Cited by 734Mitochondrial Function and PathologyAutophagy in Disease and TherapyCell death mechanisms and regulation

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Mitochondrial fusion and fission: The fine‐tune balance for cellular homeostasis

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Adebayo, Mary, Singh, Seema, Singh, Ajay Pratap, Dasgupta, Santanu·2021·The FASEB Journal

DOI 10.1096/fj.202100067rPMC PMC8415099

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Abstract

Mitochondria are highly dynamic, maternally inherited cytoplasmic organelles, which fulfill cellular energy demand through the oxidative phosphorylation system. Besides, they play an active role in calcium and damage‐associated molecular patterns signaling, amino acid, and lipid metabolism, and apoptosis. Thus, the maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and homeostasis is extremely critical, which is achieved through continual fusion and fission. Mitochondrial fusion allows the transfer of gene products between mitochondria for optimal functioning, especially under metabolic and environmental stress. On the other hand, fission is crucial for mitochondrial division and quality control. The imbalance between these two processes is associated with various ailments such as cancer, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms that control mitochondrial fusion and fission and how the disruption of mitochondrial dynamics manifests into various disease conditions.

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Background
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Background
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“The mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles maintained by a balance between mitochondrial fusion and fission [19,20].”
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Li, D., Liu, L., Liu, D.-Q., Zhang, L.-Q., Zhou, Y., & Mei, W. (2025) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2025.114863 · Cited by 12
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APOL1 risk variants induce metabolic reprogramming of podocytes in patient-derived kidney organoids
Song, H., Dumas, S. J., Wang, G., Ma, L., Witjas, F. M. R., Avramut, M. C., van den Berg, C. W., Rocco, M. V., Freedman, B. I., Rabelink, T. J., et al. (2025) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2025.102650 · Cited by 9
Daily ultrastructural remodeling of clock neurons
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Mitochondrial dynamics in neurodegenerative diseases: Research hotspots and trends from 2005 to 2025
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“Normal activity of that protein is crucial for cell health, and their deficiency or dysfunction can lead to degeneration of cells, including neurons [27, 28].”
HA/CD44–SS31 Mitochondrial Targeting of Manganese Oxide Nanozymes for Ischemia-Reperfusion-Induced Acute Kidney Injury Therapy
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Sepsis-like Energy Deficit Is Not Sufficient to Induce Early Muscle Fiber Atrophy and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in a Murine Sepsis Model
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“A fine balance between these two processes is required to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis [15,16].”
Background
Mitochondrial dysregulation is a key regulator of gastric cancer subtype carcinogenesis
Balakrishnan, K. (2024) · Genome Instability & Disease · doi:10.1007/s42764-024-00136-6 · Cited by 8
“An imbalance in mitochondrial network fission and fusion activities can occur during cancer cell migration (Adebayo et al., 2021; Senft & Ronai, 2016; Van-Gisbergen et al., 2015).”
Copper dyshomeostasis and its relationship to AMPK activation, mitochondrial dynamics, and biogenesis of mitochondria: A systematic review of in vivo studies
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Targeting mitochondrial dynamics emerges as an effective strategy of cardioprotection against trastuzumab-induced mitochondrial functional aberrations and cardiotoxicity in rats
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“Increasing evidence suggests that disturbances in mitochondrial fusion and fission lead to mitochondrial dysfunction [53–55].”
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“Similarly, insulin signalling has been shown to regulate mitochondrial fusion[46] which plays a critical role in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis[47].”
Background
Combined Photothermal/Combination Chemotherapeutic Approach Using Zif-8-Supported Artesunate and Gold Nanorods
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Neurotoxicity of Realgar: Crosstalk Between UBXD8-DRP1-Regulated Mitochondrial Fission and PINK1-Parkin-Mediated Mitophagy
Feng, R., Liu, J., Yao, T., Yang, Z., & Jiang, H. (2024) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-024-04635-1 · Cited by 8
“The mitochondrial dynamics-related protein DRP1 is a key protein that regulates mitochondrial fission, whereas MFN1/ MFN2, as well as OPA1, regulate fusion [8].”
Involvement of Mitochondrial Mechanisms and Cyclooxygenase-2 Activation in the Effect of Desethylamiodarone on 4T1 Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Line
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Method
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Transketolase drives the development of aortic dissection by impairing mitochondrial bioenergetics
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“20 In the present study, we found that DRP1 expression was upregulated and MFN1/2 expression was downregulated in the tissues of patients and mice with AD; and in HAVSMC, the Mito-tracker showed reduced mitochondrial density in the AD cell model.”
Background
Antioxidant and anti-ageing effects of oleuropein aglycone in canine skeletal muscle cells
Polacchini, G., Venerando, A., & Colitti, M. (2024) · Tissue and Cell · doi:10.1016/j.tice.2024.102369 · Cited by 8
Stearic acid alleviates aortic medial degeneration through maintaining mitochondrial dynamics homeostasis via inhibiting JNK/MAPK signaling
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“23 After being recruited to the mitochondrial outer membrane by FIS1, Mff, MiD49, and MiD51, DRP1 forms oligomers, inducing membrane constriction and rupture.”
Hemichannels contribute to mitochondrial Ca2+ and morphology alterations evoked by ethanol in astrocytes
Alvear, T. F., Farias-Pasten, A., Vergara, S. A., Prieto‐Villalobos, J., Silva-Contreras, A., Fuenzalida, F. A., Quintanilla, R. A., & Orellana, J. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2024.1434381 · Cited by 7
Acrolein exposure affects ovarian function by interfering with glycolysis and mitochondrial energy metabolism in mouse
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Synergistic Toxicity of Pollutant and Ultraviolet Exposure from a Mitochondrial Perspective
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“Mitochondrial ﬁ ssion is mediated by Drp1, which is phosphorylated on serine 616 (pDRP1) when recruited to mitochondria [38].”
BackgroundInfluential
Unraveling cell death mechanisms in traumatic brain injury: dynamic roles of ferroptosis and necroptosis
Anash, M., Maparu, K., & Singh, S. (2025) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-025-10489-0 · Cited by 7
“Fusion facilitates the exchange of genetic material for optimal function, while fis - sion is essential for mitochondrial division, quality control, and apoptosis execution [21].”
Self-citation
Oxidized Cell‐Free Hemoglobin Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction by Activation of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore in the Pulmonary Microvasculature
Riedmann, K. J., Meegan, J. E., Afzal, A., Cervantes‐Cruz, Y., Obeidalla, S. N., Bogart, A. M., Ware, L. B., Shaver, C. M., & Bastarache, J. A. (2025) · Microcirculation · doi:10.1111/micc.70012 · Cited by 8
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Prolonged sepsis triggers abnormal mitochondrial dynamics in the limb muscles and diaphragm
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Mitochondrial Transplantation Therapy: A Novel Approach in the Era of Organelle-Centered Regenerative Medicine
Shin, H. R., Lee, G., & Kim, K. H. (2025) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark · doi:10.31083/fbl37006 · Cited by 9
Exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls affects mitochondrial bioenergetics and plasticity
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“Both processes are necessary to ensure mitochondrial integrity and function [3].”
Endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and their crosstalk in retinal ganglion cell degeneration
Li, B., Shi, Y., Liu, M., Cao, W., Zhang, F., & Kang, Z. (2025) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118835 · Cited by 7
Targeting the ARRDC3–DRP1 Axis via hUMSC‐Derived Exosomal CRYAB for Neuroprotection in Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
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Mitochondrial Function in Neurons and Glia in Health and Its Alteration in Parkinson's Disease: A Review
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Endothelial Cell Dysfunction and Hypoxia as Potential Mediators of Pain in Fabry Disease: A Human-Murine Translational Approach
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Mitochondrial Protein Density, Biomass, and Bioenergetics as Predictors for the Efficacy of Glioma Treatments
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The role of Drp1 – Pink1 – Parkin – mediated mitophagy in perfluorobutane sulfonate– induced hepatocyte damage
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Authors: Adebayo, M., Singh, S., Singh, A. P., & Dasgupta, S.
Affiliations: USA Mitchell Cancer Institute (US)
Corresponding author: Singh, Ajay Pratap
Dasgupta, Santanu
ORCID: Singh, Seema
Dasgupta, Santanu
Venue: The FASEB Journal
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2021-05-28
Volume: 35
Issue: 6
Pages: e21620-e21620
ISSN: 0892-6638 (ISSN-L)
1530-6860
DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100067r
PMC: PMC8415099
OpenAlex: W3164775823
Cited by: 733
References: 103
Citations by year: 2026: 189 · 2025: 235 · 2024: 183 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 4
FWCI: 8.11
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: The FASEB Journal (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (CA185490, CA224306, CA204801, CA231925)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
Keywords: mitochondrial fusion, mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial homeostasis, mitochondrial quality control, mitochondrial division, oxidative phosphorylation, calcium signaling, damage-associated molecular patterns, apoptosis, mitochondrial metabolism, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, cancer
MeSH terms: Animals, Homeostasis, Humans, Mitochondria, Mitochondrial Dynamics

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Mitochondrial fusion and fission: The fine‐tune balance for cellular homeostasis

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