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Functional Brain Imaging during Anesthesia in Humans: Effects of Halothane on Global and Regional Cerebral Glucose Metabolism
Abstract
Background: Propofol and isoflurane anesthesia were studied previously with functional brain imaging in humans to begin identifying key brain areas involved with mediating anesthetic-induced unconsciousness. The authors describe an additional positron emission tomography study of halothane's in vivo cerebral metabolic effects. Methods: Five male volunteers each underwent two positron emission tomography scans. One scan assessed awake-baseline metabolism, and the other scan assessed metabolism during halothane anesthesia titrated to the point of unresponsiveness (mean +/- SD, expired = 0.7+/-0.2%). Scans were obtained using a GE2048 scanner and the F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose technique. Regions of interest were analyzed for changes in both absolute and relative glucose metabolism. In addition, relative changes in metabolism were evaluated using statistical parametric mapping. Results: Awake whole-brain metabolism averaged 6.3+/-1.2 mg x 100 g(-1) x min(-1) (mean +/- SD). Halothane reduced metabolism 40+/-9% to 3.7+/-0.6 mg x 100 g(-1) x min(-1) (P< or =0.005). Regional metabolism did not increase in any brain areas for any volunteer. The statistical parametric mapping analysis revealed significantly less relative metabolism in the basal forebrain, thalamus, limbic system, cerebellum, and occiput during halothane anesthesia. Conclusions: Halothane caused a global whole-brain metabolic reduction with significant shifts in regional metabolism. Comparisons with previous studies reveal similar absolute and relative metabolic effects for halothane and isoflurane. Propofol, however, was associated with larger absolute metabolic reductions, suppression of relative cortical metabolism more than either inhalational agent, and significantly less suppression of relative basal ganglia and midbrain metabolism.
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“The original theory was motivated by the observation of metabolic depression of the thalamus by a broad range of anesthetics [127–129].”
From The Biology of General Anesthesia from Paramecium to Primate (2019) · cites this paper as [128]
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Brain function in coma, vegetative state, and related disorders
Laureys, S., Owen, A. M., & Schiff, N. D. (2004) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(04)00852-x · Cited by 1,033
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Metadata
- Authors
- Alkire, M. T., Pomfrett, C. J. D., Haier, R. J., Gianzero, M. V., Chan, C. M., Jacobsen, B. P., & Fallon, J. H.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine Medical Center (US)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Venue
- Anesthesiology
- Published
- 1999-03-01
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 701-709
- ISSN
- 0003-3022 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2025465757
- Cited by
- 221
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 9.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Anesthesiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Anesthesia and Sedative Agents
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Anesthesia and Neurotoxicity Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Biomedical and Chemical Research
- Keywords
- halothane, isoflurane, propofol, brain glucose metabolism, anesthetic-induced unconsciousness, regional brain metabolism, basal forebrain, thalamus, limbic system, cerebellum, occipital cortex, inhalational anesthetics
- MeSH terms
- Anesthesia, General, Brain, Glucose, Halothane, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Male, Radiography, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Anesthetics, Inhalation
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