Psychiatric, Psychosocial, and Cognitive Functioning of Female Adolescents With ADHD
Abstract
Objective To characterize the psychiatric, psychosocial, and cognitive functioning of female adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in comparison with female controls and males with ADHD. Female controls were also compared with male controls to verify gender differences in a nonclinical sample.Method One hundred seven adolescents from Southern Ontario aged 13 to 16 were included: 24 females with ADHD, 35 males with ADHD, 28 control females, and 20 control males. All were assessed with semistructured interviews, questionnaires, and tests of achievement and intellectual functioning.Results After controlling for parental education and estimated Full Scale IQ, females with ADHD were more impaired than control females in depression, anxiety, distress, teacher relationships, stress, attributional styles, and locus of control and on all cognitive and achievement measures. Females with ADHD were more impaired than males with ADHD in self-reported anxiety, distress, depression, locus of control, and vocabulary scores. These group differences were confirmed by higher ratings by parents and teachers in symptoms of psychopathology. Males with ADHD were more impaired in processing speed. Some gender differences (locus of control and vocabulary scores) were eliminated when controlling for ADHD severity. The absence of any differences between male and female controls indicates gender differences were specific to the clinical groups.Conclusion Females with ADHD are at high risk for more psychological impairment than both males with ADHD and control females. The identified psychosocial problems point to areas for intervention.
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The children with ADHD had lower IQ.
“This is not surprising as the children with ADHD had lower IQ, which is known to be typical for this population [56, 57].”
From Assessing ADHD symptoms in children and adults: evaluating the role of objective measures (2018) · cites this paper as [57]
Children with ADHD have lower IQ, which is known to be typical for this population.
“This is not surprising as the children with ADHD had lower IQ, which is known to be typical for this population [56, 57].”
From Assessing ADHD symptoms in children and adults: evaluating the role of objective measures (2018) · cites this paper as [57]
Females generally had higher PS scores than males, and sex was a significant predictor of PS in all analyses.
“females generally had higher PS scores than males, and sex was a significant predictor of PS in all analyses.”
From Diagnostic Associations of Processing Speed in a Transdiagnostic, Pediatric Sample (2020) · cites this paper as [94]
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- Authors
- RUCKLIDGE, J. J., & TANNOCK, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- RUCKLIDGE, JULIA J.
- ORCID
- RUCKLIDGE, JULIA J.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-05
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 530-540
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2122298761
- Cited by
- 223
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 5.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UC Research Repository (University of Canterbury) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, adolescent girls, gender differences, psychiatric comorbidity, depression, anxiety, psychosocial functioning, cognitive function, processing speed, locus of control, attributional style, teacher relationships, ADHD symptom severity
- MeSH terms
- Achievement, Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Mental Disorders, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Severity of Illness Index, Social Adjustment
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