Sympathetic activity in major depressive disorder: identifying those at increased cardiac risk?
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Evidence exists linking major depressive disorder (MDD) with clinical cardiovascular events. The importance of the sympathetic nervous system in the generation of cardiac risk in other contexts is established. OBJECTIVE: To examine the importance of the sympathetic nervous system in the generation of cardiac risk in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS: Studies were performed in 39 patients meeting the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (DSM-IV) criteria for MDD and in 76 healthy subjects. Treatment for patients consisted of selective serotonin reuptake inhibition (SSRI) for 12 weeks. Whole body and cardiac sympathetic activity were examined using noradrenaline isotope dilution methodology and sympathetic nerve recording techniques. Measurement of the extraction of infused tritiated noradrenaline by the heart, and estimation of cardiac dihydroxyphenylglycol production provided direct quantification of neuronal noradrenaline reuptake. RESULTS: Sympathetic activity, particularly in the heart and for the whole body, in patients with MDD followed a bimodal distribution. Elevated values were observed in patients with co-morbid panic disorder (P = 0.006). Consistent with a defect in noradrenaline reuptake, the cardiac extraction of tritiated noradrenaline (0.80 +/- 0.01 versus 0.56 +/- 0.04%, P < 0.001) and cardiac dihydroxyphenylglycol overflow (109 +/- 8 versus 73 +/- 11, P = 0.01) were reduced in patients with MDD. SSRI therapy abolished the excessive sympathetic activation, with whole body noradrenaline spillover falling from 518 +/- 83 to 290 +/- 41 ng/min (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: We have identified a subset of patients with MDD in whom sympathetic nervous activity is extraordinarily high, including in the sympathetic outflow to the heart. Treatment with an SSRI may reduce sympathetic activity in a manner likely to reduce cardiac risk.
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With the coexistence of impaired norepinephrine reuptake with firing salvos in normal-weight essential hypertension and in depressive illness and panic disorder, there is evidence of cardiac risk, even in panic disorder.
“Conversely, with the coexistence of impaired norepinephrine reuptake with firing salvos in normal-weight essential hypertension 31,[33][34][35][36] and in depressive illness 42,51,79 and panic disorder, 51,79,80 there is evidence of cardiac risk, 84 even in panic disorder.[85][86][87]”
From Obesity Paradox in Hypertension: Is This Because Sympathetic Activation in Obesity-Hypertension Takes a Benign Form? (2018) · cites this paper as [42]
For cardiac sympathetic activation, the ranking is cardiac failure > normal-weight essential hypertension > depressive illness > aging.
“The ranking is as follows: for cardiac sympathetic activation, cardiac failure>normal-weight essential hypertension>depressive ill ness>aging.19,22,24,42,44,45,49,78”
From Obesity Paradox in Hypertension: Is This Because Sympathetic Activation in Obesity-Hypertension Takes a Benign Form? (2018) · cites this paper as [42]
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Facilitated defensive coping, silent ischaemia and ECG left-ventricular hypertrophy
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Methylation of the SLC6a2 Gene Promoter in Major Depression and Panic Disorder
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- Authors
- Barton, D. A., Dawood, T., Lambert, E. A., Esler, M. D., Haikerwal, D., Brenchley, C., Socratous, F., Kaye, D. M., Schlaich, M. P., Hickie, I., & Lambert, G. W.
- Affiliations
- The Alfred Hospital (AU)
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (AU)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Lambert, Gavin W
- Venue
- Journal of Hypertension
- Published
- 2007-10
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2117-2124
- ISSN
- 0263-6352 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2011292063
- Semantic Scholar
- 11e1e7e034e6fb95be3ea0d1bee0214d1fc79e11
- Cited by
- 291
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 10.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Monash University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, sympathetic nervous system, heart disease risk, noradrenaline spillover, cardiac sympathetic activity, norepinephrine uptake, dihydroxyphenylglycol, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cardiovascular Diseases, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Heart, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Norepinephrine, Sympathetic Nervous System, Case-Control Studies, Panic Disorder, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
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