmacotherapy.”
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“…scoping review, occupational therapists could use CBT-I interventions to help individuals modify their sleep performance patterns by adhering to fixed sleep schedules, minimizing nighttime stimuli, and reserving the bedroom for sleep and sexual activity (Friedman et al., 2000; Morin et al., 2006).”
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“…which targets sleep-incompatible behaviors and promotes a consistent sleep-wake schedule, have also been considered the most efficacious for producing clinically meaningful changes in multiple sleep parameters (Bootzin, Smith, Franzen, & Shapiro, 2010; Bootzin & Stevens, 2005; Morin et al., 2006).”
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Self-citationInternet-delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia and comorbid symptoms
Hagatun, S., Vedaa, Ø., Harvey, A. G., Nordgreen, T., Smith, O. R. F., Pallesen, S., Havik, O. E., Thorndike, F. P., Ritterband, L. M., & Sivertsen, B. (2018) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2018.02.003 · Cited by 35
Associations Between Psychological Factors and Nighttime/Daytime Symptomatology in Insomnia
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“Sixth, the emphasis of research and treatment has historically been on nighttime symptoms (Ancoli-Israel & Roth, 1999; Morin et al., 2006), though daytime mechanisms are often viewed as potential maintainers of insomnia (NIH, 2005) and that daytime factors may be as important as nighttime…”
BackgroundGastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Sleep Quality in a Chinese Population
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The role of insomnia in the treatment of chronic fatigue.
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Primary care is the frontline for help-seeking insomnia patients
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“Effective behavioral interventions are available for insomnia [3] and for osteoarthritis pain [4].”
BackgroundInsomnia, depression, and distress among outpatients with prostate cancer
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Group cognitive behavioural treatment for insomnia in primary care: a randomized controlled trial
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“An alternative is cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for insomnia, the effectiveness of which is well established (Morin et al. 1999, 2006; Wilson et al. 2010) including over the longer term (National Institute of Health, 2005; Riemann & Perlis, 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSleep interventions: a developmental perspective
Harvey, A. G., & McGlinchey, E. L. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118381953.ch70 · Cited by 34
Colvonen, P. J., Ellison, J., Haller, M., & Norman, S. B. (2019) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2018.1425869 · Cited by 33
“CBT-I is a behavioral treatment with strong efficacy (Edinger, Wohlgemuth, Radtke, Marsh, & Quillian, 2001; Morin et al., 2006; Murtagh & Greenwood, 1995) that has been studied with patients with PTSD and SUDs (although no studies have examined CBT-I’s effectiveness with PTSD and SUD comorbidity).”
BackgroundSpielman, A. J., Yang, C.-M., & Glovinsky, P. B. (2011) · Behavioral Treatments for Sleep Disorders · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-381522-4.00001-8 · Cited by 43
“Go! to Sleep”: A Web-Based Therapy for Insomnia
Bernstein, A. M., Allexandre, D., Bena, J., Doyle, J., Gendy, G., Wang, L., Fay, S., Mehra, R., Moul, D. E., Foldvary‐Schaefer, N., et al. (2017) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2016.0208 · Cited by 33
“11,22 Similar to other Web-based programs, GTS utilizes strategies from CBT-i, but it also has a broader focus on overall health and wellness.”
Krieger, T., Urech, A., Duss, S. B., Blättler, L. T., Schmitt, W. J., Gast, H., Bassetti, C. L., & Berger, T. (2019) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.01.045 · Cited by 36
Sunnhed, R., Hesser, H., Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., Morin, C. M., Harvey, A. G., & Jansson‐Fröjmark, M. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz245 · Cited by 32
Self-citationSchultz, B. A., Cifu, D. X., McNamee, S., Nichols, M. G., & Carne, W. F. (2011) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-2011-0659 · Cited by 34
“CBTi seeks to change maladaptive thoughts and behaviors that can perpetuate sleep issues [63–65].”
Insomnia in Patients with Depression
Jindal, R. D. (2009) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/00023210-200923040-00004 · Cited by 33
Jansson‐Fröjmark, M., Linton, S. J., Flink, I. K., Granberg, S., Danermark, B., & Norell‐Clarke, A. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-011-9275-y · Cited by 33
“Based on one of these reviews (Morin et al., 2006), behavioral and CBT-I resulted in reliable sleep improvements, and these improvements were also concluded to be well sustained over time.”
BackgroundKaku, A., Nishinoue, N., Takano, T., Eto, R., Kato, N., Ono, Y., & Tanaka, K. (2011) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.ms1318 · Cited by 33
Social rhythm interventions for bipolar disorder: a systematic review and rationale for practice
Crowe, M., Beaglehole, B., & Inder, M. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12271 · Cited by 32
Redeker, N. S., Knies, A. K., Hollenbeak, C. S., Yaggi, H. K., Cline, J., Andrews, L. K., Jacoby, D. L., Sullivan, A., O’Connell, M., Iennaco, J. D., et al. (2017) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2017.01.009 · Cited by 32
Jansson‐Fröjmark, M., Evander, J., & Alfonsson, S. (2018) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-018-9949-0 · Cited by 32
Management of psychiatric disorders in patients with cancer
Venkataramu, V. N., Ghotra, H., & Chaturvedi, S. (2022) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_15_22 · Cited by 29
“…as follows: • Cognitive restructuring, such as restructuring negative/ distorted thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes in relation to aspects of sleep [56] • Stimulus control and sleep restrictions are behavioral techniques to restrict the usage of bed for sexual and sleep-related activities only [57]”
Management of insomnia: treatments and mechanisms
Wilson, S. J., & Nutt, D. (2007) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.036301 · Cited by 32
“FOR INSOMNIA Psychological therapies for insomnia have been shown to be effective (Morin et al, 2006; Espie et al, 2007).”
BackgroundFacilitating and hindering factors in Internet-delivered treatment for insomnia and depression
Blom, K., Jernelöv, S., Lindefors, N., & Kaldo, V. (2016) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2016.03.004 · Cited by 33
Low, T., Conduit, R., Varma, P., Meaklim, H., & Jackson, M. L. (2020) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2020.100335 · Cited by 30
El Rafihi-Ferreira, R., Morin, C. M., Hasan, R., Brasil, I. S., Zago Ribeiro, J. H., & Cecília Toscanini, A. (2023) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2022.2071272 · Cited by 31
“Indeed, the effectiveness of CBT-I is already well documented in the literature (C. M. Morin et al., 2006) and studies have documented the benefits of ACT-based therapies for insomnia, mainly in combination with stimulus control (Chapoutot et al., 2020; Dalrymple et al., 2010; Lappalainen et al.,…”
BackgroundSelf-citationCarter, P. A., Mikan, S. Q., & Simpson, C. (2009) · Palliative and Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s147895150900025x · Cited by 31
“A number of clinical trials have shown that perpetuating factors for insomnia are responsive to cognitive behavioral therapy (Morin et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMediators of Change in Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Clinical Burnout
Santoft, F., Salomonsson, S., Hesser, H., Lindsäter, E., Ljótsson, B., Lekander, M., Kecklund, G., Öst, L.-G., & Hedman-Lagerlöf, E. (2019) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2018.08.005 · Cited by 31
Bei, B., Coo, S., Baker, F. C., & Trinder, J. C. (2015) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12095 · Cited by 40
Sleep Hygiene and Sleep Quality of Third‐Trimester Pregnant Women
Tsai, S., Lee, C., Wu, W., & Landis, C. A. (2015) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.21705 · Cited by 31
A Pilot Study of Sleep Quality and Rest–Activity Patterns in Persons Living With HIV
Buchanan, D. T., Price, C. J., & Voss, J. G. (2012) · Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care · doi:10.1016/j.jana.2012.08.001 · Cited by 31
“These treatments have been found to be highly effective in numerous studies of primary insomnia (Morin et al., 2006) and in studies of persons with insomnia co-morbidwith various physical conditions such as arthritis, coronary disease, or chronic pain (Stepanski & Rybarczyk, 2006).”
BackgroundSleep disturbances in adult survivors of childhood brain tumors
Nolan, V. G., Gapstur, R., Gross, C. R., DeSain, L. A., Neglia, J. P., Gajjar, A. J., Klosky, J. L., Merchant, T. E., Stovall, M., & Ness, K. K. (2012) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-012-0208-5 · Cited by 31
“risks associated with medication use [46].”
Emotion regulation mediates the relationship between personality and sleep quality
Vantieghem, I., Marcoen, N., Mairesse, O., & Vandekerckhove, M. (2016) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2016.1171866 · Cited by 24
“Although the positive effects of this treatment are recognised (e.g. Morin et al., 2006), the current fi ndings indicate that it could be interesting to complement treatments focused on cognitive change with strategies focusing on emotion and emotion expression or to invest in treatments for sleep…”
BackgroundGarland, S. N., Trevino, K. M., Liou, K. T., Gehrman, P., Spiguel, E., MacLeod, J., Walker, D. A. H., Glosik, B., Seluzicki, C. M., Barg, F. K., et al. (2021) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-021-01001-1 · Cited by 30
Ma, H., Lin, J., He, J., Lo, D. H. T., & Tsang, H. W. H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.744475 · Cited by 30
“Psychological and behavioral therapies, such as cognitive behavior therapy, targeting somatic and cognitive arousal, have demonstrated promising efficacy for relieving insomnia (12, 13) but remained underutilized due to highly demanding resources (14).”
BackgroundThe Evaluation and Management of Insomnia
Doghramji, K. (2010) · Clinics in Chest Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2010.03.001 · Cited by 30
Dalgaard, V. L., Eskildsen, A., Carstensen, O., Willert, M. V., Andersen, J. H., & Glasscock, D. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3460 · Cited by 34
Hajak, G., Hedner, J. A., Eglin, M., Loft, H., Stórustovu, S. I., Lütolf, S., & Lundahl, J. (2009) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2008.09.010 · Cited by 30
Sunnhed, R., & Jansson‐Fröjmark, M. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9698-0 · Cited by 29
“…a combination of two behavioral components (stimulus control and sleep restriction) combined with a cognitive and an educational component (sleep hygiene), which enables several dimensions of insomnia to be addressed simultaneously (Edinger and Means 2005; Morin et al. 2006; Morin and Benca 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialLebrun, C., Gély‐Nargeot, M., Rossignol, A., Geny, C., & Bayard, S. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22883 · Cited by 32
Effects of comprehensive sleep management on sleep quality in university students in mainland China
Gao, R., Lv, Y., Li, X., Zhou, K., Jin, X., Dang, S., & Li, N. (2014) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1111/sbr.12063 · Cited by 29
Forsythe, L. P., Helzlsouer, K. J., MacDonald, R., & Gallicchio, L. M. (2012) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-011-1358-7 · Cited by 29
Carter, P. A., Dyer, K. A., & Mikan, S. Q. (2013) · Oncology nursing forum · doi:10.1188/13.onf.e368-e373 · Cited by 29
“Based on information from Morin et al., 2006.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMorin, C. M., Beaulieu‐Bonneau, S., Bélanger, L., Ivers, H., Sánchez-Ortuño, M. M., Vallières, A., Savard, J., Guay, B., & Mérette, C. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.09.002 · Cited by 29
Self-citationBaron, K. G., & Hooker, S. A. (2017) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-017-0096-x · Cited by 30
Biofeedback Therapies for Chronic Insomnia: A Systematic Review
de Melo, D. L. M., de Carvalho, L. B. C., do Prado, L. B. F., & do Prado, G. F. (2019) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-019-09442-2 · Cited by 31
Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia
van der Zweerde, T., Lancee, J., Luik, A. I., & van Straten, A. (2020) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2020.02.001 · Cited by 30
An Update on Assessment, Therapeutic Management, and Patents on Insomnia
Porwal, A., Yadav, Y. C., Pathak, K., & Yadav, R. (2021) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2021/6068952 · Cited by 36
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia
Perlis, M. L., Smith, M. T., Jungquist, C. R., Nowakowski, S., Orff, H. J., & Soeffing, J. P. (2010) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-042-7_22 · Cited by 30
Management of Hypnotic Discontinuation in Chronic Insomnia
Bélanger, L., Belleville, G., & Morin, C. (2009) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2009.07.011 · Cited by 28
Self-citationInfluence of Sleep Disturbances on Quality of Life of Iranian Menopausal Women
Yazdi, Z., Sadeghniiat‐Haghighi, K., Ziaee, A., Elmizadeh, K., & Ziaeeha, M. (2013) · Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.1155/2013/907068 · Cited by 29
“Pregnancy, menstrual-related fluctuations, and the menopause may cause high prevalence of sleep disturbances in women [1–3].”
BackgroundCognitive mechanisms in chronic insomnia: Processes and prospects
Kaplan, K. A., Talbot, L. S., & Harvey, A. G. (2009) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2009.07.007 · Cited by 28
Stimulus control for insomnia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Jansson‐Fröjmark, M., Nordenstam, L., Alfonsson, S., Bohman, B., Rozental, A., & Norell‐Clarke, A. (2024) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14002 · Cited by 28
“The items are in line with recommendations from the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination for systematic reviews (Akers et al., 2009) and with previous trial assessment approaches in the area of insomnia disorder (Miller et al., 2014; Morin et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMethodSleep Disturbances and Disorders in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis and Total Knee Arthroplasty
Bartosiak, K. A., Schwabe, M. T., Lucey, B. P., Lawrie, C. M., & Barrack, R. L. (2022) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/jbjs.21.01448 · Cited by 31
Metadata
- Authors
- Morin, C. M., Bootzin, R. R., Buysse, D. J., Edinger, J. D., Espie, C. A., & Lichstein, K. L.
- Affiliations
- Université Laval (CA)
- University of Arizona (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Duke University (US)
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- University of Alabama (US)
- Corresponding author
- Morin, Charles M.
- Venue
- Sleep
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2006-11
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1398-1414
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- OpenAlex
- W1684861691
- Cited by
- 1,345
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 72 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 72 · 2015: 113 · 2014: 100 · 2013: 96 · 2012: 86
- FWCI
- 5.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Regensburg Publication Server (University of Regensburg) (acceptedVersion)
- University of Regensburg Publication Server (University of Regensburg)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Sanofi
- Servier
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- insomnia, psychological intervention, behavior therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, stimulus control therapy, relaxation training, paradoxical intention, sleep restriction, older adults, comorbid insomnia, sleep quality, daytime fatigue, treatment efficacy, treatment sustainability, empirically supported treatments, sleep efficiency, sleep latency, awakening, total sleep time, psychiatric comorbidity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Behavior Therapy, Combined Modality Therapy, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Education as Topic, Comorbidity, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Evidence-Based Medicine
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