The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Air Pollution and Hospital Admissions for Heart Disease in Eight U.S. Counties
Abstract
This study examines the consistency of the association between particulate matter less than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), and hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease across eight urban counties with different levels of correlation between pollutants and between the pollutants and weather. I fit Poisson regression models controlling for day-of-week effects and using nonparametric smoothing to control for season and weather. Daily variation in PM10 was associated with hospital admissions for heart disease in the elderly (2.48% increase, for an interquartile range increase in exposure; 95% confidence limits = 1.82%, 3.15%). Daily variation in CO was also associated with admissions (2.79% increase, for an interquartile range (1.75 parts per million) increase in exposure; 95% confidence limits = 1.89%, 3.68%). These associations held in both humid and dry locations and were independent of the correlation between the pollutants and weather or other pollutants. The effect size estimates for PM10 and CO likewise showed no association with their correlation in each location, as one would expect if one pollutant were merely a proxy for the other. The PM10 effects are consistent with recent animal data showing cardiovascular effects and with preliminary human data showing effects on heart rate variability and plasma viscosity. The CO results are consistent with literature on angina exacerbations. (Epidemiology 1999;10:17–22)
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Causal diagrams for empirical research
PEARL, J. (1995) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/82.4.669 · Cited by 2,355
Limitations of the Application of Fourfold Table Analysis to Hospital Data
Berkson, J. (1946) · Biometrics Bulletin · doi:10.2307/3002000 · Cited by 1,810
Toward a Clearer Definition of Confounding
Weinberg, C. R. (1993) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116591 · Cited by 401
Robins, J. (1987) · Journal of Chronic Diseases · doi:10.1016/s0021-9681(87)80018-8 · Cited by 305
An axiomatic characterization of causal counterfactuals
Galles, D., & Pearl, J. (1998) · Foundations of Science · doi:10.1023/a:1009602825894 · Cited by 192
Cited by
Items 101–122 of 122
Age of menarche and time to pregnancy
Guldbrandsen, K., Hakonsen, L. B., Ernst, A., Toft, G., Lyngso, J., Olsen, J., & Ramlau-Hansen, C. H. (2014) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deu153 · Cited by 58
Causal inference on human behaviour
Bailey, D. H., Jung, A. J., Beltz, A. M., Eronen, M. I., Gische, C., Hamaker, E. L., Kording, K. P., Lebel, C., Lindquist, M. A., Moeller, J., et al. (2024) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-024-01939-z · Cited by 56
The Impact of Massachusetts’ Smoke-Free Workplace Laws on Acute Myocardial Infarction Deaths
Dove, M. S., Dockery, D. W., Mittleman, M. A., Schwartz, J., Sullivan, E. M., Keithly, L., & Land, T. (2010) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2009.189662 · Cited by 54
Self-citationDeveloping retinal biomarkers of neurological disease: an analytical perspective
MacCormick, I. J., Czanner, G., & Faragher, B. (2015) · Biomarkers in Medicine · doi:10.2217/bmm.15.17 · Cited by 47
Pets at birth do not increase allergic disease in at‐risk children
Lodge, C. J., Lowe, A. J., Gurrin, L. C., Matheson, M. C., Balloch, A., Axelrad, C., Hill, D. J., Hosking, C. S., Rodrigues, S., Svanes, C., et al. (2012) · Clinical & Experimental Allergy · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.04032.x · Cited by 46
Griffiths, L. J., Sera, F., Cortina-Borja, M., Law, C., Ness, A., & Dezateux, C. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010366 · Cited by 46
Structural racism theory, measurement, and methods: A scoping review
Wien, S., Miller, A. L., & Kramer, M. R. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1069476 · Cited by 46
Rahman, R., Ibaseta, A., Reidler, J. S., Andrade, N. S., Skolasky, R. L., Riley, L. H., Cohen, D. B., Sciubba, D. M., Kebaish, K. M., & Neuman, B. J. (2020) · Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine · doi:10.3171/2019.11.spine19586 · Cited by 45
Understanding Marginal Structural Models for Time-Varying Exposures: Pitfalls and Tips
Shinozaki, T., & Suzuki, E. (2020) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.2188/jea.je20200226 · Cited by 44
Fu, E. L., Harhay, M. O., Schneeweiss, S., Desai, R. J., & Hernán, M. A. (2026) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2025-084909 · Cited by 42
A Practical Guide to Selection Bias in Instrumental Variable Analyses
Swanson, S. A. (2019) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000973 · Cited by 36
Human brain anatomy reflects separable genetic and environmental components of socioeconomic status
Kweon, H., Aydogan, G., Dagher, A., Bzdok, D., Ruff, C. C., Nave, G., Farah, M. J., & Koellinger, P. D. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abm2923 · Cited by 36
Liothyronine Use in Hypothyroidism and its Effects on Cancer and Mortality
Planck, T., Hedberg, F., Calissendorff, J., & Nilsson, A. (2021) · Thyroid® · doi:10.1089/thy.2020.0388 · Cited by 35
Inoue, K., Goto, A., Sugiyama, T., Ramlau-Hansen, C. H., & Liew, Z. (2020) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics8040125 · Cited by 35
Childhood adversity and mental health outcomes among university students: A longitudinal study
Bhattarai, A., King, N., Adhikari, K., Dimitropoulos, G., Devoe, D., Byun, J., Li, M., Rivera, D., Cunningham, S., Bulloch, A. G. M., et al. (2023) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/07067437221111368 · Cited by 29
The Deductive Approach to Causal Inference
Pearl, J. (2014) · Journal of Causal Inference · doi:10.1515/jci-2014-0016 · Cited by 28
Biomarkers of preconception stress and the incidence of pregnancy loss
Lynch, C. D., Sundaram, R., & Buck Louis, G. M. (2018) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dey030 · Cited by 20
Blood Lead, Bone Turnover, and Survival in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Fang, F., Peters, T. L., Beard, J. D., Umbach, D. M., Keller, J., Mariosa, D., Allen, K. D., Ye, W., Sandler, D. P., Schmidt, S., et al. (2017) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwx176 · Cited by 15
Fortier, C. B., Whitworth, J. W., Fonda, J. R., Currao, A., Beck, B. M., Levin, L., Esterman, M., Milberg, W. P., & McGlinchey, R. E. (2021) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agaa075 · Cited by 14
Associations between optimism, tobacco smoking and substanceabuse among Iranian high school students
Marin, S., Heshmatian, E., Nadrian, H., Fakhari, A., & Mohammadpourasl, A. (2019) · Health Promotion Perspectives · doi:10.15171/hpp.2019.38 · Cited by 8
Confounding Equivalence in Causal Inference
Pearl, J., & Paz, A. (2014) · Journal of Causal Inference · doi:10.1515/jci-2013-0020 · Cited by 35
Baliashvili, D., Blumberg, H. M., Gandhi, N. R., Averhoff, F., Benkeser, D., Shadaker, S., Gvinjilia, L., Turdziladze, A., Tukvadze, N., Chincharauli, M., et al. (2023) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004121
Metadata
- Authors
- Schwartz, J.
- Venue
- Epidemiology
- Published
- 1999-01
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 17-22
- ISSN
- 1044-3983 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2062594082
- Cited by
- 3,038
- References
- 5
- FWCI
- 28.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
