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Mitochondrial fusion and fission: The fine‐tune balance for cellular homeostasis
Open accessAbstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic, maternally inherited cytoplasmic organelles, which fulfill cellular energy demand through the oxidative phosphorylation system. Besides, they play an active role in calcium and damage‐associated molecular patterns signaling, amino acid, and lipid metabolism, and apoptosis. Thus, the maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and homeostasis is extremely critical, which is achieved through continual fusion and fission. Mitochondrial fusion allows the transfer of gene products between mitochondria for optimal functioning, especially under metabolic and environmental stress. On the other hand, fission is crucial for mitochondrial division and quality control. The imbalance between these two processes is associated with various ailments such as cancer, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms that control mitochondrial fusion and fission and how the disruption of mitochondrial dynamics manifests into various disease conditions.
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“Oxidative stress leads to oxidative damage to biomolecules (especially DNA),201 causing endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) production and cytokine release in the organism.202,203”
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“Cytokines activate downstream signaling pathways of pattern recognition receptors,203 causing systemic chronic inflammatory responses in the body.204”
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“…by mitofusins 1 and 2 (MFN1, MFN2) on the outer membrane and optic atrophy protein 1 (OPA1) on the inner membrane, whereas the primary fission effector is dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), a cytosolic GTPase that is recruited to the mitochondrial surface to constrict and cleave the organelle [5,6].”
Wang, Y., Li, J., Zhu, L. L., Wu, Y., Su, Y. G., & Si, T. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03732-y · Cited by 4
“Disruption of this balance leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired cellular homeostasis [77].”
The Effects of Manual Acupuncture on Mitochondrial Fusion and Fission Gene Expression in Rat Spleen
Lee, Y., Choi, D.-H., Park, J., Cheon, M.-W., Kim, J. G., Kim, J.-S., Choi, T., Kim, H. R., & Youn, D. H. (2023) · Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies · doi:10.51507/j.jams.2023.16.2.49 · Cited by 2
“The mitochondrion is a fundamental organelle that supplies ATP energy for cellular respiration [12].”
Ye, H., Zhang, Y., Yun, Q., DU, R., Li, L., Li, Y., & Gao, Q. F. (2024) · PubMed Central · doi:10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2024.01.06 · Cited by 2
Quercetin prevents methylmercury-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in the cerebral cortex of mice
Liu, H., Jiang, L., Xu, S., Wang, C., & Sun, J. (2024) · Drug and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1080/01480545.2024.2341888 · Cited by 2
“DRP1 combines with the mitochondrial fission protein 1 (Fis1), forming a ring structure and separating mitochondria by contraction (adebayo et al., 2021). excessive mitochondrial fission can cause mitochondrial fragmentation, decreased oxidative phosphorylation ability, and lead to mitochondrial…”
Different Evolutionary Trends of Galloanseres: Mitogenomics Analysis
Zhou, S., Wang, X., Wang, L., Gao, X., Lyu, T., Xia, T., Shi, L., Dong, Y., Mei, X., Zhang, Z., et al. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14101437 · Cited by 2
“Mitochondria can maintain their integrity and homeostasis through fusion and fission according to the requirements of the cell [12], thereby affecting the aforementioned processes.”
BackgroundA dynamical systems model for the total fission rate in Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission
Leinheiser, A. K., Mitchell, C. C., Rooke, E., Strack, S., & Grueter, C. E. (2024) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012596 · Cited by 2
Jin, Y., Wang, H., Yu, X., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114345 · Cited by 2
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Fogo, G. M., Torres, F. J. T., Speas, R. L., Anzell, A. R., & Sanderson, T. H. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.112390 · Cited by 2
Silva, I. B. B., Borghuis, T., Qin, T., Sogayar, M. C., & de Vos, P. (2025) · Materials Today Bio · doi:10.1016/j.mtbio.2025.101812 · Cited by 2
“5A), which is an important process for the maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and homeostasis especially under metabolic and environmental stress [52].”
Roles of Mitochondrial Fusion and Division in Harmine Derivative H‐2‐168‐Induced Neurotoxicity
Gong, Y., Pan, M., Ren, H., Peng, D., Zhao, M., Zhao, Y., Luo, C., Ma, Q., Wen, H., & Wang, J. (2025) · Journal of Immunology Research · doi:10.1155/jimr/6678026 · Cited by 2
“An increasing number of studies have emphasized that mitochondrial dynamics are closely related to metabolic health and cell homeostasis [19, 57].”
Speijer, D. (2025) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.70045 · Cited by 2
“Mitochondria continuously change both their overall morphology in a balance of fusion and fission reactions [4, 5], and the extent of their inner membrane invaginations, the so-called cristae [6– 9].”
Stettler, P., Aeschlimann, S., Schimanski, B., & Schneider, A. (2025) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1013506 · Cited by 2
Redox state of aging skin: A double-edged sword in wound healing
Chen, Q., Sophabmixay, A., Albertson, T., Ghasb, G., Terzian, A., Yan, L., Young, L. H., & Barsotti, R. (2024) · Advances in biogerontology · doi:10.1016/bs.abger.2024.05.008 · Cited by 1
Ramadan, F. H. J., Kőszegi, B., Vántus, V. B., Fekete, K., Kiss, G. N., Rizsanyi, B., Bognar, R., Gallyas, F., & Bognár, Z. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25189781 · Cited by 1
Role of TRAP1 Protein in the Development and Progression of Glioblastoma
Фанилевич, Г. И., Yasinskaya, A. S., Roumiantsev, S. A., & Bukhvostov, A. A. (2024) · Creative Surgery and Oncology · doi:10.24060/2076-3093-2024-14-4-369-381 · Cited by 1
Awaji, A. A., & Alshehri, K. M. (2025) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2025.106687 · Cited by 1
Cellular Senescence and Stem Cell Exhaustion: Implications for Aging and Regeneration
Kumar, N., & Walia, H. K. (2025) · Cellular Senescence, Age-Related Disorders, and Emerging Treatments · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-1041-9_6 · Cited by 1
Donafenib Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Liver Cancer Cells via DRP1
Ma, Y., Sun, Y., Ailikenjiang, K., Lv, C., Li, X., Nie, Y., Wang, C., Xiong, Y., & Chen, Y. (2025) · Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1007/s12013-024-01648-4 · Cited by 1
“Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that regulate their morphology within the cell through continuous fusion and fi ssion processes [33].”
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Unraveling the role of photobiomodulation in tumor biology and therapy
Woo, K. (2025) · Medical Lasers · doi:10.25289/ml.25.007 · Cited by 1
“Furthermore, PBM-induced modulation of mitochondrial dynamics influences the balance between mitochondrial fusion and fission, processes that are frequently dysregulated in cancer cells [12,13].”
de la Peña, A., Retamal, C., Pérez-Molina, F., Díaz-Valdivia, N., Veloso-Bahamondes, F., Tapia, D., Cancino, J., Randow, F., González, A., Oyanadel, C., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejcb.2025.151488 · Cited by 2
“We show that Gal-8-induced ERK activation enhances DRP1 phosphorylation at S616 in MDCK cells and increases DRP1 protein levels in RPTEC cells, two DRP1 modifications that have been involved in mitochondrial fragmentation (Adebayo et al., 2021; Chang et al., 2022).”
Mitochondrial connection to Alzheimer’s disease and heart failure
Sinha, A., Jaiswal, N., Jadiya, P., & Tomar, D. (2025) · Current Opinion in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cophys.2025.100830 · Cited by 1
“Mitochondria constantly undergo fusion and fission to maintain their function and quality [28].”
The effects of blackcurrant extract on TNF-α-induced myotube atrophy
Kim, J. M., Nam, Y. R., & Kim, K. (2025) · Journal of Nutrition and Health · doi:10.4163/jnh.2025.58.2.167 · Cited by 1
Exploring the role of cell cycle regulation in human mature adipocyte dedifferentiation
Ostinelli, G., Gauthier, M., Vernoux, N., Bernier, É., Dubé, T., Marceau, S., Lebel, S., Tremblay, M., & Tchernof, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2025.1547836 · Cited by 1
Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia Type 1 and Associated Neuronopathies
Škarica, M., Acsádi, G., & Zivkovic, S. A. (2025) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes16050585 · Cited by 1
“Mitochondrial fission is essential for mitochondrial division (proliferation) and the maintenance of its quality control [24].”
Xu, L., Zhou, J., Lou, H., Gu, H., Xu, H., Zhong, Z., Lin, H., & Jiang, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2025.1506388 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Adebayo, M., Singh, S., Singh, A. P., & Dasgupta, S.
- Affiliations
- USA Mitchell Cancer Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Singh, Ajay Pratap
- Dasgupta, Santanu
- Venue
- The FASEB Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-05-28
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e21620-e21620
- ISSN
- 0892-6638 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-6860
- PMC
- PMC8415099
- OpenAlex
- W3164775823
- Cited by
- 733
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 189 · 2025: 235 · 2024: 183 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 8.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The FASEB Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CA185490, CA224306, CA204801, CA231925)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Keywords
- mitochondrial fusion, mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial homeostasis, mitochondrial quality control, mitochondrial division, oxidative phosphorylation, calcium signaling, damage-associated molecular patterns, apoptosis, mitochondrial metabolism, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, cancer
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Homeostasis, Humans, Mitochondria, Mitochondrial Dynamics
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