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Cited by 329Cardiovascular and exercise physiologyPhysical Activity and HealthSports Performance and Training

Water-based exercise improves health-related aspects of fitness in older women

TAKESHIMA, NOBUO, ROGERS, MICHAEL E., WATANABE, EIJI, BRECHUE, WILLIAM F., OKADA, AKIYOSHI, YAMADA, TADAKI, ISLAM, MOHAMMOD M., HAYANO, JYUNICHIROU·2002·Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
DOI 10.1097/00005768-200203000-00024
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Abstract

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the physiological responses of elderly women to a well-rounded exercise program performed in water (WEX). METHODS: The participants (60-75 yr of age) were randomly divided into a training (TR) group (N = 15) and a control group (N = 15). The TR group participated in a 12-wk supervised WEX program, 70 min x day(-1), 3 d x wk(-1). The WEX consisted of 20 min of warm-up and stretching exercise, 10 min of resistance exercise, 30 min of endurance-type exercise (walking and dancing), and 10 min of cool-down exercise. RESULTS: The WEX led to an increase (P < 0.05) in peak VO2 (12%) and VO2 at lactate threshold (20%). Muscular strength evaluated by a hydraulic resistance machine increased significantly at resistance dial setting 8 (slow) for knee extension (8%), knee flexion (13%), chest press (7%) and pull (11%), shoulder press (4%) and pull (6%), and back extension (6%). Vertical jump (9%), side-stepping agility (22%), trunk extension (11%), and FEV1.0 (7%) also increased significantly. There was a significant decrease in skin-fold thickness (-8%), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (-17%), and total cholesterol (-11%). There were no significant changes in these variables in the control group. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that WEX elicits significant improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, body fat, and total cholesterol in older adult women. Water-based exercise appears to be a very safe and beneficial mode of exercise that can be performed as part of a well-rounded exercise program.

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Crossref · 10.1097/00005768-200203000-00024

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  • Aquatic-based resistance exercises have shown promising results in improving strength and muscle mass in older individuals and metabolic health in patients with non-communicable diseases.

    “In such clinical conditions, aquatic-based resistance exercises could also be a low-impact exercise alternative as they have shown promising results in improving strength and muscle mass in older individuals [141,142], as well as metabolic health in patients with non-communicable diseases [143,144].”

    From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [141]

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Authors
TAKESHIMA, N., ROGERS, M. E., WATANABE, E., BRECHUE, W. F., OKADA, A., YAMADA, T., ISLAM, M. M., & HAYANO, J.
Affiliations
  • Nagoya City University (JP)
  • Aichi Medical University (JP)
ORCID
Venue
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2002-03
Volume
34
Issue
3
Pages
544-551
ISSN
0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1097/00005768-200203000-00024
OpenAlex
W2106438817
Cited by
329
References
42
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 22
FWCI
11.40
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Keywords
aquatic exercise, older women, cardiorespiratory fitness, peak oxygen uptake, lactate threshold, muscle strength, resistance training, agility, fat mass, skinfold thickness, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, exercise safety
MeSH terms
Aged, Body Composition, Female, Humans, Lipids, Middle Aged, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Fitness, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal

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