Cited by 1,182Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentBehavioral and Psychological Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The MTA at 8 Years: Prospective Follow-up of Children Treated for Combined-Type ADHD in a Multisite Study

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Abstract

Objectives To determine any long-term effects, 6 and 8 years after childhood enrollment, of the randomly assigned 14-month treatments in the NIMH Collaborative Multisite Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (MTA; N = 436); to test whether attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom trajectory through 3 years predicts outcome in subsequent years; and to examine functioning level of the MTA adolescents relative to their non-ADHD peers (local normative comparison group; N = 261).Method Mixed-effects regression models with planned contrasts at 6 and 8 years tested a wide range of symptom and impairment variables assessed by parent, teacher, and youth report.Results In nearly every analysis, the originally randomized treatment groups did not differ significantly on repeated measures or newly analyzed variables (e.g., grades earned in school, arrests, psychiatric hospitalizations, other clinically relevant outcomes). Medication use decreased by 62% after the 14-month controlled trial, but adjusting for this did not change the results. ADHD symptom trajectory in the first 3 years predicted 55% of the outcomes. The MTA participants fared worse than the local normative comparison group on 91% of the variables tested.Conclusions Type or intensity of 14 months of treatment for ADHD in childhood (at age 7.0-9.9 years) does not predict functioning 6 to 8 years later. Rather, early ADHD symptom trajectory regardless of treatment type is prognostic. This finding implies that children with behavioral and sociodemographic advantage, with the best response to any treatment, will have the best long-term prognosis. As a group, however, despite initial symptom improvement during treatment that is largely maintained after treatment, children with combined-type ADHD exhibit significant impairment in adolescence. Innovative treatment approaches targeting specific areas of adolescent impairment are needed.

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Metadata

Authors
Molina, B. S. G., Hinshaw, S. P., Swanson, J. M., Arnold, L. E., Vitiello, B., Jensen, P. S., Epstein, J. N., Hoza, B., Hechtman, L., Abikoff, H. B., Elliott, G. R., Greenhill, L. L., Newcorn, J. H., Wells, K. C., Wigal, T., Gibbons, R. D., Hur, K., & Houck, P. R.
Affiliations
  • University of Pittsburgh (US)
  • University of California, Berkeley (US)
  • University of California, Irvine (US)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (US)
  • Duke University (US)
  • Long Island Jewish Medical Center (US)
  • New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
  • University of Illinois Chicago (US)
Corresponding author
Molina, Brooke S.G.
Venue
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2009-05
Volume
48
Issue
5
Pages
484-500
ISSN
0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2144385879
Cited by
1,182
References
55
Citations by year
2026: 24 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 79 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 85 · 2016: 108 · 2015: 92 · 2014: 109 · 2013: 76 · 2012: 94
FWCI
53.43
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
  • U.S. Department of Justice
  • U.S. Department of Education
  • Abbott Laboratories
  • Eli Lilly and Company
  • Pfizer
  • Sanofi
  • Purdue University
  • Celgene
  • University of Pittsburgh (HHSN271200800008-C, U01 MH50467, N01MH 12010)
  • McGill University (N01MH12008, HHSN271200800003-C)
  • Purdue Pharma
  • York University
  • National Institutes of Health (n01mh12011-0-0-1, n01mh012009-007, n01mh12008-0-0-1, n01mh12010-0-0-1, n01mh12004-0-0-0, n01mh12007-0-0-0, n01mh012012-001)
  • Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh
  • University of California, Irvine (HHSN271200800006-C, N01MH 12004)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (U01MH50461, N01 MH12007, N01MH-12012, N01 MH012007, U01MH50440, N01MH12008,, U01MH050467, MH-50467, N01 MH012009, U01 MH50477, N01 MH012011, U01MH050447, U01MH050440, N01 MH012012, N01 MH12009, U01MH050453, N01 MH012010, U01MH50467, U01MH050461, N01MH 12004, U01MH50453, N01MH 12010, U01MH050454, N01 MH012004, N01 MH012008)
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (HHSN271200800003C, HHSN271200800006C, N01 DA085550, N01 DA085552, HHSN271200800008C, N01 DA085549, HHSN271200800005C, N01 DA085551, N01 DA085548, HHSN271200800007C, HHSN271200800009C, N01 DA085553, N01 DA085554, R01DA012414, HHSN271200800004C)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Keywords
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, combined type ADHD, long-term outcomes, symptom trajectories, prognostic factors, treatment effects, medication use, adolescent functioning, academic performance, arrests, psychiatric hospitalization
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Behavior Therapy, Behavioral Symptoms, Child, Combined Modality Therapy, Community Mental Health Services, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychotropic Drugs, Reference Values, Regression Analysis, Case-Control Studies, Treatment Outcome, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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