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Cognitive Reserve and Alzheimer Disease
Open accessAbstract
Epidemiologic evidence suggests that individuals with higher IQ, education, occupational attainment, or participation in leisure activities have a reduced risk of developing Alzheimer disease (AD). The concept of cognitive reserve (CR) posits that individual differences in how tasks are processed provide differential reserve against brain pathology or age-related changes. This may take 2 forms. In neural reserve, preexisting brain networks that are more efficient or have greater capacity may be less susceptible to disruption. In neural compensation, alternate networks may compensate for pathology's disruption of preexisting networks. Imaging studies have begun to identify the neural substrate of CR. Because CR may modulate the clinical expression of AD pathology, it is an important consideration in studies of "preclinical" AD and treatment studies. There is also the possibility that directly enhancing CR may help forestall the diagnosis of AD.
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“Similar to the concept of reserve, the mechanisms contributing to maintenance are also likely to have both genetic77 and environmental origins, with the latter including factors such as diet, exercise, and cognitive and social engagement33,57,78.”
From Maintenance, reserve and compensation: the cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing (2018) · cites this paper as [57]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Stern, Y.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stern, Yaakov
- ORCID
- Stern, Yaakov
- Venue
- Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders
- Published
- 2006-04
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 112-117
- ISSN
- 0893-0341 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2161117035
- Semantic Scholar
- 5b032763dd33290793fbc1542564e3e9ca00b588
- Cited by
- 838
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 77 · 2012: 64
- FWCI
- 5.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG026158, R01-AG26158)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- cognitive reserve, Alzheimer's disease, neural reserve, neural compensation, brain networks, preclinical Alzheimer's disease, educational attainment, intelligence, occupational attainment, leisure
- MeSH terms
- Achievement, Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Brain, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Individuality, Intelligence, Leisure Activities, Nerve Net, Neuronal Plasticity, Regional Blood Flow, Risk, Disease Progression
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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