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Mitochondrial fusion and fission: The fine‐tune balance for cellular homeostasis
Open accessAbstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic, maternally inherited cytoplasmic organelles, which fulfill cellular energy demand through the oxidative phosphorylation system. Besides, they play an active role in calcium and damage‐associated molecular patterns signaling, amino acid, and lipid metabolism, and apoptosis. Thus, the maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and homeostasis is extremely critical, which is achieved through continual fusion and fission. Mitochondrial fusion allows the transfer of gene products between mitochondria for optimal functioning, especially under metabolic and environmental stress. On the other hand, fission is crucial for mitochondrial division and quality control. The imbalance between these two processes is associated with various ailments such as cancer, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms that control mitochondrial fusion and fission and how the disruption of mitochondrial dynamics manifests into various disease conditions.
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“Oxidative stress leads to oxidative damage to biomolecules (especially DNA),201 causing endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) production and cytokine release in the organism.202,203”
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“Cytokines activate downstream signaling pathways of pattern recognition receptors,203 causing systemic chronic inflammatory responses in the body.204”
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Mitochondrial dysfunction in hypertension: mechanistic pathways and therapeutic implications
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“Fission is initiated at contact sites between mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where Ca²⁺ released from the ER induces constriction of the IMM (Adebayo et al. 2021).”
InfluentialWu, Q., Xiao, F., Wang, H., Xiong, Y., & Mi, B. (2026) · Burns & Trauma · doi:10.1093/burnst/tkag018 · Cited by 4
“Mitochondrial transfer between cells is closely intertwined with mitochondrial dynamics, including fission, fusion, biogenesis, and mitophag y [ 4, 105, 106].”
Mechanisms and therapeutic potential of mitochondrial-targeted therapies in bone repair
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“Moreover, mitochondria maintain their structural integrity and functional health through continuous fusion, fission, and selective autophagy, a process collectively known as mitochondrial dynamics [22,32].”
Mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and related sex differences
Misrani, A., Ngwa, C., & Liu, F. (2026) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2026.1761702 · Cited by 5
Schisandrin B Alleviates LPS Induced Mitochondrial Damage in C28I2 Cells
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“…of osteoarthritis are related to an imbalance of mitochondrial homeostasis, including increased oxidative stress, excessive ROS production, dysmetabolism of cartilage matrix, increased inflammatory response, and increased chondrocyte death (Chan 2020; Luo et al. 2020; Adebayo et al. 2021).”
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“Disruption in the balance of mitochondrial fi ssion and fusion, caused by the down-regulation of key proteins such as Mfn1/2 and Drp1, impairs Ca 2 þ homeostasis and increases mitochondrial Bax levels, leading to excitotoxic neuronal death [119].”
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The Role of Placental MFF-Mediated Mitochondrial Fission in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
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“17,19,20 The pivotal mediator of mitochondrial fission is dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), which mobilized from the cytosol to the mitochondrial surface in response to cellular demands, catalyzing GTP hydrolysis and promoting mitochondrial constriction and fission.”
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The Role of Mitochondrial Dynamics in Doxorubicin‐Induced Disease: Implications for Therapy
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“Mitochondrial fusion and fission are mainly regulated by GTPases such as mito-fusins and dynamin-related proteins (Adebayo et al., 2021).”
BackgroundResearch Hotspots in Mitochondria-Related Studies for AKI Treatment: A Bibliometric Study
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InfluentialMitochondrial Bioenergetics and Cardiac Rehabilitation: Bridging Basic Science and Clinical Practice
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Extracellular matrix signals promote actin-dependent mitochondrial elongation and activity
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Natural Drugs: A New Direction for the Prevention and Treatment of Diabetes
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“In the physiological state, itochondria regulate cell apoptosis and maintain body homeostasis through their own replication, translation, fusion and fission, mitophagy, and other important factors [22,23].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Adebayo, M., Singh, S., Singh, A. P., & Dasgupta, S.
- Affiliations
- USA Mitchell Cancer Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Singh, Ajay Pratap
- Dasgupta, Santanu
- Venue
- The FASEB Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-05-28
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e21620-e21620
- ISSN
- 0892-6638 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-6860
- PMC
- PMC8415099
- OpenAlex
- W3164775823
- Cited by
- 733
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 189 · 2025: 235 · 2024: 183 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 8.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The FASEB Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CA185490, CA224306, CA204801, CA231925)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Keywords
- mitochondrial fusion, mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial homeostasis, mitochondrial quality control, mitochondrial division, oxidative phosphorylation, calcium signaling, damage-associated molecular patterns, apoptosis, mitochondrial metabolism, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, cancer
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Homeostasis, Humans, Mitochondria, Mitochondrial Dynamics
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