Examining insomnia and PTSD over time in veterans in residential treatment for substance use disorders and PTSD
Open accessAbstract
Objective/Background: Insomnia occurs in 66–90% of individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and 36–72% of individuals with substance use disorder (SUD). Individuals with both PTSD and SUD are more likely to have insomnia than individuals with only one disorder. Insomnia is associated with poorer treatment outcomes for both PTSD and SUD, increased daytime symptomology for PTSD, and increased relapse for SUDs. As such, it is important to understand how sleep affects PTSD treatment among patients dually diagnosed with SUD and how sleep changes over time in a residential unit for SUDs. Participants: Participants were 40 veterans with comorbid PTSD and SUD in a 28-day Substance Abuse Residential Rehabilitation Treatment Program (SARRTP) PTSD track. Methods: Analyses used mixed models with Time (baseline, posttreatment, 3-month follow-up) to examine PTSD and insomnia severity over time. Results: Results of the longitudinal mixed model showed that PTSD symptoms improved over time but that insomnia symptoms did not. Although baseline insomnia did not affect follow-up PTSD symptoms, individuals with greater insomnia severity at the start of treatment had more severe baseline PTSD symptomatology. However, there was not an interaction of insomnia and PTSD severity over time such that baseline insomnia did not affect PTSD trajectories. Conclusions: These findings are consistent with the PTSD outpatient treatment findings and further adds evidence that insomnia is unremitting without direct intervention. Given the relationship insomnia has with PTSD severity, SUD, and relapse, directly targeting insomnia may further help improve both PTSD and SUD treatment outcomes.
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Co-occurring PTSD and substance use disorder is associated with insomnia.
“Co-occurring PTSD and SUD has also been associated with insomnia (62) which can negatively affect health.”
From A Biopsychosocial Overview of the Opioid Crisis: Considering Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Health (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
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Colvonen, P. J., Masino, T. T., Drummond, S. P. A., Myers, U. S., Angkaw, A. C., & Norman, S. B. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.4692 · Cited by 97 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Additionally, examination of sleep on residential units should be expanded to consider the role of obstructive sleep apnea (Colvonen et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSleep disturbance in post‐traumatic stress disorder: A comparison with non‐PTSD insomnia
Inman, D. J., Silver, S. M., & Doghramji, K. (1990) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.2490030311 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
The effects of cocaine on mood and sleep in cocaine-dependent males.
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BackgroundFear Conditioning, Safety Learning, and Sleep in Humans
Marshall, A. J., Acheson, D. T., Risbrough, V. B., Straus, L. D., & Drummond, S. P. A. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0478-14.2014 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
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The effects of cocaine on mood and sleep in cocaine-dependent males.
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Polysomnogram changes in marijuana users who report sleep disturbances during prior abstinence
Bolla, K. I., Lesage, S. R., Gamaldo, C. E., Neubauer, D. N., Wang, N., Funderburk, F. R., Allen, R. P., David, P. M., & Cadet, J. L. (2010) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2010.02.013 · Cited by 80 · cited 3× · see citing works
“symptoms (Budney, Hughes, Moore, & Vandrey, 2004), which occur in the first days (Conroy & Arnedt, 2014) and at two weeks after withdrawal (Bolla et al., 2010); long-term follow-up results”
BackgroundResultPoor sleep quality as a risk factor for lapse following a cannabis quit attempt
Babson, K. A., Boden, M. T., Harris, A. H. S., Stickle, T. R., & Bonn‐Miller, M. O. (2012) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2012.08.224 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Interactions between disordered sleep, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders
Vandrey, R. G., Babson, K. A., Herrmann, E. S., & Bonn‐Miller, M. O. (2014) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540261.2014.901300 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
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“…controlling for PTSD, insomnia accounts for a significant amount of variance in pain disorders, asthma, and hypertension (Green & Kimerling, 2004; Mohr et al., 2003), capacity to carry out daily activities (DeViva, Zayfert, & Mellman, 2004; Neylan et al., 1998), functional impairment, and…”
BackgroundElectroencephalographic Sleep And Mood During Cocaine Withdrawal
Kowatch, R. A., Schnoll, S. S., Knisely, J. S., Green, D., & Elswick, R. K. (1992) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1300/j069v11n04_03 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Decrease in as‐needed sedative use by limiting nighttime sleep disruptions from hospital staff
Bartick, M., Thai, X. C., Schmidt, T., Altaye, A., & Solet, J. M. (2009) · Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.1002/jhm.549 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Screening for Substance Use Patterns among Patients Referred for a Variety of Sleep Complaints
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Factors Associated With Insomnia Among Civilians Seeking Treatment for PTSD: An Exploratory Study
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Abstinence-related changes in sleep during treatment for cocaine dependence
Angarita, G. A., Canavan, S. V., Forselius, E., Bessette, A. J., Pittman, B. P., & MORGAN, P. T. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.11.007 · Cited by 50 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Objective measures of sleep, such as polysomnography, showed consistent deterioration in sleep (Angarita et al., 2014; Johanson, Roehrs, Schuh, & Warbasse, 1999; Kowatch, Schnoll, Knisely, Green, & Elswick, 1992).”
BackgroundSLEEP AND TREATMENT OUTCOME IN POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER: RESULTS FROM AN EFFECTIVENESS STUDY
Lommen, M. J. J., Grey, N., Clark, D. M., Wild, J., Stott, R. B., & Ehlers, A. (2015) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22420 · Cited by 48 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Our findings are consistent with previous studies, which found that sleep did not interfere with cognitive behavioral treatments for PTSD (Lommen et al., 2016) including PE (Sexton et al.”
ResultBonn‐Miller, M. O., Babson, K. A., Vujanovic, A. A., & Feldner, M. T. (2010) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504261003751887 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Sleep Restriction for the Inpatient Treatment of Insomnia
Morin, C. M., Kowatch, R. A., & O’Shanick, G. J. (1990) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/13.2.183 · Cited by 44 · cited 2× · see citing works
“5 hr of sleep per night at program entry, which increased to 6 hr of sleep per night after sleep restriction therapy on a residential treatment (Morin et al., 1990).”
BackgroundInfluentialSmith, N., Hill, R., Marshall, J., Keaney, F., & Wanigaratne, S. (2014) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465813000465 · Cited by 36 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Insomnia by itself is distressing and impairing and is associated with SUD relapse (Brower et al., 1998; Smith et al., 2014) and PTSD severity (Inman et al.”
BackgroundSexton, M. B., Avallone, K. M., Smith, E. R., Porter, K. E., Ashrafioun, L., Arnedt, J. T., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.044 · Cited by 21 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…were no significant differences, we chose to report results of analyses using the full PCL because this version has been evaluated for psychometric soundness and increases the ability to compare our research to other sleep-related PTSD studies with unaltered PCL totals (e.g., Sexton et al., 2017).”
MethodResultCrönlein, T., Langguth, B., Geisler, P., Wetter, T. C., & Eichhammer, P. (2014) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000360706 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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“McHugh et al. (2014) found that insomnia decreased during treatment and that lower insomnia severity at the end of treatment predicted lower PTSD severity at follow-up.”
BackgroundInpatient multidimensional management of treatment-resistant in somnia
Tan, T. L., Kales, J. D., Kales, A., Martin, E. D., Mann, L. D., & Soldatos, C. R. (1987) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(87)72535-3 · Cited by 18 · cited 1× · see citing works
“There is research that indicates that residential psychiatric units are ideal settings for treating insomnia both pharmacologically and behaviorally (Crönlein, Langguth, Geisler, Wetter, & Eichhammer, 2014; Morin, Kowatch, & O’Shanick, 1990; Tan et al., 1987).”
BackgroundPsychological Status and Levels of Sleepiness-Alertness Among Patients With Insomnia
Rosenthal, L. D., & Meixner, R. (2003) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900018332 · Cited by 15 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…hypertension (Green & Kimerling, 2004; Mohr et al., 2003), capacity to carry out daily activities (DeViva, Zayfert, & Mellman, 2004; Neylan et al., 1998), functional impairment, and reduced quality of life (Moul et al., 2002; Reimer & Flemons, 2003; Rosenthal & Meixner, 2003; Roth & Roehrs, 2003).”
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de Niet, G., Tiemens, B., van Achterberg, T., & Hutschemaekers, G. (2011) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1447-0349.2010.00733.x
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Recent Advancements in Treating Sleep Disorders in Co-Occurring PTSD
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“Cross sectional Colvonen et al., 2020 ( Colvonen et al., 2019) N = 5552 post-9/11 veterans observational study PCL-5 (PTSD Checklist – DSM-5 Approximately 57.2% of the sample had insomnia symptoms.”
InfluentialFear of sleep and trauma-induced insomnia: A review and conceptual model
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“Co-occurring PTSD and SUD has also been associated with insomnia (62) which can negatively affect health.”
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“, 2009), use of a single measure to assess sleep (Colvonen et al., 2018; Tang et al., 2015), and lack of substance-use outcome data.”
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Colvonen, P. J., Straus, L. D., Drummond, S. P. A., Angkaw, A. C., & Norman, S. B. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107905 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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Sleep parameters improvement in PTSD soldiers after symptoms remission
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Schick, M. R., Slavish, D. C., Dietch, J. R., Witcraft, S. M., Simmons, R. O., Taylor, D. J., Smith, J. P., Book, S. W., McRae‐Clark, A. L., & Wilkerson, A. K. (2022) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107315 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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“Nightmares and sleep disturbances are among the most distressing and unremitting symptoms of PTSD (Colvonen et al., 2019; Nappi et al., 2012).”
BackgroundRojczyk, P., Seitz‐Holland, J., Kaufmann, E., Sydnor, V. J., Kim, C. L., Umminger, L. F., Wiegand, T. L. T., Guenette, J. P., Zhang, F., Yogesh Rathi, A., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12052079 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“On the contrary, recurrent sleep quality disturbances are still prevalent in individuals with remitted PTSD [17,18].”
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“Nocturnal behaviours such as nightmares and overstimulation lead to conditioned arousal, that is, the association of bed with wakefulness and arousal (Colvonen et al., 2019).”
ten Holt, J. A., van Emmerik, A., Blanken, P., Borgdorff, J. E., Holt, P. P. C. T., Kok, R., Mouthaan, J., Pieterse, B., & van den Berg, J. F. (2022) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.5152/pcp.2022.22368 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“40 Our analyses showed that indirect exposure to traumatic events was independently associated with more severe PTSD symptoms, that is, even when adjusted for direct exposure to traumatic events.”
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“, 2015) and during and following substance use treatment (Colvonen et al., 2019), regardless of substance type.”
BackgroundPilot exploration of post‐traumatic stress symptoms in intensive care unit survivors in Cyprus
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“Therefore, even if the relationship between insomnia and PTSD symptoms is significant, we cannot conclude that identification of insomnia will cause the recognition of PTSD.”
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“Considering the impact of co-occurring anxiety and insomnia in SUD treatment, anxiety accounted for the relationship between alcohol use severity and insomnia (29), and 70% of patients with comorbid SUD and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) experienced insomnia that did not decrease throughout course of treatment (…”
BackgroundSleep Latency and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Retired Career Florida Firefighters
Testoff, A. C., Solle, N. S., Shafazand, S., Feliciano, P. L., Lee, D. J., Koru‐Sengul, T., Kobetz, E. N., & Caban-Martinez, A. J. (2022) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000002722 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A primer on sleeping, dreaming, and psychoactive agents
Csiernik, R., & Pirie, M. (2022) · Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions · doi:10.1080/1533256x.2022.2159641 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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A primer on sleeping, dreaming, and psychoactive agents
Csiernik, R., & Pirie, M. (2023) · Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions · doi:10.1080/1533256x.2023.2199045
“Moreover, Colvonen et al.’s, (2019) study demonstrated that sleep indices did not improve over the course of SUD treatment, reinforcing the need for sleep-based interventions.”
Delivering CPT in the Context of Traumatic Brain Injury and Physical Health Conditions
Jak, A. J., & Dell, K. C. (2025) · CBT: science into practice · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87356-0_6
Differential Associations Between Sleep Domains and Response to Prolonged Exposure Therapy
Yap, D. L., Bailey, B., Weldon, H., Grös, D. F., Acierno, R. E., Muzzy, W. A., & Hernandez‐Tejada, M. A. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15121654
“Individuals with PTSD often exhibit short and irregular sleep, delayed bed and wake times, and fragmented sleep with low efficiency (Rezaie et al., 2018; Colvonen et al., 2019).”
Porten, S., Friedmann, F., Schoofs, N., Santangelo, P., Ebner‐Priemer, U., Müller‐Engelmann, M., Steil, R., Kleindienst, N., Fydrich, T., & Priebe, K. (2026) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2026.2674492
Amin, R., Iqbal, S., & Rashid, T. (2026) · Sleep and Vigilance · doi:10.1007/s41782-026-00369-3
- Authors
- Colvonen, P. J., Ellison, J., Haller, M., & Norman, S. B.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- VA San Diego Healthcare System (US)
- Corresponding author
- Colvonen, Peter J.
- Venue
- Behavioral Sleep Medicine
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2018-01-24
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 524-535
- ISSN
- 1540-2002 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-2010
- PMC
- PMC6645391
- OpenAlex
- W2790775958
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 5.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Behavioral Sleep Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- SCR&D merit grant (#NURA-011-11F)
- VA RR&D CDA Grant (1lK2Rx002120-01)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Keywords
- insomnia, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders, veterans, dual diagnosis, residential treatment, PTSD symptom trajectories, relapse, comorbidities
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Residential Treatment, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Veterans, Treatment Outcome, Substance-Related Disorders
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