Mitochondrial fusion and fission in cell life and death
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that constantly fuse and divide. These processes (collectively termed mitochondrial dynamics) are important for mitochondrial inheritance and for the maintenance of mitochondrial functions. The core components of the evolutionarily conserved fusion and fission machineries have now been identified, and mechanistic studies have revealed the first secrets of the complex processes that govern fusion and fission of a double membrane-bound organelle. Mitochondrial dynamics was recently recognized as an important constituent of cellular quality control. Defects have detrimental consequences on bioenergetic supply and contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. These findings open exciting new directions to explore mitochondrial biology.
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Mitochondrial fission promotes the removal of dysfunctional mitochondria via an autophagic process termed mitophagy.
“On the contrary, mitochondria fission promotes the removal of dysfunctional mitochondria via an autophagic process termed mitophagy (Westermann, 2010).”
From Mitochondrial (Dys)function and Insulin Resistance: From Pathophysiological Molecular Mechanisms to the Impact of Diet (2019) · cites this paper as Westermann, 2010
Maintenance of a healthy cellular mitochondrial network depends on the balance between fusion and fission cycles.
“The maintenance of a healthy cellular mitochondrial network is dependent on the balance between fusion and fission cycles (Westermann, 2010)”
From Mitochondrial (Dys)function and Insulin Resistance: From Pathophysiological Molecular Mechanisms to the Impact of Diet (2019) · cites this paper as Westermann, 2010
Mitochondrial fusion allows the exchange of damaged mtDNA with intact mtDNA through intimate interaction between isolated mitochondria.
“Indeed, mitochondria fusion allows the exchange of damaged mtDNA with intact mtDNA resulting from the intimate interaction between isolated mitochondria.”
From Mitochondrial (Dys)function and Insulin Resistance: From Pathophysiological Molecular Mechanisms to the Impact of Diet (2019) · cites this paper as Westermann, 2010
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Coassembly of Mgm1 isoforms requires cardiolipin and mediates mitochondrial inner membrane fusion
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The SUMO protease SENP5 is required to maintain mitochondrial morphology and function
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UGO1 Encodes an Outer Membrane Protein Required for Mitochondrial Fusion
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The mitochondrial protein MTP18 contributes to mitochondrial fission in mammalian cells
Tondera, D., Czauderna, F., Paulick, K., Schwarzer, R., Kaufmann, J., & Santel, A. (2005) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.02415 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Separate fusion of outer and inner mitochondrial membranes
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Self-citationDynamin-related proteins Vps1p and Dnm1p control peroxisome abundance inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
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Ugo1p Links the Fzo1p and Mgm1p GTPases for Mitochondrial Fusion
Sesaki, H., & Jensen, R. E. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m401363200 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Constriction and Dnm1p Recruitment Are Distinct Processes in Mitochondrial Fission
Legesse-Miller, A., Massol, R., & Kirchhausen, T. L. (2003) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e02-10-0657 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
A dynamin-like protein (ADL2b), rather than FtsZ, is involved in Arabidopsis mitochondrial division
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Mitochondrial Fusion Is Increased by the Nuclear Coactivator PGC-1β
Liesa, M., Borda-d'Agua, B., Medina‐Gómez, G., Lelliott, C. J., Paz, J. C., Rojo, M., Palacı́n, M., Vidal‐Puig, A., & Zorzano, A. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003613 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Mitochondrial FtsZ in a Chromophyte Alga
Beech, P. L., Nheu, T. V., Schultz, T. F., Herbert, S., Lithgow, T. J., Gilson, P. R., & McFadden, G. I. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.287.5456.1276 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
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Role of Essential Genes in Mitochondrial Morphogenesis inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Altmann, K., & Westermann, B. (2005) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e05-07-0678 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
The C. elegans Opa1 Homologue EAT-3 Is Essential for Resistance to Free Radicals
Kanazawa, T., Zappaterra, M., Hasegawa, A., Wright, A. P., Newman-Smith, E. D., BUTTLE, K. F., McDonald, K. L., Mannella, C. A., & van der Bliek, A. M. (2008) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000022 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Connection of the Mitochondrial Outer and Inner Membranes by Fzo1 Is Critical for Organellar Fusion
Fritz, S., Rapaport, D., Klanner, E., Neupert, W., & Westermann, B. (2001) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.152.4.683 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Breckenridge, D. G., Kang, B., Kokel, D., Mitani, S., Staehelin, L. A., & Xue, D. (2008) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2008.07.015 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Structural basis for recruitment of mitochondrial fission complexes by Fis1
Zhang, Y., & Chan, D. C. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0706441104 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Mdm30 Is an F-Box Protein Required for Maintenance of Fusion-competent Mitochondria in Yeast
Fritz, S., Weinbach, N., & Westermann, B. (2003) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e02-12-0831 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Mechanistic Analysis of a Dynamin Effector
Lackner, L. L., Horner, J. S., & Nunnari, J. M. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1176921 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
The inner membrane protein Mdm33 controls mitochondrial morphology in yeast
Messerschmitt, M., Jakobs, S., Vogel, F., Fritz, S., Dimmer, K., Neupert, W., & Westermann, B. (2003) · Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200211113 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Yarosh, W., Monserrate, J. P., Tong, J. J., Tse, S., Le, P. K., Nguyen, K., Brachmann, C. B., Wallace, D. C., & Huang, T. (2008) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0040006 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Altmann, K., Frank, M., Neumann, D., Jakobs, S., & Westermann, B. (2008) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200709099 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Role of Mitochondrial Remodeling in Programmed Cell Death in Drosophila melanogaster
Goyal, G., Fell, B., Sarin, A., Youle, R. J., & Sriram, V. (2007) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2007.02.002 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Spatial and temporal dynamics of budding yeast mitochondria lacking the division component Fis1p
Jakobs, S., Martini, N., Schauss, A. C., Egner, A., Westermann, B., & Hell, S. W. (2003) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.00423 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Eura, Y., Ishihara, N., Oka, T., & Mihara, K. (2006) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.03253 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Yeast Mitochondrial Division and Distribution Require the Cortical Num1 Protein
Cerveny, K. L., Studer, S. L., Jensen, R. E., & Sesaki, H. (2007) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2007.01.017 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
OPA1 cleavage depends on decreased mitochondrial ATP level and bivalent metals
Baricault, L., Ségui, B., Guégand, L., Olichon, A., Valette, A., Larminat, F., & Lenaers, G. (2007) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.08.008 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Arimura, S., Fujimoto, M., Doniwa, Y., Kadoya, N., Nakazono, M., Sakamoto, W., & Tsutsumi, N. (2008) · The Plant Cell · doi:10.1105/tpc.108.058578 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
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ADL2a, like ADL2b, is involved in the control of higher plant mitochondrial morphology*
Logan, D. C., Scott, I., & Tobin, A. K. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/erh073 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Mitochondrial outer and inner membrane fusion requires a modified carrier protein
Hoppins, S. C., Horner, J. S., Song, C., McCaffery, J. M., & Nunnari, J. M. (2009) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200809099 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
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Schauss, A. C., Bewersdorf, J., & Jakobs, S. (2006) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.03026 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Mdm36 Is a Mitochondrial Fission-promoting Protein inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Hammermeister, M., Schödel, K., & Westermann, B. (2010) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e10-02-0096 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Amiott, E. A., Cohen, M. M., Saint-Georges, Y., Weissman, A. M., & Shaw, J. M. (2009) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e09-07-0622 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
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Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Galicia-Garcia, U., Benito-Vicente, A., Jebari, S., Larrea-Sebal, A., Siddiqi, H., Uribe, K. B., Ostolaza, H., & Martín, C. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21176275 · Cited by 3,360 · see citing works
“This process generates energy to maintain cell viability under unfavorable conditions and protects the cell during stress conditions [136,139].”
BackgroundYoule, R. J., & Narendra, D. P. (2011) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm3028 · Cited by 3,273 · see citing works
Lagadinou, E. D., Sach, A., Callahan, K. P., Rossi, R. M., Neering, S. J., Minhajuddin, M., Ashton, J. M., Pei, S., Grose, V., O’Dwyer, K. M., et al. (2013) · Cell stem cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2012.12.013 · Cited by 1,410 · see citing works
“These included the SLC25A42 and SLC25A38 mitochondrial carriers that transport metabolites and amino acids across the mitochondrial membrane, and the gene FIS1, which is critical for mitochondrial dynamics and fission (Figure 3A) (Westermann, 2010).”
BackgroundMitochondria in Apoptosis: Bcl-2 Family Members and Mitochondrial Dynamics
Martinou, J., & Youle, R. J. (2011) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2011.06.017 · Cited by 1,366 · see citing works
“The core components of the fusion and fission machineries have been identified as the dynamin-related proteins Drp1, mitofusins (Mfn) 1 and 2, and Opa1 (Box 1) (reviewed in Westermann, 2010).”
BackgroundFis1, Mff, MiD49, and MiD51 mediate Drp1 recruitment in mitochondrial fission
Losón, O. C., Song, Z., Chen, H., & Chan, D. C. (2013) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e12-10-0721 · Cited by 1,235 · see citing works
“The opposing processes of fusion and fission (division) regulate mitochondrial morphology and function (Westermann, 2010; Chan, 2012; Youle and van der Bliek, 2012).”
BackgroundBAK/BAX macropores facilitate mitochondrial herniation and mtDNA efflux during apoptosis
McArthur, K., Whitehead, L. W., Heddleston, J. M., Li, L., Padman, B. S., Oorschot, V., Geoghegan, N. D., Chappaz, S., Davidson, S., San Chin, H., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aao6047 · Cited by 1,072 · see citing works
Mitophagy: mechanisms, pathophysiological roles, and analysis
Ding, W.-X., & Yin, X.-M. (2012) · bchm · doi:10.1515/hsz-2012-0119 · Cited by 1,032 · see citing works
“As discussed above, mitophagy plays an essential role in erythrocyte differentiation and maturation.”
BackgroundMitochondrial proteins: from biogenesis to functional networks
Pfanner, N., Warscheid, B., & Wiedemann, N. (2019) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41580-018-0092-0 · Cited by 1,028 · see citing works
Dynamin, a membrane-remodelling GTPase
Ferguson, S. M., & Camilli, P. V. D. (2012) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm3266 · Cited by 977 · see citing works
Molecular machines governing exocytosis of synaptic vesicles
Jahn, R., & Fasshauer, D. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11320 · Cited by 973 · see citing works
“This helps to explain why unrelated classes of fusion proteins evolved in parallel to the SNAREs, such as those fusing cells (95), viruses (96), mitochondria (97) or the endoplasmic reticulum (98).”
BackgroundMitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial quality control
Ni, H.-M., Williams, J. A., & Ding, W.-X. (2015) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2014.11.006 · Cited by 931 · see citing works
“Mitochondrial fission and fusion and motility in mitophagy Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that continuously undergo fission and fusion, which are necessary for cell survival and adaptation to changing conditions needed for cell growth, division, and distribution of mitochondria during…”
BackgroundMitochondrial transport in neurons: impact on synaptic homeostasis and neurodegeneration
Sheng, Z., & Cai, Q. (2012) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3156 · Cited by 906 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Fission and FusionPreprint
van der Bliek, A. M., Shen, Q., & Kawajiri, S. (2013) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a011072 · Cited by 861 · see citing works
“are caused by mutations in fission and fusion proteins and the discovery of numerous connections with apoptosis and mitophagy (Westermann 2010; Chan 2012; Nunnari and Suomalainen 2012; Youle and van der Bliek 2012).”
BackgroundRedox Homeostasis and Mitochondrial Dynamics
Willems, P. H. G. M., Rossignol, R., Dieteren, C. E. J., Murphy, M. P., & Koopman, W. J. H. (2015) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.06.006 · Cited by 864 · see citing works
The <i>i</i> -AAA protease YME1L and OMA1 cleave OPA1 to balance mitochondrial fusion and fission
Anand, R., Wai, T., Baker, M. J., Kladt, N., Schauss, A. C., Rugarli, E., & Langer, T. (2014) · Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.201308006 · Cited by 812 · see citing works
The impact of oxidative stress and inflammation on RPE degeneration in non-neovascular AMD
Datta, S., Cano, M., Ebrahimi, K. B., Wang, L., & Handa, J. T. (2017) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.03.002 · Cited by 814 · see citing works
“Instead, mitochondrial health and function rely on a dynamic process of mitochondrial fission and fusion followed by removal of damaged mitochondria (Westermann, 2010).”
BackgroundMitochondrial dynamics regulates migration and invasion of breast cancer cells
Zhao, J., Zhang, J., Yu, M., Xie, Y., Huang, Y., Wolff, D. W., Abel, P. W., & Tu, Y. (2012) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2012.494 · Cited by 763 · see citing works
Mitochondrial fusion and fission: The fine‐tune balance for cellular homeostasis
Adebayo, M., Singh, S., Singh, A. P., & Dasgupta, S. (2021) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202100067r · Cited by 733 · see citing works
The role of mitochondria in metabolism and cell death
Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, H., Ouchida, A. T., & Norberg, E. (2017) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.088 · Cited by 729 · see citing works
Erk2 Phosphorylation of Drp1 Promotes Mitochondrial Fission and MAPK-Driven Tumor Growth
Kashatus, J. A., Nascimento, A., Myers, L. J., Sher, A., Byrne, F. L., Hoehn, K. L., Counter, C. M., & Kashatus, D. F. (2015) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2015.01.002 · Cited by 700 · see citing works
“…of mean tumor volume (E) or tumor lecular Cell 57, 537–551, February 5, 2015 ª2015 Elsevier Inc. 539 A B D C E F G H I J (legend on next page) 540 Molecular Cell 57, 537–551, February 5, 2015 ª2015 Elsevier Inc. assembly into a ring structure, and the constriction of that ring (Westermann, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialBioenergetic role of mitochondrial fusion and fission
Westermann, B. (2012) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.02.033 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
MiD49 and MiD51, new components of the mitochondrial fission machinery
Palmer, C. S., Osellame, L. D., Laine, D., Koutsopoulos, O. S., Frazier, A. E., & Ryan, M. T. (2011) · The EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/embor.2011.54 · Cited by 649 · see citing works
“Division also takes place in cells undergoing differentiation and growth, and has a role in removing damaged and aging organelles through mitophagy (Twig et al, 2008; Westermann, 2010).”
BackgroundExner, N., Lutz, A. K., Haass, C., & Winklhofer, K. F. (2012) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/emboj.2012.170 · Cited by 652 · see citing works
Mitophagy-dependent necroptosis contributes to the pathogenesis of COPD
Mizumura, K., Cloonan, S. M., Nakahira, K., Bhashyam, A. R., Cervo, M., Kitada, T., Glass, K., Owen, C. A., Mahmood, A., Washko, G. R., et al. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci74985 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
“Mitochondrial fusion is important for the dissipation of metabolic energy and for the complementation of mitochondrial DNA gene products in heteroplasmic cells, whereas damaged mitochondria are separated from the mitochondrial network by fission and subsequently degraded by mitophagy (11, 41).”
Mitochondrial dynamics in type 2 diabetes: Pathophysiological implications
Rovira-Llopis, S., Bañuls, C., Diaz-Morales, N., Hernandez-Mijares, A., Rocha, M., & Victor, V. M. (2017) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2017.01.013 · Cited by 657 · see citing works
“ATP production is modulated by mitochondrial networks generated by fusion and this pathway is controlled by transmitting the membrane potential from areas of high O2 availability to those with low availability, thus allowing the dissipation of energy [12].”
BackgroundMitofusin 2 ablation increases endoplasmic reticulum–mitochondria coupling
Filadi, R., Greotti, E., Turacchio, G., Luini, A., Pozzan, T., & Pizzo, P. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1504880112 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
“ER–mitochondria connections and Ca signals are also critical for mitochondrial fission (12, 13), for autophagosome generation (14), and for the removal of damaged mitochondria by autophagy (15).”
BackgroundMitochondrial Dysfunction and Biogenesis in Neurodegenerative diseases: Pathogenesis and Treatment
Golpich, M., Amini, E., Mohamed, Z., Raymond, A. A., Ibrahim, N. M., & Ahmadiani, A. (2016) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.12655 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
“Recently, it has been shown that there is a link between mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics in terms of function [24,25].”
BackgroundMitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance: an update
Montgomery, M. K., & Turner, N. A. (2014) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-14-0092 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Murakawa, T., Yamaguchi, O., Hashimoto, A., Hikoso, S., Takeda, T., Oka, T., Yasui, H., Ueda, H., Akazawa, Y., Nakayama, H., et al. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms8527 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
“Dysregulated mitochondrial activity results in generation of reactive oxygen species as a by-product of oxidative phosphorylation, which cause damage to DNA and proteins 1 .”
Monogenic Mitochondrial Disorders
Koopman, W. J. H., Willems, P. H. G. M., & Smeitink, J. A. M. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1012478 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Mitochondrial Fusion is Essential for Organelle Function and Cardiac Homeostasis
Chen, Y., Liu, Y., & Dorn, G. W. (2011) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.111.258723 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Treatment for mitochondrial disorders
Pfeffer, G., Majamaa, K., Turnbull, D. M., Thorburn, D. R., & Chinnery, P. F. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004426.pub3 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
“Disorders of mitochondrial fusion and fission also result in secondary mitochondrial dysfunction (Westermann 2010).”
BackgroundImaging intraorganellar Ca2+ at subcellular resolution using CEPIA
Suzuki, J., Kanemaru, K., Ishii, K., Ohkura, M., Okubo, Y., & Iino, M. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms5153 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
New insights into the function and regulation of mitochondrial fission
Otera, H., Ishihara, N., & Mihara, K. (2013) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.02.002 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
The mitochondrial contact site complex, a determinant of mitochondrial architecture
Harner, M. E., Körner, C., Walther, D. M., Mokranjac, D., Kaesmacher, J., Welsch, U., Griffith, J. M., Mann, M., Reggiori, F., & Neupert, W. (2011) · EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/emboj.2011.379 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
“They move in the cell by association with the cytoskeleton (Boldogh and Pon, 2006; Chan et al, 2006; Westermann, 2010).”
BackgroundMitochondria and cell signalling
Tait, S. W. G., & Green, D. R. (2012) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.099234 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
“Mitochondria are constantly undergoing rounds of fission and fusion with one another (Westermann, 2010).”
BackgroundMishra, P., Carelli, V., Manfredi, G., & Chan, D. C. (2014) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.03.011 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
“Within a cell, the mitochondria exist as a population of dynamic organelles that continually interact through fusion and fission (Chan, 2012; Westermann, 2010; Youle and van der Bliek, 2012).”
BackgroundEvaluation and development of deep neural networks for image super-resolution in optical microscopy
Qiao, C. F., Li, D., Guo, Y., Liu, C., Jiang, T., Dai, Q., & Li, D. (2021) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-020-01048-5 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Marsboom, G., Tóth, P. T., Ryan, J. J., Hong, Z., Wu, X., Fang, Y.-H., Thenappan, T., Piao, L. H., Zhang, H. J., Pogoriler, J. E., et al. (2012) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.111.263848 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Horizontal Transfer of Entire Genomes via Mitochondrial Fusion in the Angiosperm Amborella
Rice, D. W., Alverson, A. J., Richardson, A. O., Young, G. J., Sanchez-Puerta, M. V., Munzinger, J., Barry, K., Boore, J. L., Zhang, Y., dePamphilis, C. W., et al. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1246275 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
“The mechanism of mitochondrial fusion in fungi and animals is fundamentally the same, involving a core machinery of dynamin-related GTPases that are absent from green plants (25-27).”
BackgroundSIRT3 Deacetylates and Activates OPA1 To Regulate Mitochondrial Dynamics during Stress
Samant, S. A., Zhang, H. J., Hong, Z., Pillai, V. B., Sundaresan, N. R., Wolfgeher, D., Archer, S. L., Chan, D. C., & Gupta, M. P. (2014) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.01483-13 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
“the cellular load of damaged mitochondria (11, 12).”
BackgroundNovel Drp1 inhibitor diminishes aberrant mitochondrial fission and neurotoxicity
Qi, X., Qvit, N., Su, Y.-C., & Mochly‐Rosen, D. (2012) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.114439 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
“Disruption of the balanced process between mitochondrial fusion and fission leads to excessive mitochondrial fragmentation, which has been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and cell J o u rn a l o f C e ll S c ie n c e death (Qi et al., 2011; Westermann, 2010).”
BackgroundMitochondrial Regulation of Cell Cycle and Proliferation
Arciuch, V. G. A., Elguero, M. E., Poderoso, J. J., & Carreras, M. C. (2011) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2011.4085 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
“Remarkably, inhibition of fission decreases mito-phagy and results in a decline of respiratory capacity, whereas arrest of autophagy leads to the accumulation of mitochondria with low membrane potential and low OPA1, that are less likely to be engaged in subsequent fusion events (232).”
InfluentialRole of Cardiolipin in Mitochondrial Signaling Pathways
Dudek, J. (2017) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2017.00090 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
“Fusion (merging of two mitochondria) is mediated by a set of dynamin related GTPases: the mitofusins (MFN1, MFN2) in the OM and OPA1 in the IM (Figure 2B) (de Brito and Scorrano, 2008; Westermann, 2010; Shirihai et al., 2015; Schrepfer and Scorrano, 2016).”
BackgroundMitochondrial quality control: a matter of life and death for neurons
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“Mitochondria undergo dynamic membrane fission/ ones (Chen and Chan 2009; Westermann, 2010) and segregating irreversibly damaged mitochondria for mitophagy, a cargo-specific autophagy to remove damaged mitochondria.”
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“Highly conserved dynamin-related GTPases have been identified as the primary regulators of mitochondrial dynamics.(1) Notably,”
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“Recent work has highlighted the importance of mitochondrial dynamics, particularly mitochondrial fusion and fission, in mitochondrial homeostasis (6).”
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Fransen, M., Lismont, C., & Walton, P. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18061126 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
“Interestingly, in contrast to the dual peroxisomal and mitochondrial fission defect observed in skin fibroblasts from patients with DNM1L or MFF mutations [167–171], the currently identified missense disease mutants of GDAP1 appear to impair only mitochondrial fragmentation in mouse neuroblastoma N1E-115 cells (loss o…”
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“Mitochondrial fusion is regulated by a family of GTPases including optic atrophy protein and mitofusin 1 and 2 (Mfn1 and Mfn2), while fission is largely regulated by the GTPase dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and the Drp1 targeting molecule fission 1 (Fis1) (10, 11).”
BackgroundCellular senescence: all roads lead to mitochondria
Martini, H., & Passos, J. F. (2023) · The FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.16361 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
The clinical maze of mitochondrial neurology
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A fluorescence-based imaging method to measure in vitro and in vivo mitophagy using mt-Keima
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“Mitochondrial fusion serves to mix and unify the mitochondrial compartment for the maintenance of mitochondrial functions.(108) Mitophagy is closely associated with mitochondrial fission.”
BackgroundMitochondria, endothelial cell function, and vascular diseases
Tang, X., Luo, Y., Chen, H., & Liu, D. (2014) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2014.00175 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
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“This dynamic behaviour is required for the inheritance of mitochondria, ensures mitochondrial trafficking and the distribution of mitochondria-derived metabolites throughout the cell and contributes to mitochondrial quality control (Chen & Chan, 2010; Westermann, 2010; Nunnari & Suomalainen, 2012; Youle & van der Blie…”
BackgroundSergi, D., Naumovski, N., Heilbronn, L. K., Abeywardena, M., O’Callaghan, N., Lionetti, L., & Luscombe-Marsh, N. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00532 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
“On the contrary, mitochondria fission promotes the removal of dysfunctional mitochondria via an autophagic process termed mitophagy (Westermann, 2010).”
BackgroundInhibition of Drp1 provides neuroprotection in vitro and in vivo
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“chondrial dynamics indicates that fission and fusion of mitochondria are under control of highly conserved dynamin-related GTPases.(6) In mammalian cells, mitochondrial”
BackgroundInfluentialCircadian Control of DRP1 Activity Regulates Mitochondrial Dynamics and Bioenergetics
Schmitt, K., Grimm, A., Dallmann, R., Oettinghaus, B., Restelli, L. M., Witzig, M., Ishihara, N., Mihara, K., Ripperger, J. A., Albrecht, U., et al. (2018) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2018.01.011 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
“…to regulate nearly every aspect of mitochondrial function: mitochondrial fusion to form more extensive tubular networks results in global upregulation of oxidative respiration and all other functions, while fission of mitochondria into smaller fragments achieves the opposite (Westermann, 2010).”
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“Within the mitochondrial dynamics highlights the importance of the fusion and fission processes in mitochondrial homeostasis [81].”
BackgroundAbrogating Mitochondrial Dynamics in Mouse Hearts Accelerates Mitochondrial Senescence
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“The dynamic nature of mammalian mitochondria is accepted as both an observational fact (Lewis and Lewis, 1914) and an important determinant of cell, organ, and organism health (Westermann, 2010).”
Mitochondrial morphology transitions and functions: implications for retrograde signaling?
Picard, M. A., Shirihai, O. S., Gentil, B. J., & Burelle, Y. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00584.2012 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Connecting Mitochondria, Metabolism, and Stem Cell Fate
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“Multiple post-translational modifications are involved in the regulation of the mitochondrial dynamic machinery [54,55].”
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Baicalin induces ferroptosis in bladder cancer cells by downregulating FTH1
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Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, and Mitochondrial Function in Diabetic Nephropathy
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“The fission gives, as a result, the production of strips or short mitochondrial spheres, and fusion promotes the production of a long filament [26].”
Muscle fiber type diversification during exercise and regeneration
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“Fission is mainly controlled by dynaminrelated protein 1 (Drp1) and its recruitment factors fission 1 (Fis1) and mitochondrial fission factor (MFF) in the outer membrane [67].”
BackgroundMitochondrial E3 ligase MARCH5 regulates FUNDC1 to fine‐tune hypoxic mitophagy
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Cellular Pathways of Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia
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“In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial trafficking defects would occur in vivo as a consequence of tau over-expression and/or its mislocalization and aggregation, and also asked whether defects in mitochondrial trafficking could be detected in human AD.”
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“Recent studies have indicated that mitochondrial structural remodeling through mitochondrial dynamics, including fusion and fission, is important for mitochondrial function [94,95].”
BackgroundPARK2-mediated mitophagy is involved in regulation of HBEC senescence in COPD pathogenesis
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“Fusion has been shown to rescue damaged mitochondria by redistributing proteins and by maintaining mitochondrial DNA integrity.(15) In case of more extensive damage, segregation of irreversibly damaged mitochondria through fission is a prerequisite for appropriate engulfment and degradation via mitochondria selective…”
Mitochondrial dynamics modulate the expression of pro‐inflammatory mediators in microglial cells
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“Mitochondrial dynamics were recently recognized as an important constituent of cellular quality control and function (Westermann 2010).”
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“The activity of Drp1 is regulated by post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, SUMOylation, and ubiquitination (Westermann, 2010).”
Quirós, P. M., Ramsay, A. J., Sala, D., Fernández‐Vizarra, E., Rodríguez, F., Peinado, J. R., Fernández‐García, M. S., Vega, J. A., Enríquez, J. A., Zorzano, A., et al. (2012) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/emboj.2012.70 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
“In this regard, there is growing evidence that a number of metabolic disorders are caused by alterations of mitochondrial function and dynamics (Detmer and Chan, 2007; Suen et al , 2008; Hyde et al , 2010; Westermann, 2010).”
The Functional Impact of Mitochondrial Structure Across Subcellular Scales
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“For detailed molecular mechanisms behind mitochondrial fusion and fission systems, see (Detmer and Chan, 2007; Westermann, 2010; Friedman and Nunnari, 2014; Chan, 2019; Dorn, 2019).”
BackgroundRecent advances into the understanding of mitochondrial fission
Elgass, K., Pakay, J. L., Ryan, M. T., & Palmer, C. S. (2012) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.05.002 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
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“A unique and relatively recently discovered feature of mitochondria is their ability to fuse and divide, collectively known as mitochondrial dynamics (6, 39).”
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Mitochondrial division ensures the survival of postmitotic neurons by suppressing oxidative damage
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“The central components that mediate mitochondrial dynamics are three conserved dynamin-related GTPases (Okamoto and Shaw, 2005; Hoppins and Nunnari, 2009; Chang and Blackstone, 2010; Westermann, 2010; Kageyama et al., 2011; Tamura et al., 2011).”
Mitochondrial Biogenesis through Activation of Nuclear Signaling ProteinsPreprint
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“For instance, the rate of mitochondrial fusion in a neuron can be different to a muscle cell, given the specific role of mitochondrial activity in each tissue and the differences in cell polarization (Westermann, 2010).”
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“Mitochondrial morphology is highly dynamic and regulated by mitochondrial fusion and fission (Westermann, 2010).”
Mitochondrial quality control: An integrated network of pathways
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“Westermann identified the proteins involved in mitochondrial fission as dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp 1) and fission protein (Fis 1) (Westermann, 2010).”
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“Conversely, it has been questioned whether the fragmen- tation observed during apoptosis is causal for cytochrome c release (see, for example, Westermann, 2010 for a review).”
Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease
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“Further, to control and maintain mitochondria quality, damaged mitochondria are degraded by selective autophagy of mitochondria, which is termed mitophagy [80,81].”
BackgroundAn MTCH2 pathway repressing mitochondria metabolism regulates haematopoietic stem cell fate
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Mechanisms of SNARE proteins in membrane fusion
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“Note, however, that members of the dynamin superfamily also mediate fusion, most notably in mitochondria 3 , suggesting that in certain cases fusion and fission may share structurally related steps in the reaction pathway.”
- Authors
- Westermann, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Bayreuth (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Westermann, Benedikt
- ORCID
- Westermann, Benedikt
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
- Published
- 2010-11-23
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 872-884
- ISSN
- 1471-0072 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0080
- OpenAlex
- W2032234589
- Cited by
- 2,002
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 91 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 158 · 2023: 135 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 192 · 2020: 184 · 2019: 125 · 2018: 113 · 2017: 141 · 2016: 117 · 2015: 119 · 2014: 107 · 2013: 95 · 2012: 118
- FWCI
- 7.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ERef Bayreuth (University of Bayreuth) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Keywords
- mitochondrial fusion, mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial inheritance, mitochondrial quality control, mitochondrial bioenergetics, neurodegenerative diseases
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Membrane Fusion, Mitochondria, Models, Biological, Cell Death, Cytokinesis, Cell Proliferation, Genes, Mitochondrial, Mitochondrial Membranes
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