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Cited by 372Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentChild Abuse and TraumaMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum

Socio-economic status, family disruption and residential stability in childhood: relation to onset, recurrence and remission of major depression

GILMAN, S. E., KAWACHI, I., FITZMAURICE, G. M., BUKA, S. L.·2003·Psychological Medicine
DOI 10.1017/s0033291703008377
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Abstract

Background. Childhood adversity significantly increases the risk of depression, but it is unclear whether this risk is most pronounced for depression occurring early in life. In the present study, we examine whether three aspects of childhood adversity – low socio-economic status (SES), family disruption, and residential instability – are related to increased risk of depression during specific stages of the life course. We also examine whether these aspects of childhood adversity are related to the severity of depression. Method. A sample of 1089 of the 4140 births enrolled in the Providence, Rhode Island cohort of the National Collaborative Perinatal Project was interviewed between the ages of 18 and 39. Measures of parental SES, childhood family disruption and residential instability were obtained upon mother's enrolment and at age 7. Age at onset of major depressive episode, lifetime number of depressive episodes, and age at last episode were ascertained via structured diagnostic interviews. Survival analysis was used to identify risk factors for depression onset and remission and Poisson regression was used to model the recurrence rate of depressive episodes. Results. Low parental SES, family disruption and a high level of residential instability, defined as three or more family moves, were related to elevated lifetime risks of depression; the effects of family disruption and residential instability were most pronounced on depression onset by age 14. Childhood adversity was also related to increased risk of recurrence and reduced likelihood of remission. Conclusions. Childhood social disadvantage significantly influences risk of depression onset both in childhood and in adulthood. Early childhood adversity is also related to poor prognosis.

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Authors
GILMAN, S. E., KAWACHI, I., FITZMAURICE, G. M., & BUKA, S. L.
Affiliations
Harvard University (US)
ORCID
Venue
Psychological Medicine
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published
2003-10-30
Volume
33
Issue
8
Pages
1341-1355
ISSN
  • 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
  • 1469-8978
DOI
10.1017/s0033291703008377
OpenAlex
W1982901201
Cited by
372
References
95
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 23
FWCI
6.93
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations
  • Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (5r03mh061953-02)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (MH-17119, T32MH017119, MH61953)
  • National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM29745, R01GM029745)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Keywords
childhood adversity, major depressive disorder, socioeconomic status, family breakdown, residential instability, parental socioeconomic status, depression onset, depression recurrence, remission, early childhood, social deprivation, life course, National Collaborative Perinatal Project
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Child, Chronic Disease, Major Depressive Disorder, Family Characteristics, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Personality Development, Population Dynamics, Recurrence, Rhode Island, Socioeconomic Factors, Cohort Studies

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