The DOI matches its Crossref record; 111 of the 113 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Customization of Pain Treatments: Single-Case Design and Analysis
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to acquaint pain researchers and practitioners with recent developments in the single-case experimental approach and their potential to allow for tailoring the treatment and its evaluation to the specific complaints, aptitudes, or profile of the individual patient, without violating the canons of good science and practice. After contrasting the single-case experimental approach and the case-study approach, we show the possibilities of customization in design, measurement, and test statistics. This is done by distinguishing 2 types of single-case designs--alternation designs and phase designs--and 2 types of replication strategies--simultaneous replications and sequential replications. In addition, tailor-made randomization tests are proposed for alternation, phase, and simultaneous replication designs and the combining of P values to perform a meta-analysis on designs that are sequentially replicated. With our emphasis on: 1) randomization in the design; 2) the possibilities for a statistical test (together with the determination of power and the calculation of effect sizes); 3) the importance of reliable and valid measurement; and 4) the role of replication, we demonstrate how internal validity, statistical-conclusion validity, construct validity, and external validity concerns can be dealt with within a single-case experimental approach framework. Finally, the many research examples and references to clinical work illustrate the usefulness of the approach.
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“SCED studies can provide a clear understanding of change in outcomes and processes at the individual level, and a perspective on therapeutic mechanisms that considerably expands upon findings from RCTs (Onghena & Edgington, 2005;Vlaeyen et al., 2020).”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for women living with Vulvodynia: A single-case experimental design study of a treatment delivered online (2022) · cites this paper as Onghena & Edgington, 2005
In the citing paper
“Compared with RCTs, n-of-1 study designs use repeated measurements to provide a more fine-graded, time-sensitive and context-sensitive picture of individual trajectories and pattern, thus allowing to evaluate effects at the within-person level.23”
From Development, evaluation and implementation of a digital behavioural health treatment for chronic pain: study protocol of the multiphase DAHLIA project (2022) · cites this paper as [23]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kratochwill, T. R., & Levin, J. R. (2010) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0017736 · Cited by 497
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Maher, C. G., Wiech, K., Van Zundert, J., Meloto, C. B., Diatchenko, L., Battié, M. C., Goossens, M., Koes, B., & Linton, S. J. (2018) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-018-0052-1 · Cited by 497
Krasny-Pacini, A., & Evans, J. (2018) · Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2017.12.002 · Cited by 373
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments for Chronic Pain: What Works for Whom?
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., & Morley, S. (2005) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/00002508-200501000-00001 · Cited by 350
“Onghena and Edgington present a current state of the art of the application of randomization tests.(64) Not only have they scrutinized possible applications for randomization tests, but they also provide the possibility to repeat the test over accumulated data sets, similar to meta-analyses performed in systematic rev…”
de Jong, J. R., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Onghena, P., Cuypers, C., den Hollander, M., & Ruijgrok, J. M. (2005) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2005.04.019 · Cited by 289
“Complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS-I) is a poorly understood chronic pain disorder with regard to pathophysiology and treatment.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationRabbi, M., Aung, M. H., Zhang, M., & Choudhury, T. (2015) · ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) · doi:10.1145/2750858.2805840 · Cited by 274
Single-Case Design, Analysis, and Quality Assessment for Intervention Research
Lobo, M., Moeyaert, M., Cunha, A. B., & Babik, I. (2017) · Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy · doi:10.1097/npt.0000000000000187 · Cited by 198
Tate, R. L., Perdices, M., Rosenkoetter, U., McDonald, S., Togher, L., Shadish, W., Horner, R., Kratochwill, T., Barlow, D. H., Kazdin, A., et al. (2016) · Archives of Scientific Psychology · doi:10.1037/arc0000027 · Cited by 219
Bailey, K. M., Carleton, R. N., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2010) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070902980711 · Cited by 181
“The single-case experimental design is useful in generalizing results to comparable clinical settings and paving the way for largerscale trials (Onghena & Edgington, 2005); however, problems associated with internal validity (e.g. differential carryover) can make it difficult or impossible to…”
Methodden Hollander, M., Goossens, M., de Jong, J., Ruijgrok, J., Oosterhof, J., Onghena, P., Smeets, R., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2016) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000651 · Cited by 155
“Compared with inferential procedures from the general linear model framework, randomization tests have the advantage of being valid for experiments with small sample sizes without making distributional assumptions, are easy to apply, and extremely versatile for even the most complex designs.(41) Randomization tests ar…”
MethodSelf-citationSnell, D. L., Surgenor, L. J., Hay-Smith, J. E., & Siegert, R. J. (2008) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390801978849 · Cited by 150
“The single-case experimental design as distinct from a case report is a recognized methodology that can inform and direct rehabilitation research (Onghena & Edgington, 2005; Wilson, 1997).”
Methodvan de Schoot, R., & Miočević, M. (2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429273872 · Cited by 160
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy modules: Differential impact on treatment processes and outcomes
Villatte, J. L., Vilardaga, R., Villatte, M., Plumb Vilardaga, J. C., Atkins, D. C., & Hayes, S. C. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.12.001 · Cited by 136
“A bottom-up analytic approach (Onghena & Edgington, 2005; Parker & Vannest, 2012) was employed beginning with visual analysis to identify patterns within and across study phases, then proceeding to statistical analysis of individual phase contrasts within participants and across treatment…”
MethodVlaeyen, J. W. S., Morley, S., & Crombez, G. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.08.016 · Cited by 117
“A single case experiment is “an experiment in which one unit is observed repeatedly during a certain period of time under different levels of at least one manipulated variable” (Onghena & Edgington, 2005; p 57).”
BackgroundA framework for self-experimentation in personalized health
Karkar, R., Zia, J. K., Vilardaga, R., Mishra, S. R., Fogarty, J. A., Munson, S. A., & Kientz, J. A. (2015) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocv150 · Cited by 124
An R package for single-case randomization tests
Bulté, I., & Onghena, P. (2008) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.40.2.467 · Cited by 113
“It is therefore not useful for research on most types of psycho-therapy (Onghena & Edgington, 2005).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationPharmacological interventions for chronic pain in children: an overview of systematic reviews
Eccleston, C., Fisher, E., Cooper, T. E., Grégoire, M.-C., Heathcote, L. C., Krane, E. J., Lord, S. M., Sethna, N. F., Anderson, A.-K., Anderson, B. J., et al. (2019) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001609 · Cited by 111
“dynamic course of illness (and treatment response), individuals act as their own control, and findings can have greater ecological validity.[67] Further, mandatory reporting of adverse events and publishing of trial data in a repository should be required in every trial investigating pharmacological interventions.”
BackgroundArntz, A. R., Sofi, D., & van Breukelen, G. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.02.009 · Cited by 110
“Although usually conceived as the gold standard, the randomized controlled trial (RCT) has limitations in its practicality, external validity, and costs (Hawkins, SansonFisher, Shakeshaft, D’Este, & Green, 2007; Onghena, 2005; Onghena & Edgington, 2005).”
BackgroundRandomization tests for multiple-baseline designs: An extension of the SCRT-R package
Bulté, I., & Onghena, P. (2009) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.41.2.477 · Cited by 103
“Where the power of randomization tests with single-case phase AB designs is rather small, the combination of several of those AB experiments into a multiple-baseline design increases the power (Onghena & Edgington, 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Single-Case Data Analysis Package: Analysing Single-Case Experiments with R Software
Bulté, I., & Onghena, P. (2013) · Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods · doi:10.22237/jmasm/1383280020 · Cited by 100
Self-citationHeyvaert, M., & Onghena, P. (2014) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2013.10.002 · Cited by 98
“As such, randomization can increase the methodological quality of an SCE by strengthening the internal validity of SCEs (Edgington & Onghena, 2007; Kratochwill & Levin, 2010; Onghena & Edgington, 2005).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThree-Level Analysis of Single-Case Experimental Data: Empirical Validation
Moeyaert, M., Ugille, M., Ferron, J., Beretvas, S. N., & den Noortgate, W. V. (2014) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2012.745470 · Cited by 87
“E-mail: mariola.moeyaert@ped.kuleuven.be independent variable” (Onghena & Edgington, 2005, p. 57).”
de Jong, J. R., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., van Eijsden-Besseling, M. D. F., Loo, C., & Onghena, P. (2012) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2012.07.001 · Cited by 89
“Randomization tests have the advantage of being valid for singlecase experiments without making distributional assumptions, of being easy to apply, and of being extremely versatile for even the most complex single-case designs (eg, [56]).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationTanious, R., & Onghena, P. (2020) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-020-01502-4 · Cited by 95
“In the context of SCEDs, randomization refers to the random assignment of measurements to treatment levels (Onghena & Edgington, 2005).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationMcCracken, L. M. (2023) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.2091 · Cited by 81
“None of the current approaches have incorporated dynamic or continuous tailoring based on data collected in the course of treatment (Lutz et al., 2022), nor a focus on the individual case as such (Onghena & Edgington, 2005).”
Randomized single-case AB phase designs: Prospects and pitfalls
Michiels, B., & Onghena, P. (2019) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-018-1084-x · Cited by 77
“In such designs, repeated observations are recorded for a single person on a dependent variable of interest, and the treatment can be considered as one of the levels of the independent variable (Barlow, Nock, & Hersen, 2009; Kazdin, 2011; Onghena, 2005).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationMeulders, A., Daele, T. V., Volders, S., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.02.002 · Cited by 83
“Nonetheless, methodological approaches such as replicated single case experiments (Bulté & Onghena, 2008; Onghena & Edgington, 2005) that allow for more in-depth and ecologically valid studies, that advance treatment recommendations and inspire new theoretical predictions are available but are…”
MethodStudies With Staggered Starts: Multiple Baseline Designs and Group-Randomized Trials
Rhoda, D. A., Murray, D. M., Andridge, R. R., Pennell, M. L., & Hade, E. M. (2011) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2011.300264 · Cited by 69
de Jong, J. R., Vangronsveld, K. L. H., Peters, M. L., Goossens, M. E. J. B., Onghena, P., Bulté, I., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2008) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2008.06.015 · Cited by 69
Self-citationAdvancing psychological therapies for chronic pain
Eccleston, C., & Crombez, G. (2017) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.10612.1 · Cited by 67
Hendriks, L., de Kleine, R. A., Heyvaert, M., Becker, E. S., Hendriks, G., & van Minnen, A. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12756 · Cited by 66
“The 10 individual p values that were the outcomes from the randomization tests were afterwards combined using the additive method (Edgington, 1972; Onghena & Edgington, 2005), and analyzed with the R software package developed by Bult e and Onghena (SCDA package; Bult e & Onghena, 2013).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAnalysis of single-case data: Randomisation tests for measures of effect size
Heyvaert, M., & Onghena, P. (2014) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2013.818564 · Cited by 64
“The RT for simultaneous replication designs is based on the randomisation in each of the separate designs and uses a multivariate statistic to test the null hypothesis that there is no effect for any of the participants (Onghena & Edgington, 2005).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationFrom Boulder to Stockholm in 70 Years: Single Case Experimental Designs in Clinical Research
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Wicksell, R. K., Simons, L. E., Gentili, C., De, T. K., Tate, R. L., Vohra, S., Punja, S., Linton, S. J., Sniehotta, F. F., et al. (2020) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/s40732-020-00402-5 · Cited by 63
Self-citationAnalyzing data from single-case alternating treatments designs.
Manolov, R., & Onghena, P. (2017) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000133 · Cited by 57
Self-citationMethodological quality of meta-analyses of single-case experimental studies
Jamshidi, L., Heyvaert, M., Declercq, L., Fernández‐Castilla, B., Ferron, J. M., Moeyaert, M., Beretvas, S. N., Onghena, P., & Noortgate, W. V. D. (2017) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.12.016 · Cited by 56
Self-citationRandomized Single-Case Experimental Designs in Healthcare Research: What, Why, and How?
Tanious, R., & Onghena, P. (2019) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare7040143 · Cited by 55
Self-citationA Priori Justification for Effect Measures in Single-Case Experimental Designs
Manolov, R., Moeyaert, M., & Fingerhut, J. E. (2022) · Perspectives on Behavior Science · doi:10.1007/s40614-021-00282-2 · Cited by 53
“…scheme that is appropriate for the specific SCED (see Levin et al., 2018, for multiple-baseline designs; Onghena, 1992, for withdrawal/ reversal designs; Levin et al., 2012, and Onghena & Edgington, 1994, 2005, for ATDs; and Ferron et al., 2019, and Onghena et al., 2019, and for CCDs).”
BackgroundMethodA Visual Aid and Objective Rule Encompassing the Data Features of Visual Analysis
Manolov, R., & Vannest, K. J. (2019) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445519854323 · Cited by 50
“Thus, also included were the sequences that can be obtained in ATDs with randomized blocks (see Onghena & Edgington, 2005).”
BackgroundDeclercq, L., Jamshidi, L., Fernández‐Castilla, B., Beretvas, S. N., Moeyaert, M., Ferron, J. M., & Noortgate, W. V. D. (2018) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-018-1091-y · Cited by 50
Synthesizing single-case studies: A Monte Carlo examination of a three-level meta-analytic model
Owens, C. M., & Ferron, J. M. (2011) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-011-0180-y · Cited by 45
“Researchers have proposed a variety of methods to metaanalyze single-case data (Allison & Gorman, 1993; Busk & Serlin, 1992; Center, Skiba, & Casey, 1985–1986; Gingerich, 1984; Onghena & Edgington, 2005; Scruggs, Mastropieri, & Castro, 1987; Van den Noortgate & Onghena, 2003a, 2003b, 2007, 2008).”
MethodJamshidi, L., Heyvaert, M., Declercq, L., Fernández‐Castilla, B., Ferron, J. M., Moeyaert, M., Beretvas, S. N., Onghena, P., & Noortgate, W. V. D. (2022) · Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention · doi:10.1080/17489539.2022.2089334 · Cited by 46
“Single-case researchers most often present data from individual participants in the form of real-time graphs (Morgan & Morgan, 2001; Onghena & Edgington, 2005), because one of the commonly used approaches for evaluating intervention effects in SCED studies is visual analysis of the graphs…”
BackgroundSelf-citationDenis, J., Noortgate, W. V. D., & Maes, B. (2011) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2011.01.014 · Cited by 44
Analysis of Intensive Longitudinal Data: Putting Psychological Processes in Perspective
Hamaker, E. L. (2025) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081423-022947 · Cited by 57
Design and Real-World Evaluation of Eyes-Free Yoga
Rector, K., Vilardaga, R., Lansky, L., Lu, K., Bennett, C. L., Ladner, R. E., & Kientz, J. A. (2017) · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing · doi:10.1145/3022729 · Cited by 42
Testing the Intervention Effect in Single-Case Experiments: A Monte Carlo Simulation Study
Heyvaert, M., Moeyaert, M., Verkempynck, P., Van den Noortgate, W., Vervloet, M., Ugille, M., & Onghena, P. (2017) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2015.1123667 · Cited by 42
“…by first calculating the sum of the p values (Sobs/ and then comparing this sum to all other sums S that could arise under the general null hypothesis (i.e., if the null hypothesis is true, then the p value is just a random draw from a uniform [0,1] distribution; Onghena & Edgington, 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citationConfidence intervals for single-case effect size measures based on randomization test inversion
Michiels, B., Heyvaert, M., Meulders, A., & Onghena, P. (2016) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-016-0714-4 · Cited by 40
“We provided examples of RTI for a variety of single-case alternation and phase designs such as CRD, ATD, RBD, AB, ABA, and ABAB designs, and we also explained how RTI can be used for simultaneous and sequential replication designs.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationOne by One: Accumulating Evidence by using Meta-Analytical Procedures for Single-Case Experiments
Onghena, P., Michiels, B., Jamshidi, L., Moeyaert, M., & Noortgate, W. V. D. (2017) · Brain Impairment · doi:10.1017/brimp.2017.25 · Cited by 41
“…ethical concerns of this group ‐ comparison approach are well documented (Carey & Stiles, 2016), but more importantly, questions regarding the epistemological status of the results, and therefore also the clinical relevance, can be raised (Molenaar, 2004; Onghena & Edgington, 2005; Onghena, 2007).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationRandomization and Data-Analysis Items in Quality Standards for Single-Case Experimental Studies
Heyvaert, M., Wendt, O., den Noortgate, W. V., & Onghena, P. (2015) · The Journal of Special Education · doi:10.1177/0022466914525239 · Cited by 40
“In SCEs, random assignment of measurement occasions to treatments yields statistical control over these (known and unknown) confounding variables and facilitates causal inference (Kratochwill & Levin, 2010; Onghena & Edgington, 2005).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationMultiSCED: A tool for (meta-)analyzing single-case experimental data with multilevel modeling
Declercq, L., Cools, W., Beretvas, S. N., Moeyaert, M., Ferron, J. M., & Noortgate, W. V. D. (2019) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-019-01216-2 · Cited by 45
An N = 1 Evaluation of Enhanced CBT Supervision
Milne, D. L., Reiser, R. P., & Cliffe, T. (2012) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465812000434 · Cited by 40
“A minimum of three participants is recommended, to allow for accurate visual inspection (Hersen and Barlow, 1976); whilst at least 20 data points are recommended to detect a large effect size by statistical means (Onghena and Edgington, 2005).”
BackgroundAmbulatory measurement of cortisol: Where do we stand, and which way to follow?
Hogenelst, K., Soeter, M., & Kallen, V. (2018) · Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research · doi:10.1016/j.sbsr.2018.100249 · Cited by 38
Moeyaert, M., Ugille, M., Ferron, J. M., Beretvas, S. N., & Noortgate, W. V. D. (2015) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2015.1065216 · Cited by 36
“In this type of design, an AB phase design is implemented simultaneously in different cases, while MISSPECIFICATION OF COVARIANCE 475 the start point of the treatment is staggered (as in Figure 1) across the cases (Ferron & Scott, 2005; Onghena, 2005; Onghena & Edgington, 2005).”
MethodSingle Subject Designs in Biomedicine
Janosky, J. E., Leininger, S. L., Hoerger, M. P., & Libkuman, T. M. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2444-2 · Cited by 36
Naim, R., Dombek, K., German, R. E., Haller, S. P., Kircanski, K., & Brotman, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2023.2264385 · Cited by 33
“We utilized an across-subjects multiple baseline design to assess symptom improvement across base-line and treatment phases (Gliner et al., 2000; Morgan & Morgan, 2001; Onghena & Edgington, 2005).”
MethodThe “future” pain clinician: Competencies needed to provide psychologically informed care
Linton, S. J., O’Sullivan, P., Zetterberg, H., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1515/sjpain-2024-0017 · Cited by 38
“SCEDs are de fi ned as “ designs that are applied to experiments in which one entity is observed repeatedly during a certain period of time under di ff erent levels of at least one independent variable ” [64].”
BackgroundJuhel, J. (2008) · Pratiques Psychologiques · doi:10.1016/j.prps.2008.05.006 · Cited by 33
Randomization tests for changing criterion designs
Onghena, P., Tanious, R., De, T. K., & Michiels, B. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.01.005 · Cited by 35
Self-citationTime Series Analysis for Psychological Research
Velicer, W. F., & Molenaar, P. C. M. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop202022 · Cited by 32
Handling missing data in randomization tests for single-case experiments: A simulation study
De, T. K., Michiels, B., Tanious, R., & Onghena, P. (2020) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-019-01320-3 · Cited by 31
“The MBD is a simultaneous replication design that consists of multiple AB phase designs implemented simultaneously, whereas the intervention is started sequentially across subjects (Onghena & Edgington, 2005).”
MethodSelf-citationChisari, C., McCracken, L. M., Cruciani, F., Moss-Morris, R., & Scott, W. (2022) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.11.003 · Cited by 30
Simons, L. E., Harrison, L. E., O'Brien, S. F., Heirich, M. S., Loecher, N., Boothroyd, D. B., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Wicksell, R. K., Schofield, D., Hood, K. K., et al. (2019) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100448 · Cited by 24
“io/scda/) [63] to assess the difference between baseline to discharge and baseline to 3 and 6-month follow-up on Daily Dairies [16,64].”
BackgroundBartels, S. L., Johnsson, S. I., Boersma, K., Flink, I., McCracken, L. M., Petersson, S., Christie, H. L., Feldman, I., Simons, L. E., Onghena, P., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059152 · Cited by 23
Self-citationTanious, R., De, T. K., & Onghena, P. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103414 · Cited by 30
Self-citationMoeyaert, M., Ugille, M., Ferron, J. M., Beretvas, S. N., & Noortgate, W. V. D. (2012) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-012-0274-1 · Cited by 25
Assessing Consistency in Single-Case A-B-A-B Phase Designs
Tanious, R., De, T. K., Michiels, B., Noortgate, W. V. D., & Onghena, P. (2019) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445519837726 · Cited by 28
“Single-case experimental designs (SCEDs) involve the repeated measurement of a single case that is being exposed to different levels of at least one manipulated variable (Kennedy, 2005; Kratochwill et al., 2010; Onghena & Edgington, 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRvachew, S., & Matthews, T. (2017) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2017.04.003 · Cited by 23
Replicability and randomization test logic in behavior analysis
Jacobs, K. W. (2019) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1002/jeab.501 · Cited by 23
Michiels, B., Tanious, R., De, T. K., & Onghena, P. (2020) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-019-01266-6 · Cited by 23
Self-citationHemerik, J., & Goeman, J. J. (2020) · International Statistical Review · doi:10.1111/insr.12431 · Cited by 21
“In a different context, this is also done in Onghena and Edgington (1994,2005), where a set of permutations is used that is strictly smaller than the full set of permutations.”
BackgroundMethodSingle-Case Experimental Designs: Clinical Research and Practice
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Onghena, P., Vannest, K. J., & Kratochwill, T. R. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00191-6 · Cited by 22
Self-citationBrake, M. T., Stolwijk, N. M., Staal, J. B., & Hooren, B. V. (2022) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2022.2042398 · Cited by 19
“Although the power of randomization tests with single participant baseline phase and intervention phase designs is rather small, it has been shown that the combination of several of these baseline and intervention experiments into a MBD increases the power considerably (Onghena & Edgington, 2015).”
BackgroundA Small Sample Randomized Clinical Trial Methodology Using N-of-1 Designs and Mixed Model Analysis
Ridenour, T. A., Hall, D. L., & Bost, J. E. (2009) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990903005916 · Cited by 19
“Turning to N-of-1 designs, their limitations have largely precluded their use in prevention science and possibly led to naı̈veté among prevention researchers about their substantial strengths (1, 8, 9).”
BackgroundSil, S., Dahlquist, L. M., & Burns, A. J. (2012) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jss128 · Cited by 19
“The two treatments were alternated semi-randomly, with an upper limit of two consecutive administrations of the same distraction treatment (Onghena & Edgington, 2005).”
Norman-Nott, N., Wilks, C. R., Hesam-Shariati, N., Schroeder, J., Suh, J., Czerwinski, M., Briggs, N. E., Quidé, Y., McAuley, J., & Gustin, S. M. (2022) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2021.10.003 · Cited by 17
Vandael, K., Vervliet, B., Peters, M., & Meulders, A. (2023) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002990 · Cited by 16
“Such tasks could then be evaluated (as add-ons to existing treatments) using single-case experimental designs.(58) Figuring out “what works for whom” may be crucial because patients present with specific problems”
Generalization of exposure in vivo in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome type I
den Hollander, M., de Jong, J. R., Onghena, P., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103511 · Cited by 18
“A more detailed description of the randomization tests for single-case experimental designs can be found in Onghena and Edgington (2005).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationVachon, B., Curran, J., Karunananthan, S., Brehaut, J., Graham, I. D., Moher, D., Sales, A. E., Straus, S. E., Fiander, M., Paprica, P. A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.07.006 · Cited by 19
Aslan, S. D., & Çolak, A. (2022) · Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/17483107.2022.2087772 · Cited by 17
Vestjens, L., Kempen, G. I. J. M., Crutzen, R., Kok, G., & Zijlstra, G. A. R. (2015) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyv003 · Cited by 21
Martens, K. M., Barry, T. J., Takano, K., Onghena, P., & Raes, F. (2019) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2019.100259 · Cited by 17
“Randomization tests are statistical significance tests based on the random assignment of experimental units to treatments (Onghena and Edgington, 2005).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationComparison of Below-Knee Amputee Gait Performed Overground and on a Motorized Treadmill
Button, C., Moyle, S., & Davids, K. (2010) · Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly · doi:10.1123/apaq.27.2.96 · Cited by 16
Auld, M. L., Johnston, L. M., Russo, R. N., & Moseley, G. L. (2016) · Physiotherapy Research International · doi:10.1002/pri.1674 · Cited by 15
“Appointments were scheduled so that the duration between sessions varied across participants between 2 and 7 days, so as to comply with recommended best practice to control for time in replicated case series designs (Ferron and Onghena, 1996; Onghena and Edgington, 2005).”
MethodManolov, R., Tanious, R., & Onghena, P. (2021) · Perspectives on Behavior Science · doi:10.1007/s40614-021-00289-9 · Cited by 15
“& Choosing an alternation sequence at random (i.e., designing the study) and performing a randomization tests for data analysis (Heyvaert & Onghena, 2014; Levin et al., 2012; Onghena & Edgington, 1994, 2005): https://tamalkd.shinyapps. io/scda and https://ex-prt.weebly.com/.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationLavefjord, A., Sundström, F. T. A., Buhrman, M., & McCracken, L. M. (2021) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.05.005 · Cited by 14
Olivier, E., de Roos, C., & Bexkens, A. (2021) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-021-01237-z · Cited by 14
A Simulation Study on Two Analytical Techniques for Alternating Treatments Designs
Manolov, R. (2018) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445518777875 · Cited by 13
Tanious, R., & Manolov, R. (2022) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2022.2035774 · Cited by 12
“…have also been used for alternation designs, for distinguishing between multielement designs (Barlow & Hayes, 1979; Kennedy, 2005), alternating designs using block randomization (Ledford, 2018; Onghena & Edgington, 2005), and restricted alternating treatments designs (Onghena & Edgington, 1994).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMichiels, B., Heyvaert, M., & Onghena, P. (2017) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-017-0885-7 · Cited by 12
“Other advantages of the RT as compared to parametric tests are its flexibility with regard to the choice of test statistic and the choice of experimental design (Ferron & Sentovich, 2002; Onghena, 1992; Onghena & Edgington, 2005).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationvan Erp, R. M. A., Huijnen, I. P. J., Ambergen, A. W., Verbunt, J., & Smeets, R. (2019) · European Journal of Physiotherapy · doi:10.1080/21679169.2019.1630855 · Cited by 12
Time out based discipline strategy for children's non-compliance with cystic fibrosis treatment
McClellan, C. B., Cohen, L. L., & Moffett, K. S. (2008) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638280802051713 · Cited by 12
“The precise measurement and highly practical nature of single-subject replication designs allow researchers to develop generalizable interventions using small sample sizes [18,19].”
BackgroundSingle Case Quantitative Methods for Practice‐Based Evidence
McMillan, D., & Morley, S. (2010) · Developing and Delivering Practice‐Based Evidence · doi:10.1002/9780470687994.ch5 · Cited by 18
van Laake‐Geelen, C. C. M., Smeets, R., Goossens, M. E. J. B., & Verbunt, J. (2021) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine – Clinical Communications · doi:10.2340/20030711-1000046 · Cited by 12
“Daily measures were first presented graphically and next interpreted for trends, followed by a randomization test for SCEDs, based on the random determination of the moments of phase change (23).”
A proposal for the assessment of replication of effects in single‐case experimental designs
Manolov, R., Tanious, R., & Fernández‐Castilla, B. (2022) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.923 · Cited by 11
“The use of the modified Brinley plot for alternating treatment designs is also more straightforward when there is the same number of measurements per condition, as is the case for block randomization (Manolov & Tanious, 2022; Onghena & Edgington, 2005).”
MethodRosenberg, D. E., Kadokura, E., Morris, M., Renz, A. D., & Vilardaga, R. (2017) · Methods of Information in Medicine · doi:10.3414/me16-02-0043 · Cited by 13
“controlled for known and unknown timerelated variables that could threaten the internal validity of our study and allowed for a statistical test based on the randomization of the moments of phase change as it was implemented in the study design [34, 35, 36].”
MethodMultilevel meta-analysis of multiple regression coefficients from single-case experimental studies
Jamshidi, L., Declercq, L., Fernández‐Castilla, B., Ferron, J. M., Moeyaert, M., Beretvas, S. N., & Noortgate, W. V. D. (2020) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-020-01380-w · Cited by 12
Assessing Consistency in Single-Case Data Features Using Modified Brinley Plots
Manolov, R., & Tanious, R. (2020) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445520982969 · Cited by 11
“For an alternating treatments design (ATD), it is also possible to use a modified Brinley plot, although the application is somewhat different for the different kinds of ATDs (see Onghena & Edgington, 2005, for a discussion).”
MethodRT4Win: A Windows-Based Program for Randomization Tests
Huo, M., & Onghena, P. (2012) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb-52-4-387 · Cited by 11
Self-citationDal, E. V. L.-V., Snaphaan, L. J. A. E., Bouwmeester, S., de Kort, Y. A. W., & Bongers, I. M. B. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app112110221 · Cited by 10
“From the royal national weather station in the Netherlands [47], it is known that the number of sun hours in the Netherlands at the end of the summer (September) of 2019 was much higher than in October 2019 (157.”
BackgroundInfluentialHeyvaert, M., Saenen, L., Maes, B., & Onghena, P. (2015) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.12.002 · Cited by 10
“An advantage of the randomization test for raw data over the Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test is that it allows deriving a p value without degrading the observed scores to ranks (Onghena & Edgington, 2005).”
MethodSelf-citationAssigning and combining probabilities in single-case studies.
Manolov, R., & Solanas, A. (2012) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0029248 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Onghena, P., & Edgington, E. S.
- Affiliations
- KU Leuven (BE)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Onghena, Patrick
- ORCID
- Onghena, Patrick
- Venue
- The Clinical Journal of Pain
- Published
- 2005-01
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 56-68
- ISSN
- 0749-8047 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2117635631
- Cited by
- 188
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 0.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Journal of Pain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
- Keywords
- single-case experimental design, pain management, personalized treatment, replication strategies, permutation tests, combining p-values, meta-analysis, internal validity, statistical conclusion validity, construct validity, generalizability, reliability and validity, effect size, power analysis
- MeSH terms
- Data Interpretation, Statistical, Humans, Research Design, Reproducibility of Results, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Pain Management
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