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Caffeine effects on learning, performance, and anxiety in normal school‐age children

BERNSTEIN, GAIL A., CARROLL, MARILYN E., CROSBY, ROSS D., PERWIEN, AMY R., GO, FRANCES S., BENOWITZ, NEAL L.·1994·Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry

DOI 10.1097/00004583-199403000-00016

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Abstract

Objective The purpose of this investigation was to study the acute effects of caffeine on learning, performance, and anxiety in normal prepubertal children.Method Twenty-one children were evaluated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. Subjects were studied during four sessions, 1 week apart, under the following conditions: baseline, placebo, 2.5 mg/kg caffeine, and 5.0 mg/kg caffeine. Subjects were randomized to order of placebo and the two dosages of caffeine. Dependent measures included tests of attention, manual dexterity, short-term memory, and processing speed. Anxiety rating scales were also administered. Saliva samples were analyzed for caffeine levels.Results Caffeine improved performance on two of four measures of the Test of Variables of Attention and on a test of manual dexterity in the dominant hand. There was a trend toward increased current level of self-reported anxiety after caffeine on a visual analogue measure of anxiety. Children reported feeling significantly less "sluggish" after caffeine ingestion than after placebo ingestion.Conclusions In a small sample size, there was indication that caffeine enhanced performance on a test of attention and on a motor task. Children also reported feeling less "sluggish" but somewhat more anxious. Because caffeine is so widely available and frequently consumed by children, these results are important and need replication.

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Authors: BERNSTEIN, G. A., CARROLL, M. E., CROSBY, R. D., PERWIEN, A. R., GO, F. S., & BENOWITZ, N. L.
Affiliations: University of Minnesota (US)
San Francisco General Hospital (US)
Corresponding author: CARROLL, MARILYN E.
ORCID: BERNSTEIN, GAIL A.
CROSBY, ROSS D.
BENOWITZ, NEAL L.
Venue: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1994-03
Volume: 33
Issue: 3
Pages: 407-415
ISSN: 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199403000-00016
OpenAlex: W2019483208
Cited by: 108
References: 39
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 0.90
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5p50da001696-18)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA R37 DA03240, P01DA008131, R37DA003240, NIDA DAO1696, P01-DA-08131)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Coffee research and impacts
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations
Keywords: caffeine, children, attention, manual dexterity, short-term memory, processing speed, anxiety, cognitive performance, prepubertal children, caffeine dose-response
MeSH terms: Anxiety, Caffeine, Child, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Humans, Learning, Psychometrics, Saliva, Task Performance and Analysis

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Caffeine effects on learning, performance, and anxiety in normal school‐age children

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