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Mitochondrial fusion and fission: The fine‐tune balance for cellular homeostasis
Open accessAbstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic, maternally inherited cytoplasmic organelles, which fulfill cellular energy demand through the oxidative phosphorylation system. Besides, they play an active role in calcium and damage‐associated molecular patterns signaling, amino acid, and lipid metabolism, and apoptosis. Thus, the maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and homeostasis is extremely critical, which is achieved through continual fusion and fission. Mitochondrial fusion allows the transfer of gene products between mitochondria for optimal functioning, especially under metabolic and environmental stress. On the other hand, fission is crucial for mitochondrial division and quality control. The imbalance between these two processes is associated with various ailments such as cancer, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms that control mitochondrial fusion and fission and how the disruption of mitochondrial dynamics manifests into various disease conditions.
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“Oxidative stress leads to oxidative damage to biomolecules (especially DNA),201 causing endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) production and cytokine release in the organism.202,203”
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“Cytokines activate downstream signaling pathways of pattern recognition receptors,203 causing systemic chronic inflammatory responses in the body.204”
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Citations
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“Indeed, mitochondria can move, fragment (also called fission) or fuse, and mitochondrial division is crucial to maintain the number and distribution of mitochondria in cells and to transfer gene products between mitochondria [54].”
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“Mitochondrial division is crucial to maintain the number and proper distribution of mitochondria in daughter cells (Adebayo et al., 2021).”
BackgroundMitochondrial Dysfunction in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus with a Focus on Lupus Nephritis
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“This process plays a role in inheritance and mitochondrial partitioning during cell division, apoptosis, and mitophagy [29].”
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“Mfn-2, as an outer mitochondrial membrane fusion protein, mediates the docking and fusion of mitochondria through the oligomerization of the GTPase domains of different Mfn-2 proteins [1].”
Harnessing Mitophagy for Therapeutic Advances in Aging and Chronic Neurodegenerative Diseases
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“Fusion is vital for preventing the accumulation of mitochondrial damage and supporting biogenesis [28,29].”
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“Fusion is controlled by GTPase proteins Mitofusin 1 (Mfn1), Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), and Optic atrophy protein (OPA1) [29].”
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“Processes such as mitochondrial signaling, biogenesis, fission, fusion, and mitophagy are essential to maintaining mitochondrial function and optimal ATP production (Bhargava and Schnellmann 2017, Popov 2020, Adebayo et al. 2021).”
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“This was also confirmed by a decrease in the protein levels regulating mitochondrial fusion (Mitofusion1/2 and Opa1) and fission (Drp1) [38] in the MUT kidney at 3 weeks of the carcinogenesis protocol (Figs.”
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“Mitochondrial fission is also important for maintaining the proper distribution and quantity of mitochondria in daughter cells and is beneficial in situations where large amounts of energy are required (Adebayo et al., 2021).”
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“Mitochondria are interconnecting and highly dynamic cellular organelles whose homeostasis requires a stable equilibrium in a multitude of processes including fission, fusion, and biogenesis [24].”
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“(12S and 16S rRNA), and 22 transfer RNAs [6].”
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“Abbreviations: ROS, reactive oxygen species; OS, oxidative stress; Mfn1, mitofusin-1; Mfn2, mitofusin-2; Opa1, optic atrophy 1; Drp1, dynamin related protein 1; Fis1, mitochondrial fission 1; MFF, mitochondrial fission factor; T2D, type II diabetes; OMM, outer mitochondrial membrane; HR1, helix regions 1; HR2, helix r…”
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“43,44 Fission in mammals is coordinated by a large dynamin-like GTPase, DRP1, which is recruited to the mitochondria by adaptors present on the outer mitochondrial membrane, including MFF, MID49, MID51 and FIS1.”
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“In this regard, several proteins are involved in such dynamic activities: Dynamin-associated protein 1 (DRP1) regulates mitochondrial fission, while Mitofusin 1 and 2 (MFN1 and MFN2), dynamin-like GTPases, and the protein optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), are involved in mitochondrial fusion [8].”
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“In contrast, mitochondrial fission refers to the process by which a mitochondrion is divided into two separate mitochondria [56].”
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Nisar, A., Khan, S., Li, W., Hu, L., Samarawickrama, P. N., Gold, N. M., Zi, M., Mehmood, S. A., Miao, J., & He, Y. (2024) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.786 · Cited by 33
“19,20 Additionally, hypoxia induces chronic inflammation and cellular senescence, two processes that accelerate the biological aging of tissues.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Adebayo, M., Singh, S., Singh, A. P., & Dasgupta, S.
- Affiliations
- USA Mitchell Cancer Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Singh, Ajay Pratap
- Dasgupta, Santanu
- Venue
- The FASEB Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-05-28
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e21620-e21620
- ISSN
- 0892-6638 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-6860
- PMC
- PMC8415099
- OpenAlex
- W3164775823
- Cited by
- 733
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 189 · 2025: 235 · 2024: 183 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 8.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The FASEB Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CA185490, CA224306, CA204801, CA231925)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Keywords
- mitochondrial fusion, mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial homeostasis, mitochondrial quality control, mitochondrial division, oxidative phosphorylation, calcium signaling, damage-associated molecular patterns, apoptosis, mitochondrial metabolism, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, cancer
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Homeostasis, Humans, Mitochondria, Mitochondrial Dynamics
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