Cited by 838Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchAlzheimer's disease research and treatmentsCognitive Abilities and Testing

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 75 of the 75 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Cognitive Reserve and Alzheimer Disease

Open access

Stern, Yaakov·2006·Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders

DOI 10.1097/01.wad.0000213815.20177.19

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Epidemiologic evidence suggests that individuals with higher IQ, education, occupational attainment, or participation in leisure activities have a reduced risk of developing Alzheimer disease (AD). The concept of cognitive reserve (CR) posits that individual differences in how tasks are processed provide differential reserve against brain pathology or age-related changes. This may take 2 forms. In neural reserve, preexisting brain networks that are more efficient or have greater capacity may be less susceptible to disruption. In neural compensation, alternate networks may compensate for pathology's disruption of preexisting networks. Imaging studies have begun to identify the neural substrate of CR. Because CR may modulate the clinical expression of AD pathology, it is an important consideration in studies of "preclinical" AD and treatment studies. There is also the possibility that directly enhancing CR may help forestall the diagnosis of AD.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1097/01.wad.0000213815.20177.19

Cites

75 of 75 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept
STERN, Y. (2002) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617702813248 · Cited by 3,951
Self-citation
Exercise enhances learning and hippocampal neurogenesis in aged mice
van Praag, H., Shubert, T., Zhao, C., & Gage, F. H. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1731-05.2005 · Cited by 2,078
Aging Gracefully: Compensatory Brain Activity in High-Performing Older Adults
Cabeza, R., Anderson, N. D., Locantore, J. K., & McIntosh, A. R. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1280 · Cited by 1,964
Leisure Activities and the Risk of Dementia in the Elderly
Verghese, J., Lipton, R. B., Katz, M. J., Hall, C. B., Derby, C. A., Kuslansky, G., Ambrose, A. F., Sliwinski, M., & Buschke, H. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa022252 · Cited by 1,961
Influence of education and occupation on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease
Stern, Y. (1994) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03510370056032 · Cited by 1,434
Self-citation
Influence of social network on occurrence of dementia: a community-based longitudinal study
Fratiglioni, L., Wang, H.-X., Ericsson, K., Maytan, M., & Winblad, B. (2000) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02113-9 · Cited by 1,361
Participation in Cognitively Stimulating Activities and Risk of Incident Alzheimer Disease
Wilson, R. S. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.287.6.742 · Cited by 1,352
Education and the prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease
Katzman, R. (1993) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.43.1_part_1.13 · Cited by 1,186
The prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in Shanghai, China: Impact of age, gender, and education
Zhang, M., Katzman, R., Salmon, D. P., Jin, H., Cai, G., Wang, Z., Qu, G.-Y., Grant, I., Yu, E. S. H., Levy, P. S., et al. (1990) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410270412 · Cited by 1,068
Late-Life Engagement in Social and Leisure Activities Is Associated with a Decreased Risk of Dementia: A Longitudinal Study from the Kungsholmen Project
Wang, H. (2002) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/155.12.1081 · Cited by 991

Show all 74 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

DeCarli, 1992, Post-mortem regional neurofibrillary tangle densities but not senile plaque densities are related to regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose during life in Alzheimer's disease patients, Neurodegen, 1, 113

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 837

Is Verbal Episodic Memory in Elderly with Amyloid Deposits Preserved Through Altered Neuronal Function?
Ossenkoppele, R., Madison, C. M., Oh, H., Wirth, M., van Berckel, B. N. M., & Jagust, W. J. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht076 · Cited by 45
Plasticity in Early Alzheimer Disease
Hill, N. L., Kolanowski, A. M., & Gill, D. J. (2011) · Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/tgr.0b013e31821e588e · Cited by 51
Social Inequalities and the Road to Allostatic Load: From Vulnerability to Resilience
Juster, R., Seeman, T. E., McEwen, B. S., Picard, M. A., Mahar, I., Mechawar, N., Sindi, S., Smith, N. G., Souza‐Talarico, J. N., Sarnyai, Z., et al. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy408 · Cited by 46
Brain Structural and Functional Connectivity and the Progression of Neuropathology in Alzheimer's Disease
Matthews, P. M., Filippini, N., & Douaud, G. (2012) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2012-129012 · Cited by 46
Cognitive development over 8 years in midlife and its association with cardiovascular risk factors.
Anstey, K. J., Sargent‐Cox, K. A., Garde, E., Cherbuin, N., & Butterworth, P. (2014) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000044 · Cited by 48
Examining the association between participation in late-life leisure activities and cognitive function in community-dwelling elderly Chinese in Hong Kong
Leung, G. T. Y., Fung, A. W. T., Tam, C. W. C., Lui, V. W.-C., Chiu, H. F. K., Chan, W.-C., & Lam, L. C. W. (2009) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610209991025 · Cited by 44
Challenges in the neuropsychological assessment of illiterate older adults
Kosmidis, M. H. (2017) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2017.1379605 · Cited by 46
Reserve, Brain Changes, and Decline
Staff, R. T. (2011) · Neuroimaging Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.nic.2011.11.006 · Cited by 45
Educational Attainment Moderates the Association Between Hippocampal Volumes and Memory Performances in Healthy Older Adults
O’Shea, D. M., Langer, K. G., Woods, A. J., Porges, E. C., Williamson, J. B., O’Shea, A. M., & Cohen, R. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00361 · Cited by 46
Gray matter structural covariance networks changes along the Alzheimer's disease continuum
Li, K., Luo, X., Zeng, Q., Huang, P., Shen, Z., Xu, X., Xu, J., Wang, C., Zhou, J., & Zhang, M. (2019) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101828 · Cited by 42
Pain, Delirium, and Physical Function in Skilled Nursing Home Patients With Dementia
Kolanowski, A. M., Mogle, J. A., Fick, D. M., Hill, N. L., Mulhall, P. M., Nadler, J., Colancecco, E. M., & Behrens, L. L. (2014) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2014.07.002 · Cited by 51
Transcriptional alterations related to neuropathology and clinical manifestation of Alzheimer’s disease
Silva, A. R. T., Grinberg, L. T., Farfel, J. M., Diniz, B. S., Lima, L. A., Silva, P. J. S., Ferretti, R. E. L., Rocha, R. M., Filho, W. J., Carraro, D. M., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048751 · Cited by 40
Impact of literacy and years of education on the diagnosis of dementia: A population-based study
Contador, I., del Ser, T., Velasco, S. L., Villarejo‐Galende, A., Benito‐León, J., & Bermejo‐Pareja, F. (2016) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2016.1204992 · Cited by 42
Meta-Analysis of Personality Traits in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Comparison with Healthy Subjects
D’Iorio, A., Garramone, F., Piscopo, F., Baiano, C., Raimo, S., & Santangelo, G. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170901 · Cited by 43
Age of Migration and Cognitive Function Among Older Latinos in the United States
García, M. A., Ortiz, K. S., Arévalo, S., Diminich, E. D., Briceño, E. M., Vega, I. E., & Tarraf, W. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-191296 · Cited by 42
Occupational solvent exposure and cognition
Sabbath, E. L., Glymour, M. M., Berr, C., Singh‐Manoux, A., Zins, M., Goldberg, M., & Berkman, L. F. (2012) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182583098 · Cited by 41
Effects of Alcohol Consumption on Cognition and Regional Brain Volumes Among Older Adults
Downer, B. G., Jiang, Y., Zanjani, F. A. K., & Fardo, D. W. (2014) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317514549411 · Cited by 45
The Influence of Genetic Factors and Cognitive Reserve on Structural and Functional Resting-State Brain Networks in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease
Pietzuch, M., King, A. E., Ward, D. D., & Vickers, J. C. (2019) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00030 · Cited by 45
Risk factors and type of dementia: Vascular or Alzheimer?
Cankurtaran, M., Doğu, B. B., Cankurtaran, E. Ş., Halil, M. G., Ülger, Z., & Arıoğul, S. (2007) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2007.06.005 · Cited by 41
Uncovering heterogeneous cognitive trajectories in mild cognitive impairment: a data-driven approach
Wang, X., Ye, T., Zhou, W., Zhang, J., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2023) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-023-01205-w · Cited by 44
Premorbid personality characteristics and attachment style moderate the effect of injury severity on occupational outcome in traumatic brain injury: Another aspect of reserve
Sela-Kaufman, M., Rassovsky, Y., Agranov, E., Levi, Y., & Vakil, E. (2013) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2013.799123 · Cited by 40
Higher Education Is Associated with a Lower Risk of Dementia after a Stroke or TIA. The Rotterdam Study
Mirza, S. S., Portegies, M. L. P., Wolters, F. J., Albert Hofman, D., Koudstaal, P. J., Tiemeier, H. W., & Ikram, M. A. (2016) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000443649 · Cited by 40
Reserve and Reserve-building activities research: key challenges and future directions
Schwartz, C. E., Rapkin, B. D., & Healy, B. C. (2016) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/s12868-016-0297-0 · Cited by 40
Motivational reserve: Motivation-related occupational abilities and risk of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease.
Forstmeier, S., AgeCoDe Study Group, Maercker, A. R. A., Maier, W., van den Bussche, H., Riedel-Heller, S. G., Kaduszkiewicz, H., Pentzek, M., Weyerer, S. B., Bickel, H., et al. (2011) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0025117 · Cited by 42
Prevention of Alzheimer's disease
Szekely, C. A., Breitner, J. C. S., & Zandi, P. P. (2007) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540260701797944 · Cited by 41
Negative affect predicts subsequent cognitive change in multiple sclerosis
Christodoulou, C., Melville, P., SCHERL, W. F., MacAllister, W. S., Abensur, R., Troxell, R. M., & Krupp, L. (2009) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s135561770809005x · Cited by 40
Education, bilingualism, and cognitive trajectories: Sacramento Area Latino Aging Study (SALSA).
Mungas, D., Early, D. R., Glymour, M. M., Hazzouri, A. Z. A., & Haan, M. N. (2017) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000356 · Cited by 40
The frontotemporal dementias in a tertiary referral center: Classification and demographic characteristics in a series of 232 cases
Ioannidis, P., Konstantinopoulou, E., Maiovis, P., & Karacostas, D. (2012) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2012.04.002 · Cited by 40
Predictors of CNS injury as measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the setting of chronic HIV infection and CART
Harezlak, J., Cohen, R. A., Gongvatana, A., Taylor, M. J., Buchthal, S. D., Schifitto, G., Zhong, J., Daar, E. S., Alger, J. R., Brown, M. S., et al. (2014) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-014-0246-6 · Cited by 39
Biomarkers Predicting Alzheimer's Disease in Cognitively Normal Aging
Shim, Y. S., & Morris, J. C. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.3988/jcn.2011.7.2.60 · Cited by 41
BRIDGING THE TRANSLATION GAP: FROM DEMENTIA RISK ASSESSMENT TO ADVICE ON RISK REDUCTION
Anstey, K. J., Eramudugolla, R., Hosking, D. E., Lautenschlager, N. T., & Dixon, R. A. (2015) · The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.14283/jpad.2015.75 · Cited by 40
Cognitive consequences of high Aβ amyloid in mild cognitive impairment and healthy older adults: Implications for early detection of Alzheimer’s disease.
Lim, Y. Y., Ellis, K. A., Harrington, K., Kamer, A., Pietrzak, R. H., Bush, A. I., Darby, D., Martins, R. N., Masters, C. L., Rowe, C. C., et al. (2013) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0032321 · Cited by 41
Estimated pre-morbid IQ effects on cognitive and functional outcomes in Alzheimer disease: a longitudinal study in a treated cohort
Starr, J. M., & Lonie, J. A. (2008) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-8-27 · Cited by 39
Cognitive reserve and cognitive performance of patients with focal frontal lesions
MacPherson, S. E., Healy, C., Allerhand, M., Spanò, B., Tudor-Sfetea, C., White, M. J., Smirni, D., Shallice, T., Chan, E., Bozzali, M., et al. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.12.028 · Cited by 43
Learning distributions of shape trajectories from longitudinal datasets: a hierarchical model on a manifold of diffeomorphisms
Bône, A., Colliot, O., & Durrleman, S. (2018) · HAL · Cited by 38
The effect of education on rCBF changes in Alzheimer’s disease: a longitudinal SPECT study
Hanyu, H., Sato, T., Shimizu, S., Kanetaka, H., Iwamoto, T., & Koizumi, K. (2008) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-008-0848-4 · Cited by 38
Sub-threshold cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: the association with cognitive reserve
Feinstein, A., Lapshin, H., O'Connor, P. W., & Lanctôt, K. L. (2013) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-013-6952-9 · Cited by 37
Treatment of VGKC Complex Antibody-Associated Limbic Encephalitis: A Systematic Review
Radja, G. K., & Cavanna, A. E. (2013) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.13020022 · Cited by 37
Subtypes of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Older Postmenopausal Women
Rapp, S. R., Legault, C., Henderson, V. W., Brunner, R. L., Masaki, K., Jones, B. N., Absher, J. R., & Thal, L. J. (2010) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0b013e3181d715d5 · Cited by 39
Proxies of cognitive reserve and their effects on neuropsychological performance in patients with mild cognitive impairment.
Liu, Y., Cai, Z.-J., Xue, S., Zhou, X.-Y., & Wu, F.-P. (2013) · Journal of clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2012.04.020 · Cited by 41
Cognitive reserve in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
Sumowski, J. F., Chiaravalloti, N. D., Leavitt, V. M., & DeLuca, J. (2012) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458512440205 · Cited by 37
Environmental enrichment mitigates the effects of basal forebrain lesions on cognitive flexibility
Bartolo, P. D., Leggio, M. G., Mandolesi, L., Foti, F., Gelfo, F., Ferlazzo, F., & Petrosini, L. (2008) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.03.069 · Cited by 37
Pattern and Progression of Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease: Role of Premorbid Intelligence and ApoE Genotype
Bracco, L., Piccini, C., Baccini, M., Bessi, V., Biancucci, F., Nacmias, B., Bagnoli, S., & Sorbi, S. (2007) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000111081 · Cited by 37
Preliminary evidence for the feasibility of at-home online cognitive training with older adults
Gigler, K. L., Blomeke, K., Shatil, E., Weıntraub, S., & Reber, P. J. (2013) · Gerontechnology · doi:10.4017/gt.2013.12.1.007.00 · Cited by 39
The Aging Brain and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Duncan, G. W. (2011) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2011.07.008 · Cited by 37
Graph Estimation From Multi-Attribute Data
Kolar, M., Liu, H., & Xing, E. P. (2012) · PubMed · doi:10.1184/r1/6475742 · Cited by 35
Network functional connectivity and whole-brain functional connectomics to investigate cognitive decline in neurodegenerative conditions
Dipasquale, O. (2016) · Functional Neurology · doi:10.11138/fneur/2016.31.4.191 · Cited by 36
Longitudinal brain atrophy distribution in advanced Parkinson's disease: What makes the difference in “cognitive status” converters?
Gorges, M., Kunz, M. S., Müller, H., Liepelt‐Scarfone, I., Storch, A., Dodel, R. C., Hilker‐Roggendorf, R., Berg, D., Kalbe, E., Braak, H., et al. (2019) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24884 · Cited by 35
Environmental and Cognitive Enrichment in Childhood as Protective Factors in the Adult and Aging Brain
Schoentgen, B., Gagliardi, G. P., & Defontaines, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01814 · Cited by 44
Biomarkers in Relation to Cognitive Reserve in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment – Proof of Concept
Rolstad, S., Nordlund, A., Eckerström, C., Gustavsson, M. H., Zetterberg, H., & Wallin, A. (2009) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000203130 · Cited by 37
Neuroinflammation resulting from covert brain invasion by common viruses – A potential role in local and global neurodegeneration
Majde, J. A. (2010) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2010.02.023 · Cited by 36
[Cognitive reserve: evidence, limitations and future research lines].
Díaz-Orueta, U., Buiza-Bueno, C., & Yanguas-Lezaun, J. (2010) · Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología · doi:10.1016/j.regg.2009.12.007 · Cited by 33
Regional cerebral blood flow correlates of visuospatial tasks in Alzheimer's disease
Tippett, W. J., & Black, S. E. (2008) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617708081241 · Cited by 36
Environmental Enrichment: Disentangling the Influence of Novelty, Social, and Physical Activity on Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy in a Transgenic Mouse Model
Robison, L. S., Francis, N., Popescu, D. L., Anderson, M. E., Hatfield, J. T., Xu, F., Anderson, B. J., Nostrand, W. E. V., & Robinson, J. K. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21030843 · Cited by 35
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment in Cognitively-Intact Elderly: A Case for Age-adjusted Cutoffs
Oren, N., Yogev‐Seligmann, G., Ash, E. L., et al. (2014) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-140774 · Cited by 34
Enhanced Rapid-Onset Cortical Plasticity in CADASIL as a Possible Mechanism of Preserved Cognition
List, J., Duning, T., Meinzer, M., Kürten, J., Schirmacher, A., Deppe, M., Evers, S., Young, P., & Flöel, A. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr071 · Cited by 35
The “SuperAgers” construct in clinical practice: neuropsychological assessment of illiterate and educated elderly
Balduino, E., de Melo, B. A. R., da Silva, L. D. S. M., Martinelli, J. E., & Cecato, J. F. (2019) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610219001364 · Cited by 36
Distinct Functional Connectivity Patterns Are Associated With Social and Cognitive Lifestyle Factors: Pathways to Cognitive Reserve
Fleck, J. I., Arnold, M. S., Dykstra, B., Casario, K., Douglas, E. A., & Morris, O. (2019) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00310 · Cited by 34
Déficit mnésicos y perceptivos en la fibromialgia y la artritis reumatoide
Roldán-Tapia, L., Cánovas, R., Cimadevilla, J. M., & Cepeda, M. V. (2007) · Reumatología Clínica · doi:10.1016/s1699-258x(07)73676-8 · Cited by 34
Principles of neuroplasticity and behavior
Kolb, B. E., & Gibb, R. L. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316529898.003 · Cited by 35
COMPASS: A computational model to predict changes in MMSE scores 24-months after initial assessment of Alzheimer’s disease
Zhu, F., Panwar, B., Dodge, H. H., Li, H., Hampstead, B. M., Albin, R. L., Paulson, H. L., & Guan, Y. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep34567 · Cited by 34
A theoretical framework for cognitive and non-cognitive interventions for older adults: stimulation versus compensation
Kim, E. Y., & Kim, K. W. (2013) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2013.868404 · Cited by 35
Life-Course Socioeconomic Position and Hippocampal Atrophy in a Prospective Cohort of Older Adults
Elbejjani, M., Fuhrer, R., Abrahamowicz, M., Mazoyer, B. M., Crivello, F., Tzourio, C., & Dufouil, C. (2016) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000365 · Cited by 33
Accrual of functional redundancy along the lifespan and its effects on cognition
Sadiq, M. U., Langella, S., Giovanello, K. S., Mucha, P. J., & Dayan, E. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117737 · Cited by 35
P300 amplitude and response speed relate to preserved cognitive function in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis
Sundgren, M., Nikulin, V. V., Maurex, L., Wåhlin, Å., Piehl, F., & Brismar, T. (2014) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2014.07.024 · Cited by 33
Motivational processes in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: results from the Motivational Reserve in Alzheimer’s (MoReA) study
Forstmeier, S., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0666-8 · Cited by 32
Transient Epileptic Amnesia over twenty years: Long-term follow-up of a case series with three detailed reports
Savage, S. A., Butler, C., Hodges, J. R., et al. (2016) · Seizure · doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2016.10.022 · Cited by 33
Pathways of Prevention: A Scoping Review of Dietary and Exercise Interventions for Neurocognition
Smith, P. J. (2019) · Brain Plasticity · doi:10.3233/bpl-190083 · Cited by 35
The influence of a cognitive stimulation program on the quality of life perception among the elderly
Prado, S. F., Conlon, S., Santos, J. M. M., & Gandoy‐Crego, M. (2011) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2011.03.003 · Cited by 32
Interaction of Neuritic Plaques and Education Predicts Dementia
Roe, C. M., Xiong, C., Miller, J. P., Cairns, N. J., & Morris, J. C. (2008) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0b013e3181610fff · Cited by 35
Initial Cognitive Performance Predicts Longitudinal Aviator Performance
Yesavage, J. A., Jo, B., Adamson, M. M., Kennedy, Q., Noda, A. M., Hernandez, B., Zeitzer, J. M., Friedman, L., Fairchild, K., Scanlon, B. K., et al. (2011) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbr031 · Cited by 36
Modeling the heterogeneity in risk of progression to Alzheimer's disease acrosscognitive profiles in mild cognitive impairment
Tatsuoka, C. M., Tseng, H., Jaeger, J., Váradi, F., Smith, M. A., Yamada, T., Smyth, K. A., Lerner, A. J., & Initiative, T. A. D. N. (2013) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/alzrt168 · Cited by 35
Premorbid IQ Influence on Screening Tests’ Scores in Healthy Patients and Patients With Cognitive Impairment
Alves, L., Simões, M. R., Martins, C., Freitas, S., & Santana, I. J. (2013) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/0891988713484194 · Cited by 32
The Neuropsychological Profile of Attention Deficits of Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: An Update on the Daytime Attentional Impairment
Angelelli, P., Macchitella, L., Toraldo, D. M., Abbate, E., Marinelli, C. V., Arigliani, M., & Benedetto, M. D. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10060325 · Cited by 31
Effects of a 6-Month Cognitive Intervention Program on Brain Metabolism in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild Alzheimer's Disease
Förster, S., Buschert, V. C., Buchholz, H., Teipel, S. J., Friese, U., Zach, C., la Fougère, C., Rominger, A., Drzezga, A. E., Hampel, H. J., et al. (2011) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2011-100996 · Cited by 32
Late-Life Depressive Symptoms and Lifetime History of Major Depression: Cognitive Deficits are Largely Due to Incipient Dementia rather than Depression
Heser, K., for the AgeCoDe Study Group, Bleckwenn, M., Wiese, B., Mamone, S., Riedel-Heller, S. G., Stein, J., Lühmann, D., Posselt, T., Fuchs, Â., et al. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-160209 · Cited by 32
Differential effects of risk factors on the cognitive trajectory of early- and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease
Kim, J., Woo, S., Kim, S., Jang, H., Kim, J. P., Kim, J., Kang, S. H., Na, D. L., Chin, J., Apostolova, L. G., et al. (2021) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-021-00857-w · Cited by 30
Activity-dependent structural plasticity of Purkinje cell spines in cerebellar vermis and hemisphere
Bartolo, P. D., Florenzano, F., Burello, L., Gelfo, F., & Petrosini, L. (2014) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-014-0833-6 · Cited by 30
The relationship between memory complaints, activity and perceived health status
Lee, P.-L. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12107 · Cited by 35
Hippocampal and entorhinal cortex volume decline in cognitively intact elderly
Thomann, P. A., Wüstenberg, T., Nolte, H. M., Menzel, P. B., Wolf, R. C., Essig, M., & Schröder, J. (2012) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.06.002 · Cited by 31
Apolipoprotein-E genotype and human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorder: the modulating effects of older age and disease severity
Panos, S. E., Hinkin, Singer, E. J., Thames, A. D., Patel, P., Sinsheimer, Re, A. C. D., Gelman, B. B., Moore, D. J., Levine, A. J., et al. (2013) · Neurobehavioral HIV Medicine · doi:10.2147/nbhiv.s39573 · Cited by 31
Brain effective connectivity modeling for alzheimer's disease by sparse gaussian bayesian network
Huang, S., Li, J., Ye, J., Fleisher, A., Chen, K., Wu, T., & Reiman, E. M. (2011) · ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD) · doi:10.1145/2020408.2020562 · Cited by 29
Early cognitive stimulation compensates for memory and pathological changes in Tg2576 mice
Gereñu, G., Dobarro, M., Ramírez, M. J., & Gil-Bea, F. J. (2013) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.02.018 · Cited by 29
Cognitive Functions and Cognitive Reserve in Relation to Blood Pressure Components in a Population‐Based Cohort Aged 53 to 94 Years
Giordano, N., Tikhonoff, V., Palatini, P., Bascelli, A., Boschetti, G., Lazzari, F. D., Grasselli, C., Martini, B., Caffi, S., Piccoli, A., et al. (2012) · International Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1155/2012/274851 · Cited by 29
Estimated age of first exposure to American football and outcome from concussion
Caccese, J. B., Houck, Z. M., Kaminski, T. W., Clugston, J. R., Iverson, G. L., Bryk, K. N., Oldham, J. R., Pasquina, P. F., Broglio, S. P., McAllister, T. W., et al. (2020) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000010672 · Cited by 28
Theta Band-Power Shapes Amyloid-Driven Longitudinal EEG Changes in Elderly Subjective Memory Complainers At-Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease
Spinelli, G., on behalf of the INSIGHT-preAD Study Group, Bakardjian, H., Schwartz, D., Potier, M., Habert, M., Lévy, M., Dubois, B., & George, N. (2022) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-220204 · Cited by 32
Charting Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia: Epidemiological Insights, Risk Factors and Prevention Pathways
Contador, I., Buch-Vicente, B., del Ser, T., Velasco, S. L., Villarejo‐Galende, A., Benito‐León, J., & Bermejo‐Pareja, F. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13144100 · Cited by 31
Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Ageing
Couillard‐Després, S. (2012) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2012_232 · Cited by 29
Cognitive Dysfunction after Chemotherapy For Breast Cancer
Edelstein, K., & Bernstein, L. J. (2014) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617714000149 · Cited by 29
Education as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Episodic Memory and Amyloid Load in Normal Aging
Joannette, M., Bocti, C., Sévigny-Dupont, P., Lavallée, M. M., Nikelski, J., Vallet, G. T., Chertkow, H. M., & Joubert, S. (2019) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glz235 · Cited by 27
Comparison of Education and Episodic Memory as Modifiers of Brain Atrophy Effects on Cognitive Decline: Implications for Measuring Cognitive Reserve
Mungas, D., Fletcher, E., Gavett, B. E., Widaman, K. F., Zahodne, L. B., Hohman, T. J., Mayeda, E. R., Dowling, N. M., Johnson, D. K., & Farias, S. T. (2021) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617720001095 · Cited by 30
Moderating effects of cognitive reserve on the relationship between brain structure and cognitive abilities in middle-aged and older adults
Jin, Y., Lin, L., Xiong, M., Sun, S., & Wu, S. (2023) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.04.003 · Cited by 25
Amyloid Deposition and Cognition in Older Adults: The Effects of Premorbid Intellect
Duff, K. M., Foster, N. L., Dennett, K., Hammers, D. B., Zollinger, L. V., Christian, P. E., Butterfield, R. I., Beardmore, B. E., Wang, A. Y., Morton, K. A., et al. (2013) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/act047 · Cited by 27
Cohort Differences in Cognitive Aging in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam
Brăilean, A., Huisman, M. A., Prince, M. J., Prina, M. A., Deeg, D. J. H., & Comijs, H. C. (2016) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbw129 · Cited by 33
Structural brain signature of cognitive decline in Parkinson’s disease: DTI-based evidence from the LANDSCAPE study
Gorges, M., Müller, H., Liepelt‐Scarfone, I., Storch, A., Dodel, R. C., Hilker-Roggendorf, R., Berg, D., Kunz, M. S., Kalbe, E., Baudrexel, S., et al. (2019) · Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders · doi:10.1177/1756286419843447 · Cited by 31
The Influence of Vascular Disease on Cognitive Performance in the Preclinical and Early Phases of Alzheimer’s Disease
Laukka, E. J., Fratiglioni, L., & Bäckman, L. (2010) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000313978 · Cited by 28
Fine Particulate Matter and Markers of Alzheimer’s Disease Neuropathology at Autopsy in a Community-Based Cohort
Shaffer, R. M., Li, G., Adar, S. D., Keene, C. D., Latimer, C. S., Crane, P. K., Larson, E. B., Kaufman, J. D., Carone, M., & Sheppard, L. A. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-201005 · Cited by 27
Maximum (prior) brain size, not atrophy, correlates with cognition in community-dwelling older people: a cross-sectional neuroimaging study
Shenkin, S. D., Rivers, C. S., Deary, I. J., Starr, J. M., & Wardlaw, J. M. (2009) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2318-9-12 · Cited by 26
Predictors of Neuropsychological Change in Patients with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Meadows, M., Chang, G., Jones, J. A. M., et al. (2013) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acs141 · Cited by 26
Stroke risk modifies regional white matter differences in mild cognitive impairment
Delano‐Wood, L., Bondi, M. W., Jak, A. J., Horne, N. R., Schweinsburg, B. C., Frank, L. R., Wierenga, C. E., Delis, D. C., Theilmann, R. J., & Salmon, D. P. (2008) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.013 · Cited by 26

Authors: Stern, Y.
Affiliations: Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Stern, Yaakov
ORCID: Stern, Yaakov
Venue: Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2006-04
Volume: 20
Issue: 2
Pages: 112-117
ISSN: 0893-0341 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/01.wad.0000213815.20177.19
OpenAlex: W2161117035
Semantic Scholar: 5b032763dd33290793fbc1542564e3e9ca00b588
Cited by: 838
References: 74
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 77 · 2012: 64
FWCI: 5.48
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
doi.org
Locations: Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (R01AG026158, R01-AG26158)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Keywords: cognitive reserve, Alzheimer's disease, neural reserve, neural compensation, brain networks, preclinical Alzheimer's disease, educational attainment, intelligence, occupational attainment, leisure
MeSH terms: Achievement, Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Brain, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Individuality, Intelligence, Leisure Activities, Nerve Net, Neuronal Plasticity, Regional Blood Flow, Risk, Disease Progression

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Cognitive Reserve and Alzheimer Disease

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks