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New Data from the Addiction Severity Index Reliability and Validity in Three Centers
Abstract
The Addiction Severity Index (ASI) is a clinical/research instrument which has been in wide use during the past 6 years to assess the treatment problems found in alcohol- and drug-abusing patients. In a study of male veterans, a preliminary evaluation of the ASI has indicated reliability and validity. The present report presents an expanded examination of these issues; 181 subjects from three treatment centers were studied. Results of concurrent reliability studies indicate that trained technicians can estimate the severity of patients' treatment problems with an average concordance of .89. Test-retest studies show that the information obtained from the ASI is consistent over a 3-day interval, even with different interviewers. Comparisons of the ASI severity ratings and composite measures with a battery of previously validated tests indicate evidence of concurrent and discriminant validity. The reliability and validity results were consistent across subgroups of patients categorized by age, race, sex, primary drug problem, and treatment center. The authors discuss the strengths and limitations of the instrument based upon 5 years of use. The overall conclusion is that the ASI is a reliable and valid instrument that has a wide range of clinical and research applications, and that it may offer advantages in the examination of important issues such as the prediction of treatment outcome, the comparison of different forms of treatment, and the "matching" of patients to treatments…
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“The ASI has demonstrated reliability and validity (Kosten, Rounsaville & Kleber, 1983; McLellan et al., 1985), including in PGs (Petry, 2007).”
From Subtyping Pathological Gamblers Based on Impulsivity, Depression, and Anxiety (2010) · cites this paper as McLellan et al., 1985
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Abstinence rates following behavioral treatments for marijuana dependence
Kadden, R. M., Litt, M. D., Kabela-Cormier, E., & Petry, N. M. (2007) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.08.009 · Cited by 173
Childhood maltreatment in male and female treatment-seeking pathological gamblers.
Petry, N., & Steinberg, K. (2005) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.19.2.226 · Cited by 173
Gender differences among pathological gamblers seeking treatment.
Ladd, G. T., & Petry, N. (2002) · Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037//1064-1297.10.3.302 · Cited by 172
Effectiveness of screening instruments in detecting substance use disorders among prisoners.
Peters, R. H., Greenbaum, P., Steinberg, M., Carter, C. R., Ortiz, M. M., Fry, B. C., & Valle, S. K. (2000) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/s0740-5472(99)00081-1 · Cited by 167
“These include the Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS; Ross et al., 1990; Skinner & Horn, 1984), the Addiction Severity Index (ASI; McLellan et al., 1980, 1985), the Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST; and DAST-20, a short version of the DAST; Staley & El Guebaly, 1990), and the Michigan Alcoholism…”
BackgroundMethodImprovement in naltrexone treatment compliance with contingency management.
Preston, K., Silverman, K., Umbricht, A., DeJesus, A., Montoya, I., & Schuster, C. (1999) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(98)00152-5 · Cited by 167
Therapeutic Alliance as a Predictor of Outcome in Treatment of Cocaine Dependence
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Self-citationA randomized controlled trial of interim methadone maintenance.
Schwartz, R., Highfield, D., Jaffe, J., Brady, J., Butler, C. B., Rouse, C., Callaman, J. M., O'Grady, K., & Battjes, R. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.1.102 · Cited by 164
Reliability and validity of the Addiction Severity Index with a homeless sample.
Zanis, D. A., McLellan, A., Cnaan, R., & Randall, M. (1994) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/0740-5472(94)90005-1 · Cited by 162
“The MAST was found to have a moderate correlation with the ASI, both on the alcohol composite score and on the severity rating (McLellan et al., 1985).”
MethodSelf-citationWeiss, R., Potter, J., Griffin, M., Mchugh, R., Haller, D., Jacobs, P., Gardin, J., Fischer, D., & Rosen, K. D. (2014) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2014.03.004 · Cited by 161
Traumatic brain injury and substance abuse: A review and analysis of the literature
Taylor, L. A., Kreutzer, J. S., Demm, S. R., & Meade, M. A. (2003) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602010244000336 · Cited by 158
“The ASI has been shown to have good reliability and validity (McLellan et al., 1985).”
BackgroundIncreasing opiate abstinence through voucher-based reinforcement therapy.
Silverman, K., Wong, C. J., Higgins, S., Brooner, R., Montoya, I., Contoreggi, C., Umbricht-Schneiter, A., Schuster, C., & Preston, K. (1996) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/0376-8716(96)01246-x · Cited by 158
“Two structured interviews were administered: the Addiction Severity Index (ASI; McLellan et al., 1985), an interview designed to assess problem severity in seven areas commonly affected by drug abuse (medical, legal, alcohol, drug, employment, family, and psychiatric); and the National Institute on Mental Health Diagn…”
MethodMatching Judicial Supervision to Clients’ Risk Status in Drug Court
Marlowe, D., Festinger, D., Lee, P. A., Dugosh, K. L., & Benasutti, K. M. (2006) · Crime and delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128705281746 · Cited by 157
“Multiple studies of ASI composite scores and lifetime items provide evidence of impressive reliability, concurrent validity, predictive validity, and discriminative utility across various groups of clients characterized by age, race, gender, and primary drug of abuse (e.g., Alterman et al., 1998; Cacciola, Koppenhaver…”
BackgroundGorelick, D., Kim, Y. K., Bencherif, B., Boyd, S. J., Nelson, R. A., Copersino, M. L., Endres, C. J., Dannals, R., & Frost, J. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.026 · Cited by 157
Group Therapy for Substance Use Disorders: What Do We Know?
Weiss, R. D., Jaffee, W. B., de Menil, V. P., & Cogley, C. B. (2004) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/10673220490905723 · Cited by 166
Treatment outcomes for women with substance abuse and PTSD who have experienced complex trauma.
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“A total score of 65 or above is typically indicative of a PTSD diagnosis Drug abuse, alcohol abuse, and social functioning were measured by Addiction Severity Index composite scores (20), a structured interview in which the patient reports number, extent, and duration of symptoms in each domain.”
MethodA randomized controlled trial of intensive referral to 12-step self-help groups: one-year outcomes.
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Does clinical case management improve outpatient addiction treatment.
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“The post-treatment follow-up inter6al was relati6ely short Our choice of a 7 month post-admission follow-up (targeted to be :6 months following treatment discharge) was based upon work over the past 15 years showing that 60–80% of substance dependent patients who relapse following treatment, do so within 3–4 months af…”
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“The Addiction Severity Index (ASI; McLellan et al., 1985) is a well validated instrument assessing substance abuse patient functioning in multiple life domains (Alterman et al., 1994; Hodgins and El-Guebaly, 1992; Stoeffelmayr et al., 1994).”
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“Cannabis use was measured with the Cannabis and Substance Use Assessment Schedule (CASUAS), which ismodified from the Schedule for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (27) and includes similar information to the Addiction Severity Index (28).”
MethodThe relationship between sexual and physical abuse and substance abuse consequences.
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Sufficient conditions for effective treatment of substance abusing homeless persons.
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Ibogaine treatment outcomes for opioid dependence from a twelve-month follow-up observational study
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“Symptoms and problems are measured over the preceding 30 days, with higher scores representing greater severity (19).”
BackgroundSaxon, A., Davis, T. M., Sloan, K. L., McKnight, K., Mcfall, M. E., & Kivlahan, D. (2001) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.52.7.959 · Cited by 144
“The composite scores range from 0 to 1 and provide a numerical estimate of an individual’s current functioning in each domain, with 0 indicating no problem whatsoever and 1 indicating the most severe problem possible (22).”
BackgroundInterviewer severity ratings and composite scores of the ASI: a further look.
Alterman, A., Brown, L., Zaballero, A., & McKay, J. (1994) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/0376-8716(94)90157-0 · Cited by 144
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The working alliance and consumer case management
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The Role of Religion, Spirituality and Alcoholics Anonymous in Sustained Sobriety
Kaskutas, L., Bond, J., & Weisner, C. (2003) · Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly · doi:10.1300/j020v21n01_01 · Cited by 139
“To measure the severity of alcohol problems at baseline, the Addition Severity Index (ASI) was used (McLellan et al., 1985).”
MethodKrupitsky, E., Zvartau, E., Blokhina, E., Verbitskaya, E., Wahlgren, V., Tsoy-Podosenin, M., Bushara, N., Burakov, A., Masalov, D., Romanova, T., et al. (2012) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.1a · Cited by 138
Program Retention and Perceived Coercion in Three Models of Mandatory Drug Treatment
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Prescription Opioid Misuse Index: a brief questionnaire to assess misuse.
Knisely, J., Wunsch, M. J., Cropsey, K., & Campbell, E. D. (2008) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2008.02.001 · Cited by 137
“A modified version of the Addiction Severity Index 5th Edition (ASI; McLellan et al., 1985) was also administered to evaluate medical, employment, alcohol, drugs, legal, family/social, and psychiatric problems.”
MethodPredictors of Methadone Treatment Retention from a Multi-Site Study: A Survival Analysis
Kelly, S., O'Grady, K., Mitchell, S., Brown, B., & Schwartz, R. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.008 · Cited by 136
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Alcohol consumption and HIV disease progression: are they related?
Samet, J., Horton, N. J., Traphagen, E. T., Lyon, S. M., & Freedberg, K. (2003) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000065438.80967.56 · Cited by 136
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“Intake differences amongst dropouts, completers and non-completers Subjects who dropped out of the study during the baseline condition had significantly higher Addiction Severity Index (ASI) Drug Problem composite scores than those who completed the study (t=2.53, P=0.01; data not shown).”
InfluentialZubieta, J. (2000) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(00)00110-x · Cited by 134
Subtyping Pathological Gamblers Based on Impulsivity, Depression, and Anxiety
Ledgerwood, D. M., & Petry, N. M. (2010) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0019906 · Cited by 134
“It has seven domains, including medical, employment, alcohol, drug, legal, family/social, and psychiatric (McLellan et al., 1985).”
Lifetime Histories of Trauma among Pathological Gamblers
Kausch, O., Rugle, L., & Rowland, D. Y. (2006) · The American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1080/10550490500419045 · Cited by 134
Predicting retention in a residential drug treatment alternative to prison program.
Lang, M., & Belenko, S. (2000) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/s0740-5472(00)00097-0 · Cited by 134
Petry, N., Martin, B., & Simcic, F. (2005) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.2.354 · Cited by 133
Petry, N. M. (2001) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(00)00157-5 · Cited by 159
“The Addiction Severity Index (ASI; McLellan et al., 1985) was administered to evaluate problem areas in seven domains.”
MethodPsychometric properties of the Drug Abuse Screening Test in a psychiatric patient population.
Staley, D., & el-Guebaly, N. (1990) · Addictive Behaviours · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(90)90068-9 · Cited by 133
Psychotherapies for adolescent substance abusers: a pilot study.
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“Transcend” Initial Outcomes from a Posttraumatic Stress Disorder/Substance Abuse Treatment Program
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Downey, K. K., Helmus, T. C., & Schuster, C. (2000) · Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037//1064-1297.8.2.176 · Cited by 129
Marriage and Relationship Closeness as Predictors of Cocaine and Heroin Use
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“2.2 Instruments Demographic information including marital status and living arrangements along with several relationship variables were derived from the Addiction Severity index (ASI; McLellan, Luborsky, Cacciola, Griffith, Evans, Barr, et al., 1985).”
MethodInfluentialOutcomes for cocaine abusers after once-a-week psychosocial therapy.
Kang, S.-Y., Kleinman, P. H., Woody, G. E., Millman, R. B., Todd, T., Kemp, J., & Lipton, D. (1991) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.148.5.630 · Cited by 128
Initial validation of a computer-administered Addiction Severity Index: The ASI–MV.
Bultler, S. F., Budman, S. H., Goldman, R. J., Newman, F. J., Beckley, K. E., Trottier, D., & Cacciola, J. S. (2001) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.15.1.4 · Cited by 127
Self-citationSmoking cessation treatment in community-based substance abuse rehabilitation programs
Reid, M. S., Fallon, B., Sonne, S. C., Flammino, F., Nunes, E. V., Jiang, H., Kourniotis, E., Lima, J. E., Brady, R., Burgess, C., et al. (2007) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2007.08.010 · Cited by 122
Psychological trauma and PTSD symptoms as predictors of substance dependence treatment outcomes.
Lavasani, F., Hawke, J., Alessi, S. M., Ledgerwood, D. M., & Petry, N. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.04.001 · Cited by 126
“Substance use abstinence at 9-month follow-up: In addition to independently verified toxicology data analyzed with the OnTrak system, self-reported abstinence in the past 30 days was measured at the 9-month follow-up using the Time Line Follow-Back (TLFB; Sobell & Sobell, 1992) and the Addiction Severity Index (ASI; M…”
MethodEpstein, D. H., Tyburski, M., Craig, I. M., Phillips, K. A., Jobes, M. L., Vahabzadeh, M., Mezghanni, M., Lin, J., Furr-Holden, D., & Preston, K. L. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.09.007 · Cited by 129
“Screening included edical, psychiatric, and drug-use histories, physical examination, tandard laboratory tests, and a battery of assessment instruents, including the Addiction Severity Index (ASI; McLellan et al., Dependence 134 (2014) 22– 29 23”
MethodIn 12-step groups, helping helps the helper.
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Sixand Ten-Item Indexes of Psychological Distress Based on the Symptom Checist-90
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The Impact of Cigarette Smoking on Stimulant Addiction
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Self-citationOutcome of intensive inpatient treatment for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder.
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Multi-Center Trial of Baclofen for Abstinence Initiation in Severe Cocaine Dependent Individuals
Kahn, R., Biswas, K., Childress, A., Shoptaw, S., Fudala, P., Gorgon, L., Montoya, I., Collins, J., McSherry, F., Li, S.-H., et al. (2009) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.03.011 · Cited by 120
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“The ASI is a well-established measure whose psychometric properties have been documented (for detailed information, see McLellan et al., 1985).”
Andrade, L. F., & Petry, N. M. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2508-9 · Cited by 120
“The Addiction Severity Index (ASI, McLellan et al. 1985) with a gambling component (ASI-G) included, assessed drug and alcohol, psychosocial, and gambling-related problems.”
McKay, J., Lynch, K., Shepard, D., Ratichek, S. J., Morrison, R., Koppenhaver, J., & Pettinati, H. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.6.967 · Cited by 119
Reliability of the Revised Psychopathy Checklist in Substance Abuse Patients.
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Self-citationCo-morbid anxiety disorders predict early relapse after inpatient alcohol treatment
Schellekens, A., de Jong, C. D., Buitelaar, J., & Verkes, R. (2015) · European psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.08.006 · Cited by 118
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“Analyses presented include only the baseline variable that correlated with the outcome measure as a covariate (years of education in the LDA and ASI Alcohol analyses, age in the TLFB-based frequency and magnitude of drinking analyses) A cc ep te d A rti cl e © 2012 The Authors Addiction © 2012 Society for the Study of…”
BackgroundInfluentialPredicting incarceration of clients of a psychiatric probation and parole service.
Solomon, P., Draine, J., & Marcus, S. (2002) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.53.1.50 · Cited by 118
Polysubstance Use Among Alcoholics
Staines, G., Magura, S., Foote, J. P., Deluca, A., & Kosanke, N. (2001) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1300/j069v20n04_06 · Cited by 117
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“A number of studies support the reliability and validity of this instrument for use with a wide range of populations (Alterman, Brown, Zabellero, & McKay, 1994; Argeriou, McCarty, Mulvey, & Daley, 1994; McLellan et al., 1985).”
ResultRetention of cocaine abusers in outpatient psychotherapy.
Kleinman, P. H., Kang, S.-Y., Lipton, D., Woody, G., Kemp, J., & Millman, R. B. (1992) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952999209001609 · Cited by 117
Behavioral family counseling and naltrexone for male opioid-dependent patients.
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Assessing Released Inmates for Substance-Abuse-Related Service Needs
Belenko, S. (2006) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128705281755 · Cited by 116
“Common examples are the Addiction Severity Index (McLellan et al., 1985), the Offender Profile Index (Inciardi, McBride, & Weinman, 1993), the Global Assessment of Individual Needs (Dennis, Titus, White, Unsicker, & Hodgkins, 2002), and the Level of Service Inventory–Revised (Andrews & Bonta, 1995).”
BackgroundDallery, J., Silverman, K., Chutuape, M. A., Bigelow, G., & Stitzer, M. (2001) · Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.9.3.317 · Cited by 116
The efficacy of a consumer case management team: 2-year outcomes of a randomized trial
Solomon, P., & Draine, J. (2006) · The Journal of Mental Health Administration · doi:10.1007/bf02518754 · Cited by 116
Case management for persons with substance use disorders.
Hesse, M., Vanderplasschen, W., Rapp, R., Broekaert, E., & Fridell, M. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006265.pub2 · Cited by 115
RetractedBurge, A., Pietrzak, R., Molina, C. A., & Petry, N. (2004) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.55.12.1437 · Cited by 115
Methadone dose and treatment outcome.
Strain, E., Stitzer, M., Liebson, I., & Bigelow, G. (1993) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/0376-8716(93)90052-r · Cited by 115
HIV infection and risk behaviors among heterosexuals in alcohol treatment programs.
Avins, A. L., Woods, W. J., Lindan, C., Hudes, E., Clark, W. M., & Hulley, S. (1994) · Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) · doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03510310045036 · Cited by 114
Mclellan, A., Luborsky, L., O'Brien, C., Barr, H., & Evans, F. (1986) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952998609083746 · Cited by 113
Self-citationBurden of medical illness in drug- and alcohol-dependent persons without primary care.
Alba, I. D., Samet, J., & Saitz, R. (2004) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1080/10550490490265307 · Cited by 112
A clinical profile of women with posttraumatic stress disorder and substance dependence.
Najavits, L., Weiss, R., & Shaw, S. R. (1999) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.13.2.98 · Cited by 112
Personality Disorders and Treatment Outcome in Methadone Maintenance Patients
Cacciola, J. S., Rutherford, M. J., Alterman, A. I., McKay, J. R., & Snider, E. C. (1996) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199604000-00006 · Cited by 105
Self-citationPrivate substance abuse treatments: are some programs more effective than others?
Mclellan, A., Grissom, G. R., Brill, P., Durell, J., Metzger, D. S., & O'Brien, C. (1993) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/0740-5472(93)90071-9 · Cited by 112
Self-citationPersonality, stress, and social support in cocaine relapse prediction
McMahon, R. C. (2001) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/s0740-5472(01)00187-8 · Cited by 111
“McLellan et al. (1985) reported high (> 0.”
Reward-based decision making in pathological gambling: The roles of risk and delay
Wiehler, A., & Peters, J. (2014) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2014.09.008 · Cited by 111
Winters, J. J., Fals-Stewart, W., O'Farrell, T., Birchler, G., & Kelley, M. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.2.344 · Cited by 111
Morie, K. P., Yip, S. W., Nich, C., Hunkele, K. A., Carroll, K. M., & Potenza, M. N. (2016) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-016-0097-8 · Cited by 119
Maremmani, I., Perugi, G., Pacini, M., & Akiskal, H. S. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.02.022 · Cited by 106
“Some authors suppose (Milkman and Frosch, 1973; Khantzian, 1985; McLellan et al., 1985) that additive substance use does not dwindle because of selfmedication dynamics replacing the absence of psychiatric therapies.”
BackgroundCharacteristics of drug addicts who attempt suicide.
Roy, A. (2003) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(03)00206-3 · Cited by 109
“Composite scores are based exclusively on the prior 30-day period and have been found to be reliable and valid (McLellan et al., 1985).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- McLELLAN, A. T., LUBORSKY, L., CACCIOLA, J., GRIFFITH, J., EVANS, F., BARR, H. L., & OʼBRIEN, C. P.
- Affiliations
- Philadelphia VA Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
- Published
- 1985-07
- Volume
- 173
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 412-423
- ISSN
- 0022-3018 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2144736441
- Cited by
- 1,503
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 49
- FWCI
- 3.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DAO2554)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- Addiction Severity Index, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, treatment challenges, reliability statistics, validity, concurrent validity, discriminant validity, test-retest reliability, inter-rater concordance, veterans, addiction treatment, treatment outcome prediction, patient-treatment matching
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Alcoholism, Mental Disorders, Divorce, Employment, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Marriage, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Social Adjustment, Social Control, Formal, Substance-Related Disorders
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