The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Reduced Brain GABA in Primary Insomnia: Preliminary Data from 4T Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-MRS)
Open accessAbstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES: Both basic and clinical data suggest a potential significant role for GABA in the etiology and maintenance of primary insomnia (PI). Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) can non-invasively determine GABA levels in human brain. Our objective was to assess GABA levels in unmedicated individuals with PI, using 1H-MRS. DESIGN AND SETTING: Matched-groups, cross-sectional study conducted at two university-based hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: Sixteen non-medicated individuals (8 women) with PI (mean age = 37.3 +/- 8.1) and 16 (7 women) well-screened normal sleepers (mean age = 37.6 +/- 4.5). METHODS AND MEASUREMENTS: PI was established with an unstructured clinical interview, a Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID), sleep diary, actigraphy and polysomnography (PSG). 1H-MRS data were collected on a Varian 4 Tesla magnetic resonance imagingl spectroscopy scanner. Global brain GABA levels were averaged from samples in the basal ganglia, thalamus, and temporal, parietal, and occipital white-matter and cortex. RESULTS: Average brain GABA levels were nearly 30% lower in patients with PI (.18 +/- .06) compared to controls (.25 +/- .11). GABA levels were negatively correlated with wake after sleep onset (WASO) on two independent PSGs (r = -0.71, p = 0.0024 and -0.70, p = 0.0048). CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary finding of a global reduction in GABA in non-medicated individuals with PI is the first demonstration of a neurochemical difference in the brains of those with PI compared to normal sleeping controls. 1H-MRS is a valuable tool to assess GABA in vivo, and may provide a means to shed further light on the neurobiology of insomnia.
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Cites
Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms
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Functional Neuroimaging Evidence for Hyperarousal in Insomnia
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Primary insomnia: a risk factor to develop depression?
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Cited by
The hyperarousal model of insomnia: A review of the concept and its evidence
Riemann, D., Spiegelhalder, K., Feige, B., Voderholzer, U., Berger, M., Perlis, M., & Nissen, C. (2010) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2009.04.002 · Cited by 1,789
Marino, M., Li, Y., Rueschman, M. N., Winkelman, J. W., Ellenbogen, J. M., Solet, J. M., Dulin, H., Berkman, L. F., & Buxton, O. M. (2013) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.3142 · Cited by 1,056
Self-citationHyperarousal and insomnia: state of the science
Bonnet, M. H., & Arand, D. L. (2010) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2009.05.002 · Cited by 914
Insomnia with objective short sleep duration: The most biologically severe phenotype of the disorder
Vgontzas, A. N., Fernandez-Mendoza, J., Liao, D., & Bixler, E. O. (2013) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2012.09.005 · Cited by 776
Morin, C. M., Drake, C. L., Harvey, A. G., Krystal, A. D., Manber, R., Riemann, D., & Spiegelhalder, K. (2015) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.26 · Cited by 746
Metadata
- Authors
- Winkelman, J. W., Buxton, O. M., Jensen, J. E., Benson, K. L., O'Connor, S. P., Wang, W., & Renshaw, P. F.
- Venue
- Sleep
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2008-11
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1499-1506
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- OpenAlex
- W1816619503
- Cited by
- 211
- References
- 13
- FWCI
- 12.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Reduced Brain GABA in Primary Insomnia: Preliminary Data from 4T Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-MRS). https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/sleep/31.11.1499
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- Winkelman, J. W., Buxton, O. M., Jensen, J. E., Benson, K. L., O'Connor, S. P., Wang, W., & Renshaw, P. F. (2008). Reduced Brain GABA in Primary Insomnia: Preliminary Data from 4T Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-MRS). Sleep. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/31.11.1499
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