Cited by 189Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentFamily Support in IllnessMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum

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The Impact of Parental Affective Disorder on Depression in Offspring: A Longitudinal Follow-up in a Nonreferred Sample

BEARDSLEE, WILLIAM R., KELLER, MARTIN B., LAVORI, PHILIP W., STALEY, JANET, SACKS, NATALIE·1993·Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry

DOI 10.1097/00004583-199307000-00004

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Abstract

Objective This study explored the effects of parental affective disorder on offspring in a nonreferred health maintenance organization 4 years after initial examination.Method The sample, average age 18.5 years, included 91% of the 153 youngsters initially studied. The main instruments were structured diagnostic interviews scored according to criterion systems for both parents and children; assessment of the youngsters was blind to the previous assessment.Results Rates of major depressive disorder were higher in the children of parents with affective disorder (26%) compared with those whose parents had no disorder (10%).Conclusion Depression and other parental affective disorders, as they occur in the community in parents who often are neither recognized nor treated, are associated with serious affective disorder in offspring. Clinical and preventive approaches for these offspring are needed and should be targeted to all families in which there is serious parental affective disorder, not just those who present for psychiatric treatment.

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The Effect of Home Environment on Adolescent Substance Use and Depressive Symptoms
Su, S. S., Hoffmann, J. P., Gerstein, D. R., & Johnson, R. A. (1997) · Journal of Drug Issues · doi:10.1177/002204269702700412 · Cited by 47
Implementing child‐focused family nursing into routine adult psychiatric practice: hindering factors evaluated by nurses
Korhonen, T., Vehviläinen-Julkunen, K. M., & Pietilä, A. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02008.x · Cited by 46
Diversity of Outcomes Among Adolescent Children of Mothers With Mental Illness
Mowbray, C. T., Bybee, D. I., Oyserman, D., Allen‐Meares, P., MacFarlane, P., & Hart-Johnson, T. (2004) · Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/10634266040120040201 · Cited by 47
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Matson, J. L., Andrasik, F., & Matson, M. L. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09528-8 · Cited by 48
Interventions with depressed mothers and their infants: Modifying interactive behaviours
Jung, V., Short, R. H., Letourneau, N. L., & Andrews, D. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.07.014 · Cited by 45
Resilience in the Face of Maternal Psychopathology and Adverse Life Events
Tiêt, Q. Q., Bird, H., Hoven, C. W., Wu, P., Moore, R. E., & Davies, M. (2001) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1012528910206 · Cited by 45
“Studies have shown this relationship in schizophrenia (Garver, 1997; Kendler, Gruenberg, & Tsuang, 1985), affective disorders ( Beardslee, Keller, Lavori, Staley, & Sacks, 1993; Hammen, 1991; Weissman, Warner, Wickramaratne, Moreau, & Olfson, 1997), anxiety disorders (Beidel & Turner, 1997), and alcoholism (Beardslee,…”
Background
The experience of being an adolescent child of a parent who has a mood disorder
Meadus, R. J., & Johnson, B. A. (2000) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2850.2000.00319.x · Cited by 44
Depressive Spectrum Disorders in High-Risk Adolescents: Episode Duration and Predictors of Time to Recovery
Kaminski, K. M., & Garber, J. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200204000-00013 · Cited by 44
Factors Promoting Mental Health of Adolescents Who Have a Parent with Mental Illness: A Longitudinal Study
van Loon, L. M. A., van de Ven, M. O. M., van Doesum, K. T. M., Hosman, C. M. H., & Witteman, C. L. M. (2015) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-015-9304-3 · Cited by 41
“Several empirical studies have reported that the risk of these children to develop problems is two to even thirteen times higher than is the risk of children of parents without psychological problems (Beardslee et al. 1993; Dean et al. 2010; Weissman et al. 2006).”
Contagious depression: Automatic mimicry and the mirror neuron system - A review
Paz, L. V., Viola, T. W., Milanesi, B. B., Sulzbach, J. H., Mestriner, R. G., Wieck, A., & Xavier, L. L. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.032 · Cited by 51
Children of mentally ill parents—a pilot study of a group intervention program
Christiansen, H., Anding, J., Schrott, B., & Röhrle, B. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01494 · Cited by 43
“In contrast to the original studies by Beardslee (Beardslee et al., 1993; Beardslee, 2009) there was no long-term follow-up.”
Result
Affective Functioning Among Early Adolescents at High and Low Familial Risk for Depression and Their Mothers: A Focus on Individual and Transactional Processes across Contexts
McMakin, D. L., Burkhouse, K. L., Olino, T. M., Siegle, G. J., Dahl, R. E., & Silk, J. S. (2011) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9540-4 · Cited by 44
“Depressive disorders are often severe in this population, including an earlier age of onset, longer duration of episodes, higher social impairment, and higher rates of suicide relative to other depressed adolescents (Beardslee et al. 1993).”
Parent Psychopathology and Youth Internalizing Symptoms in an Urban Community: A Latent Growth Model Analysis
Burstein, M., Ginsburg, G. S., Petras, H., & Ialongo, N. S. (2009) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-009-0152-y · Cited by 38
Gender Differences in the Association between Maternal Depressed Mood and Child Depressive Phenomena from Grade 3 through Grade 10
Cortes, R. C., Fleming, C. B., Catalano, R., & Brown, E. C. (2006) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-006-9083-0 · Cited by 38
“Early studies investigating the relations between parent and child depression were cross-sectional, or longitudinal studies of short duration, and tended to emphasize correlations between parental and child depression or the proportion of depressed parents who had depressed children ( Beardslee et al., 1993; Billings…”
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How are the kids holding up? A systematic review and meta-analysis on the psychosocial impact of maternal breast cancer on children
Purc‐Stephenson, R. J., & Lyseng, A. (2016) · Cancer Treatment Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.07.005 · Cited by 36
“Also, when the seriousness of the mother’s illness is clear, a child might understand the context of their mother’s distress and feel less anxious or confused about it [73].”
Background
Identification of and Support for Children of Mentally Ill Parents: A 5 Year Follow-Up Study of Adult Mental Health Services
Lauritzen, C., Reedtz, C., Rognmo, K., Nilsen, M. A., & Walstad, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00507 · Cited by 33
Girls connect
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Kennard, B. D., Hughes, J. L., Stewart, S. M., Mayes, T. L., Nightingale-Teresi, J., Tao, R., Carmody, T. J., & Emslie, G. J. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31816bfff5 · Cited by 32
Major depressive disorder in a Kenyan youth sample: relationship with parenting behavior and parental psychiatric disorders
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BackgroundResultInfluential
The County Schools Mental Health Coalition: A Model for Community-Level Impact
Reinke, W. M., Thompson, A. M., Herman, K. C., Holmes, S. R., Owens, S., Cohen, D., Tanner-Jones, L. A., Henry, L. M., Green, A., & Copeland, C. (2017) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-017-9227-2 · Cited by 32
An Eye-Tracking Study of Attention Biases in Children at High Familial Risk for Depression and Their Parents with Depression
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“…a vast body of research has accumulated indicating that children of depressed parents are more likely than other children to develop depression (Beardslee et al., 1993; Hammen et al., 1990; Weisman et al., 1997), relatively little research has focused on developing depression treatment and…”
Background
Sex differences in the familial transmission of mood disorders
Currier, D., Mann, M. J., Oquendo, M. A., Galfalvy, H., & Mann, J. J. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.04.014 · Cited by 28
“Beardslee et al. (1993) found duration of parental MDD predicted adolescent mood disorder, but found no difference in transmission by parents gender.”
Background
The understanding and experiences of children affected by parental mental health problems: a qualitative study
Cogan, N. A., Riddell, S. I., & Mayes, G. M. (2005) · Qualitative Research in Psychology · doi:10.1191/1478088705qp024oa · Cited by 28
Is maternal depression related to mother and adolescent reports of family functioning?☆
Pérez, J. C., Coo, S., & Irarrázaval, M. (2018) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.12.013 · Cited by 28
Course and outcome of major depressive disorder in non-referred adolescents
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“Other factors such as parental history of depression (Beardslee et al., 1993; Hammen and Brennan, 2003; Klein et al., 2001), negative life events (Goodyer et al.”
Background
Prevalence of Affective Disorder in the Child and Adolescent Offspring of a Single Kindred: A Pilot Study
Todd, R. D., Reich, W., & Reich, T. (1994) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199402000-00007 · Cited by 27

Authors: BEARDSLEE, W. R., KELLER, M. B., LAVORI, P. W., STALEY, J., & SACKS, N.
Affiliations: Brown University (US)
Corresponding author: BEARDSLEE, WILLIAM R.
ORCID: BEARDSLEE, WILLIAM R.
KELLER, MARTIN B.
Venue: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1993-07
Volume: 32
Issue: 4
Pages: 723-730
ISSN: 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199307000-00004
OpenAlex: W2148329525
Cited by: 189
References: 51
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 6.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01mh034780-07)
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH025478, 2-UO2-MH25475-09, R0-1-MH34780-3)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family Support in Illness
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Keywords: major depressive disorder, intergenerational transmission of depression, family history of mental illness, health maintenance organizations, longitudinal follow-up, depression prevention
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Personality Development, Life Tables, Child of Impaired Parents

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The Impact of Parental Affective Disorder on Depression in Offspring: A Longitudinal Follow-up in a Nonreferred Sample

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