Sleep complaints and depression in an aging cohort: a prospective perspective
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Most research on the association between sleep disturbances and depression has looked at cross-sectional data. The authors used two waves of data from a panel study of community residents aged 50 years or more to investigate this issue prospectively. METHOD: Data on symptoms of major depressive episodes and sleep problems were examined for a subgroup of the 1994 and 1995 surveys of the Alameda County (California) Study (N=2,370). The authors examined the effects of age, gender, education, marital status, social isolation, functional impairment, financial strain, and alcohol use. Depression was measured with 12 items that covered the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for major depressive episodes, including insomnia and hypersomnia. RESULTS: The prevalences were 23. 1% for insomnia and 6.7% for hypersomnia in 1994. Sleep was a significant correlate of depression, as were being female, older age, social isolation, low education, financial strain, and functional impairment. When sleep problems and depression were examined prospectively, with controls for the effects of the other variables, sleep problems in 1994 predicted depression in 1995. However, other symptoms of major depressive episodes-anhedonia, feelings of worthlessness, psychomotor agitation/retardation, mood disturbance, thoughts of death-were much stronger predictors of future major depression. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep disturbance and other symptoms that are diagnostic for major depression are strongly associated with the risk of future depression. Sleep disturbance appears to be a less important predictor of depression. More epidemiologic research is needed on the relative contributions of the range of depressive symptoms to the risk of clinical depression.
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There is evidence from studies of adults that anhedonia is predictive of depressive disorders.
“There is evidence from studies of adults that anhedonia is predictive of depressive disorders.44”
From Subthreshold Symptoms of Depression in Preadolescent Girls Are Stable and Predictive of Depressive Disorders (2008) · cites this paper as [44]
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- Authors
- Roberts, R. E., Shema, S. J., Kaplan, G. A., & Strawbridge, W. J.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
- ORCID
- Kaplan, George A.
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2000-01-01
- Volume
- 157
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 81-88
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2166070267
- Cited by
- 452
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 17.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG-113 75, R37AG011375)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- sleep disorders, depression, insomnia, hypersomnia, major depressive episode, older adults, social isolation, functional disability, financial stress, depressive symptoms, Alameda County Study
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alcohol Drinking, California, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Income, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Sleep Wake Disorders, Social Isolation, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Marital Status
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