Understanding loneliness in the twenty-first century: an update on correlates, risk factors, and potential solutions

Lim, Michelle H.; Eres, Robert; Vasan, Shradha

doi:10.1007/s00127-020-01889-7

Cited by 439Health disparities and outcomesCOVID-19 and Mental HealthDeath Anxiety and Social Exclusion

Understanding loneliness in the twenty-first century: an update on correlates, risk factors, and potential solutions

Open access

Lim, Michelle H., Eres, Robert, Vasan, Shradha·2020·Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology

DOI 10.1007/s00127-020-01889-7

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Purpose Loneliness is increasingly recognised as the next critical public health issue. A plausible reason for this concern may be related to emerging societal trends affecting the way we relate, communicate, and function in our social environment. In 2006, a prominent review of the clinical significance of loneliness was published. However, there has not been a comprehensive update on known and emerging risk factors and correlates of loneliness since then. Furthermore, there is no conceptual model that has been developed to better account for the complexity of loneliness and to inform the development of evidence-based solutions as we challenge the issues of the twenty-first century. Methods We reviewed the current literature to identify either known or emerging risk factors and correlates of loneliness since 2006. This includes new or known evidence on: (1) demography; (2) health, including physical health; mental health; cognitive health; brain, biology, and genetics; and (3) socio-environmental factors including digital communication and the workplace. Results We synthesized the literature according to a new proposed conceptual model of loneliness which showed the interplay between known and emerging correlates and risk factors from demography, health, to socio-environmental factors. In the conceptual model of loneliness, we illustrated how solutions can be delivered and tailored to an individual based on their life circumstances and preferences. Conclusion We concluded by…

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s00127-020-01889-7

Cites

174 of 174 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The pathway between loneliness and anxiety and depression involves psychological, biological, and social factors.
“The pathway between loneliness and anxiety and depression involves psychological, biological, and social factors [77, 78].”
From The prospective association of adolescent loneliness and low resilience with anxiety and depression in young adulthood: The HUNT study (2025) · cites this paper as [77]

Using multivariate statistics
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1983) · Cited by 79,888 · see citing works
The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.117.3.497 · Cited by 23,245 · see citing works
Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614568352 · Cited by 6,043 · see citing works
UCLA loneliness scale (version 3): reliability, validity, and factor structure
Russell, D. W. (1996) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2 · Cited by 5,800 · see citing works
Neural regulation of endocrine and autonomic stress responses
Ulrich-Lai, Y. M., & Herman, J. P. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2647 · Cited by 3,318 · see citing works
Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women
Steptoe, A., Shankar, A., Demakakos, P., & Wardle, J. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1219686110 · Cited by 2,503 · see citing works
An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness
Leigh-Hunt, N., Bagguley, D., Bash, K., Turner, V., Turnbull, S., Valtorta, N., & Caan, W. (2017) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2017.07.035 · Cited by 2,158 · see citing works
Loneliness: A Source Book of Current Theory, Research and Therapy
Blazer, D. G. (1983) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/38.4.492 · Cited by 2,145 · see citing works
Perceived social isolation and cognition
Cacioppo, J. T., & Hawkley, L. C. (2009) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.06.005 · Cited by 2,144 · see citing works
Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and health among older adults
Cornwell, E. Y., & Waite, L. J. (2009) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650905000103 · Cited by 2,027 · see citing works
A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Reduce Loneliness
Masi, C. M., Chen, H.-Y., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868310377394 · Cited by 1,995 · see citing works
Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study
Fowler, J. H., & Christakis, N. A. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.a2338 · Cited by 1,990 · see citing works
The clinical significance of loneliness: a literature review
Heinrich, L. M., & Gullone, E. (2006) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.04.002 · Cited by 1,986 · see citing works
Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies
Valtorta, N. K., Kanaan, M., Gilbody, S., Ronzi, S., & Hanratty, B. (2016) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308790 · Cited by 1,971 · see citing works
Perceived social isolation makes me sad: 5-year cross-lagged analyses of loneliness and depressive symptomatology in the chicago health, aging, and social relations study
Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2010) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0017216 · Cited by 1,757 · see citing works
Increases in Depressive Symptoms, Suicide-Related Outcomes, and Suicide Rates Among U.S. Adolescents After 2010 and Links to Increased New Media Screen Time
Twenge, J. M., Joiner, T. E., Rogers, M. L., & Martin, G. N. (2018) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702617723376 · Cited by 1,705 · see citing works
Coming to terms with the terms of risk
Kraemer, H. C. (1997) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830160065009 · Cited by 1,432 · see citing works
Loneliness and Risk of Alzheimer Disease
Wilson, R. S., Krueger, K. R., Arnold, S. E., Schneider, J. A., Kelly, J. F., Barnes, L. L., Tang, Y., & Bennett, D. A. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.2.234 · Cited by 1,363 · see citing works
Influences on Loneliness in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis
Pinquart, M., & Sörensen, S. (2001) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/153248301753225702 · Cited by 1,233 · see citing works
Loneliness, health, and mortality in old age: A national longitudinal study
Luo, Y., Hawkley, L. C., Waite, L. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2012) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.028 · Cited by 1,232 · see citing works
Loneliness in the general population: prevalence, determinants and relations to mental health
Beutel, M. E., Klein, E. M., Brähler, E., Reiner, I., Jünger, C., Michal, M., Wiltink, J., Wild, P. S., Münzel, T., Lackner, K. J., et al. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1262-x · Cited by 1,223 · see citing works
Loneliness and health: potential mechanisms
Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Crawford, L. E., Ernst, J. M., Burleson, M. H., Kowalewski, R. B., Malarkey, W. B., Van Cauter, E., & Berntson, G. G. (2002) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200205000-00005 · Cited by 1,149 · see citing works
Mental disorders as networks of problems: a review of recent insights
Fried, E. I., van Borkulo, C. D., Cramer, A. O. J., Boschloo, L., Schoevers, R. A., & Borsboom, D. (2016) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1319-z · Cited by 1,066 · see citing works
Influences on Loneliness in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis
Pinquart, M., & Sorensen, S. (2001) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2304_2 · Cited by 1,036 · see citing works
Advancing social connection as a public health priority in the United States.
Holt-Lunstad, J., Robles, T. F., & Sbarra, D. A. (2017) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000103 · Cited by 978 · see citing works
The neuroendocrinology of social isolation
Cacioppo, J. T., Cacioppo, S., Capitanio, J. P., & Cole, S. W. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015240 · Cited by 977 · see citing works
Social media use and perceived social isolation among young adults in the U.S
Primack, B. A., Shensa, A., Sidani, J. E., Whaite, E. O., Lin, L. Y., Rosen, D., Colditz, J. B., Radovic, A., & Miller, E. (2017) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.01.010 · Cited by 889 · see citing works
Why social relationships are important for physical health: a systems approach to understanding and modifying risk and protection
Holt-Lunstad, J. (2018) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011902 · Cited by 873 · see citing works
Alone in the crowd: The structure and spread of loneliness in a large social network.
Cacioppo, J. T., Fowler, J. H., & Christakis, N. A. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016076 · Cited by 844 · see citing works
From clients to citizens: Asset-based Community Development as a strategy for community-driven development
Mathie, A., & Cunningham, G. (2003) · Development in Practice · doi:10.1080/0961452032000125857 · Cited by 839 · see citing works
Loneliness and Social Internet Use: Pathways to Reconnection in a Digital World?
Nowland, R., Necka, E. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2018) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617713052 · Cited by 783 · see citing works
Loneliness as a Public Health Issue: The Impact of Loneliness on Health Care Utilization Among Older Adults
Gerst-Emerson, K., & Jayawardhana, J. (2015) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.302427 · Cited by 783 · see citing works
Social prescribing: less rhetoric and more reality. A systematic review of the evidence
Bickerdike, L., Booth, A., Wilson, P. M., Farley, K., & Wright, K. E. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013384 · Cited by 783 · see citing works
Processing of primary and secondary rewards: A quantitative meta-analysis and review of human functional neuroimaging studies
Sescousse, G., Caldú, X., Segura, B., & Dreher, J.-C. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.02.002 · Cited by 782 · see citing works
Day-to-day dynamics of experience–cortisol associations in a population-based sample of older adults
Adam, E. K., Hawkley, L. C., Kudielka, B. M., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0605053103 · Cited by 782 · see citing works
Emotion, Social Function, and Psychopathology
Keltner, D., & Kring, A. M. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.320 · Cited by 773 · see citing works
Social regulation of gene expression in human leukocytes
Cole, S. W., Hawkley, L. C., Arevalo, J. M., Sung, C. Y., Rose, R. M., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2007-8-9-r189 · Cited by 745 · see citing works
The Relation of Social Isolation, Loneliness, and Social Support to Disease Outcomes Among the Elderly
Tomaka, J., Thompson, S. E., & Palacios, R. (2006) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264305280993 · Cited by 726 · see citing works
Correlates and predictors of loneliness in older-adults: a review of quantitative results informed by qualitative insights
Cohen-Mansfield, J., Hazan, H., Lerman, Y., & Shalom, V. (2016) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610215001532 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
Association of loneliness with all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis
Rico‐Uribe, L. A., Caballero, F. F., Martín‐María, N., Cabello, M., Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L., & Miret, M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190033 · Cited by 662 · see citing works
Untitled work
Shankar (2013) · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31827f09cd · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Feelings of loneliness, but not social isolation, predict dementia onset: results from the Amsterdam Study of the Elderly (AMSTEL)
Holwerda, T. J., Deeg, D. J. H., Beekman, A. T. F., van Tilburg, T. G., Stek, M. L., Jonker, C., & Schoevers, R. A. (2014) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2012-302755 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Toward a neurology of loneliness
Cacioppo, S., Capitanio, J. P., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0037618 · Cited by 623 · see citing works
Loneliness and neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and inflammatory stress responses in middle-aged men and women
Steptoe, A., Owen, N., Kunz-Ebrecht, S. R., & Brydon, L. (2004) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(03)00086-6 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Loneliness, social support networks, mood and wellbeing in community‐dwelling elderly
Golden, J., Conroy, R. M., Bruce, I., Denihan, A., Greene, E., Kirby, M., & Lawlor, B. A. (2009) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.2181 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Loneliness predicts reduced physical activity: Cross-sectional & longitudinal analyses.
Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2009) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014400 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Loneliness in everyday life: Cardiovascular activity, psychosocial context, and health behaviors.
Hawkley, L. C., Burleson, M. H., Berntson, G. G., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.1.105 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Loneliness, social network size, and immune response to influenza vaccination in college freshmen
Pressman, S. D., Cohen, S., Miller, G. E., Barkin, A., Rabin, B. S., & Treanor, J. J. (2005) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.3.297 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Accountable Health Communities — Addressing Social Needs through Medicare and Medicaid
Alley, D. E., Asomugha, C. N., Conway, P. H., & Sanghavi, D. M. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp1512532 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Evolutionary mechanisms for loneliness
Cacioppo, J. T., Cacioppo, S., & Boomsma, D. I. (2014) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.837379 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Loneliness, Social Isolation, and Cardiovascular Health
Xia, N., & Li, H. (2017) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2017.7312 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Lonely traits and concomitant physiological processes: the MacArthur social neuroscience studies
Cacioppo, J. T., Ernst, J. M., Burleson, M. H., McClintock, M. K., Malarkey, W. B., Hawkley, L. C., Kowalewski, R. B., Paulsen, A., Hobson, J. A., Hugdahl, K., et al. (2000) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(99)00049-5 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Loneliness is a unique predictor of age-related differences in systolic blood pressure.
Hawkley, L. C., Masi, C. M., Berry, J. D., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2006) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.152 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Loneliness, depression and sociability in old age
Singh, A., & Misra, N. (2009) · Industrial Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.4103/0972-6748.57861 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Loneliness, depression and cognitive function in older U.S. adults
Donovan, N. J., Wu, Q., Rentz, D. M., Sperling, R. A., Marshall, G. A., & Glymour, M. M. (2017) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4495 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
The default mode network and social understanding of others: what do brain connectivity studies tell us
Li, W., Mai, X., & Liu, C. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00074 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Groups 4 Health: Evidence that a social-identity intervention that builds and strengthens social group membership improves mental health
Haslam, C., Cruwys, T., Haslam, S. A., Dingle, G., & Chang, M. X.-L. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.01.010 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Inflammation as a psychophysiological biomarker in chronic psychosocial stress
Hänsel, A., Hong, S., Cámara, R. J. A., & von Känel, R. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.12.012 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Loneliness over time: The crucial role of social anxiety.
Lim, M. H., Rodebaugh, T. L., Zyphur, M. J., & Gleeson, J. F. M. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000162 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Self-citation
No Employee an Island: Workplace Loneliness and Job Performance
Özçelik, H., & Barsade, S. G. (2018) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2015.1066 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Does gratitude enhance prosociality?: A meta-analytic review.
Lawrence, K., Tunney, R. J., & Ferguson, E. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000103 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Socially Isolated Children 20 Years Later: Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
Caspi, A., Harrington, H., Moffitt, T. E., Milne, B. J., & Poulton, R. (2006) · Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.160.8.805 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Inflammation and social experience: An inflammatory challenge induces feelings of social disconnection in addition to depressed mood
Eisenberger, N. I., Inagaki, T. K., Mashal, N. M., & Irwin, M. R. (2010) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2009.12.009 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
In Sickness and in Health: The Co-Regulation of Inflammation and Social Behavior
Eisenberger, N. I., Moieni, M., Inagaki, T. K., Muscatell, K. A., & Irwin, M. R. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.141 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Loneliness, social contacts and Internet addiction: A cross-lagged panel study
Yao, M. Z., & Zhong, Z. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.08.007 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Social isolation and loneliness as risk factors for myocardial infarction, stroke and mortality: UK Biobank cohort study of 479 054 men and women
Hakulinen, C., Pulkki-Råback, L., Virtanen, M., Jokela, M., Kivimäki, M., & Elovainio, M. (2018) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2017-312663 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Assets‐based community development
Kretzmann, J., & McKnight, J. (1996) · National Civic Review · doi:10.1002/ncr.4100850405 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
A life less lonely: the state of the art in interventions to reduce loneliness in people with mental health problems
Mann, F., Bone, J. K., Lloyd-Evans, B., Frerichs, J., Pinfold, V., Ma, R., Wang, J., & Johnson, S. (2017) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-017-1392-y · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Sympathetic nervous activation in obesity and the metabolic syndrome—Causes, consequences and therapeutic implications
Lambert, G. W., Straznicky, N. E., Lambert, É., Dixon, J. B., & Schlaich, M. P. (2010) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.02.002 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Loneliness and cortisol: Momentary, day-to-day, and trait associations
Doane, L. D., & Adam, E. K. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.08.005 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
A Meta-analytic Study of Predictors for Loneliness During Adolescence
Mahon, N. E., Yarcheski, A., Yarcheski, T. J., Cannella, B. L., & Hanks, M. M. (2006) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-200609000-00003 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
In the Eye of the Beholder: Individual Differences in Perceived Social Isolation Predict Regional Brain Activation to Social Stimuli
Cacioppo, J. T., Norris, C. J., Decety, J., Monteleone, G., & Nusbaum, H. (2009) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21007 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Internet Use and Its Relationship to Loneliness
Moody, E. J. (2001) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/109493101300210303 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Women, Loneliness, and Incident Coronary Heart Disease
Thurston, R. C., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181b40efc · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Myeloid differentiation architecture of leukocyte transcriptome dynamics in perceived social isolation
Cole, S. W., Capitanio, J. P., Chun, K., Arevalo, J. M. G., Ma, J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1514249112 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
The effects of personality traits, self-esteem, loneliness, and narcissism on Facebook use among university students
Skues, J. L., Williams, B., & Wise, L. (2012) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.012 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Predictors of loneliness among older women and men in Sweden: A national longitudinal study
Dahlberg, L., Andersson, L. F., McKee, K., & Lennartsson, C. (2014) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.944091 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Sympathetic activity in major depressive disorder: identifying those at increased cardiac risk?
Barton, D. A., Dawood, T., Lambert, E. A., Esler, M. D., Haikerwal, D., Brenchley, C., Socratous, F., Kaye, D. M., Schlaich, M. P., Hickie, I., et al. (2007) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e32829baae7 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Who are Lonely? Loneliness in Different Age Groups (18–81 Years Old), Using Two Measures of Loneliness
Nicolaisen, M., & Thorsen, K. (2014) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/ag.78.3.b · Cited by 277 · see citing works
An integrative neural model of social perception, action observation, and theory of mind
Yang, D. Y.-J., Rosenblau, G., Keifer, C., & Pelphrey, K. A. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.020 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Social Isolation and Stress-related Cardiovascular, Lipid, and Cortisol Responses
Grant, N., Hamer, M., & Steptoe, A. (2009) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-009-9081-z · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Effects of social isolation on glucocorticoid regulation in social mammals
Hawkley, L. C., Cole, S. W., Capitanio, J. P., Norman, G. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.05.011 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
The association of body mass index with social and economic disadvantage in women and men
Sarlio‐Lähteenkorva, S., & Lahelma, E. T. (1999) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/28.3.445 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Approaching the transition to adulthood: Distinctive profiles of adolescents aging out of the child welfare system
Keller, T. E., Cusick, G. R., & Courtney, M. E. (2007) · Social Service Review · doi:10.1086/519536 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Loneliness impairs daytime functioning but not sleep duration.
Hawkley, L. C., Preacher, K. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018646 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Increased risk of mortality associated with social isolation in older men: only when feeling lonely? Results from the Amsterdam Study of the Elderly (AMSTEL)
Holwerda, T. J., Beekman, A. T. F., Deeg, D. J. H., Stek, M. L., van Tilburg, T. G., Visser, P. J., Schmand, B., Jonker, C., & Schoevers, R. A. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711001772 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Loneliness Is Associated with Sleep Fragmentation in a Communal Society
Kurina, L. M., Knutson, K. L., Hawkley, L. C., Cacioppo, J. T., Lauderdale, D. S., & Ober, C. (2011) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.1390 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Loneliness in psychosis: a systematic review
Lim, M. H., Gleeson, J., Álvarez‐Jiménez, M., & Penn, D. L. (2018) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-018-1482-5 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Self-citation
Feeling lonely at work: investigating the consequences of unsatisfactory workplace relationships
Lam, L. W., & Lau, D. C.-S. (2012) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2012.665070 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Cross-national Comparisons of Social Isolation and Loneliness: Introduction and Overview
de Jong Gierveld, J., & Havens, B. (2004) · Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.1353/cja.2004.0021 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Factors Associated With Loneliness of Noninstitutionalized and Institutionalized Older Adults
Prieto-Flores, M.-E., Forjaz, M. J., Fernández‐Mayoralas, G., Rojo‐Pérez, F., & Martínez‐Martín, P. (2010) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264310382658 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Computer and Internet Interventions for Loneliness and Depression in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis
Choi, M., Kong, S., & Jung, D. (2012) · Healthcare Informatics Research · doi:10.4258/hir.2012.18.3.191 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Oxytocin increases autonomic cardiac control: Moderation by loneliness
Norman, G. J., Cacioppo, J. T., Morris, J. S., Malarkey, W. B., Berntson, G. G., & DeVries, A. C. (2011) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.11.006 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Risk factors for loneliness in patients with cancer: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis
Deckx, L., van den Akker, M., & Buntinx, F. (2014) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2014.05.002 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Loneliness of Older Immigrant Groups in Canada: Effects of Ethnic-Cultural Background
Gierveld, J. D. J., van der Pas, S., & Keating, N. C. (2015) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology · doi:10.1007/s10823-015-9265-x · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Stressful life transitions and wellbeing: A comparison of the stress buffering hypothesis and the social identity model of identity change
Praharso, N. F., Tear, M. J., & Cruwys, T. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.11.039 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Brain Structure Links Loneliness to Social Perception
Kanai, R., Bahrami, B., Duchaine, B., Janik, A., Banissy, M. J., & Rees, G. (2012) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.08.045 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
A marginal structural model analysis for loneliness: Implications for intervention trials and clinical practice.
VanderWeele, T. J., Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2011) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022610 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Social networks and support in first-episode psychosis: exploring the role of loneliness and anxiety
Sündermann, O., Onwumere, J., Kane, F., Morgan, C., & Kuipers, E. (2013) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0754-3 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Loneliness and implicit attention to social threat: A high-performance electrical neuroimaging study
Cacioppo, S., Bangee, M., Balogh, S., Cardenas‐Iniguez, C., Qualter, P., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2015) · Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17588928.2015.1070136 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Metabolic syndrome: a sympathetic disease?
Schlaich, M., Straznicky, N., Lambert, E., & Lambert, G. (2015) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(14)70033-6 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
CHRONIC MENTAL STRESS IS A CAUSE OF ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION: PRESENCE OF BIOLOGICAL MARKERS OF STRESS
Esler, M., Eikelis, N., Schlaich, M., Lambert, G., Alvarenga, M., Dawood, T., Kaye, D., Barton, D., Pier, C., Guo, L., et al. (2008) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.04904.x · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Internet Use and Psychological Wellness during Late Adulthood*
Erickson, J., & Johnson, G. (2011) · Canadian Journal on Aging/La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.1017/s0714980811000109 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Loneliness in psychotic disorders and its association with cognitive function and symptom profile
Badcock, J. C., Shah, S., Mackinnon, A., Stain, H. J., Galletly, C., Jablensky, A., & Morgan, V. A. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.10.027 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Loneliness and Ethnic Minority Elders in Great Britain: An Exploratory Study
Victor, C. R., Burholt, V., & Martin, W. E. (2012) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology · doi:10.1007/s10823-012-9161-6 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
What Are Friends for? Friendships and Loneliness Over the Lifespan—From 18 to 79 Years
Nicolaisen, M., & Thorsen, K. (2016) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.1177/0091415016655166 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Differences in late-life loneliness: a comparison between Turkish and native-born older adults in Germany
Fokkema, T., & Naderi, R. (2013) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-013-0267-7 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Loneliness in old age: longitudinal changes and their determinants in an Israeli sample
Cohen‐Mansfield, J., Shmotkin, D., & Goldberg, S. C. (2009) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610209990974 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Workplace loneliness, leader-member exchange and creativity: The cross-level moderating role of leader compassion
Peng, J., Chen, Y., Xia, Y. J., & Ran, Y. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.020 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
The economic costs of loneliness: a review of cost-of-illness and economic evaluation studies
Mihalopoulos, C., Le, L. K., Chatterton, M. L., Bucholc, J., Holt‐Lunstad, J., Lim, M. H., & Engel, L. (2019) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01733-7 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citation
Lighten UP! A community-based group intervention to promote psychological well-being in older adults
Friedman, E., Ruini, C., Foy, C., Jaros, L., Sampson, H., & Ryff, C. (2015) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1093605 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Risk factors and prevention
OFFORD, D. R., & Kraemer, H. C. (2000) · Evidence-Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/ebmh.3.3.70 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
The association between depression and emotional and social loneliness in older persons and the influence of social support, cognitive functioning and personality: A cross-sectional study
Peerenboom, L., Collard, R. M., Naarding, P., & Comijs, H. C. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.033 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Implicit attention to negative social, in contrast to nonsocial, words in the Stroop task differs between individuals high and low in loneliness: Evidence from event-related brain microstates
Cacioppo, S., Balogh, S., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2015) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2015.05.032 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Personality traits, loneliness, and attitudes toward aloneness in adolescence
Teppers, E., Klimstra, T. A., Damme, C. V., Luyckx, K., Vanhalst, J., & Goossens, L. (2013) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407513481445 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Perceived social isolation is associated with altered functional connectivity in neural networks associated with tonic alertness and executive control
Layden, E. A., Cacioppo, J. T., Cacioppo, S., Cappa, S. F., Dodich, A., Falini, A., & Canessa, N. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.09.050 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
The Relationship between Social Climate and Loneliness in the Workplace and Effects on Employee Well-Being
Erdil, O., & Ertosun, Ö. G. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.09.091 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Yearning for connection? Loneliness is associated with increased ventral striatum activity to close others
Inagaki, T. K., Muscatell, K. A., Moieni, M., Dutcher, J. M., Jevtic, I., Irwin, M. R., & Eisenberger, N. I. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv076 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Exploring the Potential of Social Network Analysis in Asset-based Community Development Practice and Research
Ennis, G., & West, D. (2010) · Australian Social Work · doi:10.1080/0312407x.2010.508167 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
A pilot digital intervention targeting loneliness in young people with psychosis
Lim, M. H., Gleeson, J., Rodebaugh, T. L., Eres, R., Long, K. M., Casey, K., Abbott, J.-A., Thomas, N., & Penn, D. L. (2019) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01681-2 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citation
Loneliness and the risk of dementia among older Chinese adults: gender differences
Zhou, Z., Wang, P., & Fang, Y. (2017) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2016.1277976 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Reducing emergency hospital admissions: a population health complex intervention of an enhanced model of primary care and compassionate communities
Abel, J., Kingston, H., Scally, A., Hartnoll, J., Hannam, G., Thomson-Moore, A., & Kellehear, A. (2018) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp18x699437 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Academy of Management Proceedings
Croonen, E. P. M., Brand, M. J., & Huizingh, K. R. E. (2012) · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The Genetics of Loneliness: Linking Evolutionary Theory to Genome-Wide Genetics, Epigenetics, and Social Science
Goossens, L., van Roekel, E., Verhagen, M., Cacioppo, J. T., Cacioppo, S., Maes, M., & Boomsma, D. I. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614564878 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Genome-Wide Association Study of Loneliness Demonstrates a Role for Common Variation
Gao, J., Davis, L. K., Hart, A. B., Sanchez‐Roige, S., Han, L., Cacioppo, J. T., & Palmer, A. A. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.197 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Familial Resemblance for Loneliness
Distel, M. A., Rebollo‐Mesa, I., Abdellaoui, A., Derom, C. A., Willemsen, G. A. H. M., Cacioppo, J. T., & Boomsma, D. I. (2010) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-010-9341-5 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
From Neurons to Social Beings: Short Review of the Mirror Neuron System Research and Its Socio-Psychological and Psychiatric Implications
Jeon, H., & Lee, S. (2018) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2018.16.1.18 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Loneliness in Children
McGuire, S., & Clifford, J. (2000) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00293 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
A Pilot Digital Intervention Targeting Loneliness in Youth Mental Health
Lim, M. H., Rodebaugh, T. L., Eres, R., Long, K. M., Penn, D. L., & Gleeson, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00604 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citation
Social Connectedness, Perceived Isolation, and Dementia: Does the Social Environment Moderate the Relationship Between Genetic Risk and Cognitive Well-Being?
Poey, J. L., Burr, J. A., & Roberts, J. S. (2017) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnw154 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Need to Belong, Not Rejection Sensitivity, Moderates Cortisol Response, Self-Reported Stress, and Negative Affect Following Social Exclusion
Beekman, J. B., Stock, M. L., & Marcus, T. (2015) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2015.1071767 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
WORK LONELINESS AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE
Özçelik, H., & Barsade, S. G. (2011) · Academy of Management Proceedings · doi:10.5465/ambpp.2011.65869714 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Loneliness in adolescence: gene × environment interactions involving the serotonin transporter gene
van Roekel, E., Scholte, R. H. J., Verhagen, M., Goossens, L., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02225.x · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Demographic, Psychological, and Social Environmental Factors of Loneliness and Satisfaction among Rural-to-Urban Migrants in Shanghai, China
Wen, M., & Wang, G. (2009) · International Journal of Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1177/0020715208101597 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Loneliness and Mental Health in a Representative Sample of Community-Dwelling Spanish Older Adults
Losada‐Baltar, A., Márquez‐González, M., García‐Ortiz, L., Gómez-Marcos, M. Á., Fernández-Fernández, V., & Rodríguez‐Sánchez, E. (2012) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2011.582523 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Compassionate communities and end-of-life care
Abel, J. (2018) · Clinical Medicine · doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.18-1-6 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Loneliness, Health, and Longevity
Stessman, J., Rottenberg, Y., Shimshilashvili, I., Ein-Mor, E., & Jacobs, J. M. (2014) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/glt147 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
White matter structures associated with loneliness in young adults
Nakagawa, S., Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., Nouchi, R., Sekiguchi, A., Kotozaki, Y., Miyauchi, C. M., Iizuka, K., Yokoyama, R., Shinada, T., et al. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep17001 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Loneliness in late-life depression: structural and functional connectivity during affective processing
Wong, N. M. L., Liu, H.-L., Lin, C., Huang, C., Wai, Y. Y., Lee, S., & Lee, T. M. C. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716001033 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Specific Serotonin Reuptake Inhibition in Major Depressive Disorder Adversely Affects Novel Markers of Cardiac Risk
Dawood, T., Lambert, É., Barton, D., Laude, D., Elghozi, J., Esler, M., Haikerwal, D., Kaye, D. M., Hotchkin, E., & Lambert, G. W. (2007) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1291/hypres.30.285 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Rapid heartbeat, but dry palms: reactions of heart rate and skin conductance levels to social rejection
Iffland, B., Sansen, L. M., Catani, C., & Neuner, F. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00956 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Individual differences in positive and negative emotion regulation: Which strategies explain variability in loneliness?
Kearns, S. M., & Creaven, A. (2016) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1363 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Gender differences in the experience of loneliness in U.S. Chinese older adults
Dong, X., & Chen, R. (2016) · Journal of Women & Aging · doi:10.1080/08952841.2015.1080534 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Prospective associations between loneliness and emotional intelligence
Wols, A., Scholte, R. H. J., & Qualter, P. (2015) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.12.007 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Neuroendocrine abnormalities in human obesity
Björntorp, P. A. (1995) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(95)90208-2 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The Effects of Loneliness on Employees’ Commitment and Intention to Leave
Ertosun, Ö. G., & Erdil, O. (2012) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.04.057 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Rumination is independently associated with poor psychological health: Comparing emotion regulation strategies
Zawadzki, M. J. (2015) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2015.1026904 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Gender differences in the correlates of loneliness among Japanese persons aged 50–70
van den Broek, T. (2017) · Australian Journal on Ageing · doi:10.1111/ajag.12448 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Perspective on loneliness
Peplau, L. (1982) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Affinity-Seeking, Social Loneliness, and Social Avoidance among Facebook Users
Lemieux, R., Lajoie, S., & Trainor, N. E. (2013) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/07.pr0.112.2.545-552 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Does loneliness mediate the stress-sleep quality relation? The Hordaland Health Study
Aanes, M. M., Hetland, J., Pallesen, S., & Mittelmark, M. B. (2011) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610211000111 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Loneliness, immigration background and self-identified ethnicity: a nationally representative study of adolescents in Denmark
Madsen, K. R., Damsgaard, M. T., Jervelund, S. S., Christensen, U., Stevens, G. W. J. M., Walsh, S. D., Koushede, V., Nielsen, L., Due, P., & Holstein, B. E. (2016) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2015.1137754 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Predicting loneliness in old people living in the community
Paúl, C., & Ribeiro, Ó. M. (2009) · Reviews in Clinical Gerontology · doi:10.1017/s0959259809990074 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The effect of loneliness at work; work stress on work alienation and work alienation on employees’ performance in Turkish health care institution
Şantaş, G., Işık, O., & Demir, A. (2016) · South Asian Journal of Management Sciences · doi:10.21621/sajms.2016102.03 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Chronic social isolation in the prairie vole induces endothelial dysfunction: implications for depression and cardiovascular disease
Peuler, J. D., Scotti, M. L., Phelps, L. E., McNeal, N., & Grippo, A. J. (2012) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.03.019 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The dopamine D2 receptor gene, perceived parental support, and adolescent loneliness: longitudinal evidence for gene–environment interactions
van Roekel, E., Goossens, L., Scholte, R. H. J., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Verhagen, M. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02424.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Loneliness, Sociodemographic and Mental Health Variables in Spanish Adults over 65 Years Old
Ausín, B., Muñoz, M., & Castellanos, M. Á. (2017) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2017.48 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The Oxytocin Receptor Gene (OXTR) in Relation to State Levels of Loneliness in Adolescence: Evidence for Micro-Level Gene-Environment Interactions
van Roekel, E., Verhagen, M., Scholte, R. H. J., Kleinjan, M., Goossens, L., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077689 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Genetic Linkage and Association Analysis for Loneliness in Dutch Twin and Sibling Pairs Points to a Region on Chromosome 12q23–24
Boomsma, D. I., Cacioppo, J. T., Slagboom, P. E., & Posthuma, D. (2006) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-005-9005-z · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Prevalence and correlates of loneliness among Chinese service industry migrant workers
Zhong, B., Xu, Y., Jin, D., Zou, X., & Liu, T. (2016) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000003903 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Australian loneliness report: a survey exploring the loneliness levels of Australians and the impact on their health and wellbeing
Lim, M. H. (2018) · Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) · doi:10.25916/sut.26279857 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citation
Association of CHRNA4 polymorphism with depression and loneliness in elderly males
Tsai, S., Yeh, H. ‐., Hong, C. ‐., Liou, Y., Yang, A. C., Liu, M., & Hwang, J. P. (2011) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2011.00741.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Personality, Behavior and Environmental Features Associated with OXTR Genetic Variants in British Mothers
Connelly, J. J., Golding, J., Gregory, S., Ring, S. M., Davis, J. M., Smith, G. D., Harris, J. C., Carter, C. S., & Pembrey, M. E. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090465 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Loneliness, social isolation and cardiovascular risk
Jackson, A. C., & Murphy, B. M. (2019) · British Journal of Cardiac Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjca.2019.0093 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Genetic and environmental causes of variation in perceived loneliness in young people
Waaktaar, T., & Torgersen, S. O. (2012) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32064 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Influence of Social Environment on Loneliness in Older Adults: Moderation by Polymorphism in the CRHR1
Chou, K., Cacioppo, J. T., Meena Kumari, B., & Song, Y. (2013) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2012.11.002 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) in relation to loneliness in adolescence
van Roekel, E., Verhagen, M., Engels, R. C. M. E., Goossens, L., & Scholte, R. H. J. (2013) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/ypg.0b013e328363f631 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
CommunityRx, an E-Prescribing System Connecting People to Community Resources
Lindau, S. T. (2019) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2019.304986 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Loneliness in Cancer and Multiple Sclerosis Patients
Rokach, A. (2004) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.94.2.637-648 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Rehabilitation of the chronically mentally ill in England
Goldberg, D. P. (1967) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/bf00577886 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self through the Mirror (Neurons) and Default Mode Network: What Neuroscientists Found and What Can Still be Found There
Sandrone, S. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00383 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Involvement of the BDNF Gene in Loneliness in Adolescence: A Report of Opposite Gene Effects in Boys and Girls
Verhagen, M., van Roekel, E., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092768 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Association of MTHFR C677T polymorphism with loneliness but not depression in cognitively normal elderly males
Lan, W.-H., Yang, A. C., Hwang, J., Hong, C., Liou, Y., Yeh, H., Liu, M., & Tsai, S. (2012) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2012.05.065 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Young Australian Loneliness Survey: understanding loneliness in adolescence and young adulthood Research summary
VicHealth (2019) · doi:10.37309/2019.mw810 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 176 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

The prevalence of loneliness across 113 countries: systematic review and meta-analysis
Surkalim, D. L., Luo, M., Eres, R., Gebel, K., van Buskirk, J., Bauman, A., & Ding, D. (2022) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-067068 · Cited by 821 · see citing works
Self-citation
Loneliness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review with meta-analysis.
Ernst, M., Niederer, D., Werner, A. M., Czaja, S. J., Mikton, C., Ong, A. D., Rosen, T., Brähler, E., & Beutel, M. E. (2022) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0001005 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
How the COVID-19 pandemic is focusing attention on loneliness and social isolation
Smith, B., & Lim, M. (2020) · Public Health Research and Practice · doi:10.17061/phrp3022008 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Self-citation
Social connection as a critical factor for mental and physical health: evidence, trends, challenges, and future implications
Holt‐Lunstad, J. (2024) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21224 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
The relationships between social support and loneliness: a meta-analysis and review
Zhang, X., & Dong, S. (2022) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103616 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Social identity makes group-based social connection possible: Implications for loneliness and mental health
Haslam, S. A., Haslam, C., Cruwys, T., Jetten, J., Bentley, S. V., Fong, P., & Steffens, N. K. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.07.013 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Clinical guidelines for the use of lifestyle-based mental health care in major depressive disorder: World Federation of Societies for Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) and Australasian Society of Lifestyle Medicine (ASLM) taskforce
Marx, W., Manger, S., Blencowe, M., Murray, G., Ho, F. Y., Lawn, S., Blumenthal, J. A., Schuch, F. B., Stubbs, B., Ruusunen, A. A., et al. (2022) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2022.2112074 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Loneliness in the COVID-19 pandemic: Associations with age, gender and their interaction
Wickens, C. M., McDonald, A. J., Elton-Marshall, T., Wells, S., Nigatu, Y. T., Jankowicz, D., & Hamilton, H. A. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.01.047 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Social isolation, social support and loneliness as predictors of cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality
Freak‐Poli, R., Ryan, J. L., Neumann, F., Tonkin, A. M., Reid, C. M., Woods, R. L., Nelson, M. R., Stocks, N., Berk, M., McNeil, J. J., et al. (2021) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-021-02602-2 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Three months of loneliness during the COVID-19 lockdown
Killgore, W. D. S., Cloonan, S., Taylor, E. C., Miller, M. A., & Dailey, N. S. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113392 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
COVID-19 and loneliness: A rapid systematic review
Pai, N. B., & Vella, S. (2021) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674211031489 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Depending on your own kindness: The moderating role of self-compassion on the within-person consequences of work loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Andel, S. A., Shen, W., & Arvan, M. L. (2021) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/ocp0000271 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Social isolation, social support and loneliness as independent concepts, and their relationship with health-related quality of life among older women
Freak‐Poli, R., Ryan, J. L., Tran, T. D., Owen, A. J., Power, J. M., Berk, M., Stocks, N., González‐Chica, D. A., Lowthian, J. A., Fisher, J., et al. (2021) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2021.1940097 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Review: Interventions addressing loneliness amongst university students: a systematic review
Ellard, O. B., Dennison, C., & Tuomainen, H. (2022) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12614 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Loneliness: contemporary insights into causes, correlates, and consequences
Lim, M. H., Holt‐Lunstad, J., & Badcock, J. C. (2020) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-020-01891-z · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citation
Loneliness, but not social distancing, is associated with the incidence of suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 outbreak: a longitudinal study
Salgado, T. A., Monteiro, G. M. C., Marcon, G., Roza, T. H., Zimerman, A., Hoffmann, M. S., Cao, B., Hauck, S., Brunoni, A. R., & Passos, I. C. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.044 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Minority Stress and Loneliness in a Global Sample of Sexual Minority Adults: The Roles of Social Anxiety, Social Inhibition, and Community Involvement
Elmer, E. M., van Tilburg, T. G., & Fokkema, T. (2022) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-021-02132-3 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Coping with loneliness through consumption
Shrum, L. J., Fumagalli, E., & Lowrey, T. M. (2022) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcpy.1329 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Economic Gradients in Social Health in Britain
Kung, C. S. J., Pudney, S. E., & Shields, M. A. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115122 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
The prevalence of chronic and episodic loneliness and social isolation from a longitudinal survey
Lim, M. H., Manera, K., Owen, K., Phongsavan, P., & Smith, B. J. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-39289-x · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citation
Social Isolation, Social Support, and Loneliness Profiles Before and After Spousal Death and the Buffering Role of Financial Resources
Freak‐Poli, R., Kung, C. S. J., Ryan, J. L., & Shields, M. A. (2022) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbac039 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Metal oxide-polymer hybrid composites: a comprehensive review on synthesis and multifunctional applications
Akhtar, M., Shahzadi, S., Arshad, M., Akhtar, T., & Janjua, M. R. S. A. (2025) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d5ra01821h · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Primary care-based interventions addressing social isolation and loneliness in older people: a scoping review
Gálvez-Hernández, P., Paz, L. G., & Muntaner, C. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057729 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
The Association Between Child Maltreatment and Loneliness Across the Lifespan: A Systematic Review and Multilevel Meta-Analysis
de Heer, C., Bi, S.-S., Finkenauer, C., Alink, L., & Maes, M. (2022) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/10775595221103420 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Loneliness and Cognitive Function in Older Adults Without Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Harrington, K., Vasan, S., Kang, J. E., Sliwinski, M. J., & Lim, M. H. (2023) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-220832 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citation
Changing the narrative: Loneliness as a social justice issue
Barreto, M., Doyle, D. M., & Qualter, P. (2024) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12965 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Loneliness and emotion regulation: implications of having social anxiety disorder
Eres, R., Lim, M. H., Lanham, S., Jillard, C., & Bates, G. W. (2021) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049530.2021.1904498 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citation
Screening for loneliness in representative population samples: Validation of a single-item measure
Reinwarth, A. C., Ernst, M., Krakau, L., Brähler, E., & Beutel, M. E. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0279701 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Chronic loneliness and chronic social isolation among older adults. A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression
Hajek, A., Sutin, A. R., Posi, G., Stéphan, Y., Peltzer, K., Terracciano, A., Luchetti, M., & König, H. (2024) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2024.2385448 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Introducing a dual continuum model of belonging and loneliness
Lim, M. H., Allen, K., Furlong, M. J., Craig, H., & Smith, D. C. (2021) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049530.2021.1883411 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citation
Resilience, Social Support, Loneliness and Quality of Life during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Structural Equation Model
Pineda, C. N., Naz, M. P., Ortiz, A., Ouano, E. L., Padua, N. P., Paronable, J. J., Pelayo, J. M., Regalado, M. C., & Torres, G. C. S. (2022) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2022.103419 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Shared goals for mental health research: what, why and when for the 2020s
Wykes, T., Bell, A., Carr, S., Coldham, T., Gilbody, S. M., Hotopf, M. H., Johnson, S., Kabir, T., Pinfold, V., Sweeney, A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2021.1898552 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
All the Lonely People: An Integrated Review and Research Agenda on Work and Loneliness
McCarthy, J. M., Erdoğan, B., Bauer, T. N., Kudret, S., & Campion, E. D. (2025) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/01492063241313320 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Loneliness as an active ingredient in preventing or alleviating youth anxiety and depression: a critical interpretative synthesis incorporating principles from rapid realist reviews
Pearce, E., Myles-Hooton, P., Johnson, S., Hards, E., Olsen, S., Clisu, D., Pais, S. M. A., Chesters, H. A., Shah, S., Jerwood, G., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01740-w · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“References: anew search of academic evidence, papers from [17] or [11], MSc, Third sector/policy, LEAG; reference numbers match the main text, reviewed in [37].”
BackgroundInfluential
The Relationship Between Loneliness and Internet or Smartphone Addiction Among Adolescents: A Systematic Review and meta-Analysis
Ge, M., Hu, F., Jia, Y., Tang, W. H., Zhang, W., Zhao, D., Shen, W., & Chen, H. (2023) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941231180119 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Measuring Loneliness in Different Age Groups: The Measurement Invariance of the UCLA Loneliness Scale
Panayiotou, M., Badcock, J. C., Lim, M. H., Banissy, M. J., & Qualter, P. (2022) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911221119533 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citation
Economic Aspects of Loneliness in Australia
Kung, C. S. J., Kunz, J., & Shields, M. A. (2021) · Australian Economic Review · doi:10.1111/1467-8462.12414 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The “loneliness epidemic”, intersecting risk factors and relations to mental health help-seeking: A population-based study during COVID-19 lockdown in Canada
Lin, S. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.08.131 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“We see each other from a distance”: Neighbourhood social relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic matter for older adults’ social connectedness
Ottoni, C. A., Winters, M., & Sims‐Gould, J. (2022) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102844 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Tackling loneliness together: A three-tier social identity framework for social prescribing
Haslam, S. A., Haslam, C., Cruwys, T., Sharman, L. S., Hayes, S., Walter, Z. C., Jetten, J., Steffens, N. K., Cardona, M., Rue, C. J. L., et al. (2024) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302241242434 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Psychosocial variables and quality of life during the COVID-19 lockdown: a correlational study on a convenience sample of young Italians
Lardone, A., Sorrentino, P., Giancamilli, F., Palombi, T., Simper, T. N., Mandolesi, L., Lucidi, F., Chirico, A., & Galli, F. (2020) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.10611 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Effects of Life Events and Social Isolation on Stroke and Coronary Heart Disease
Gronewold, J., Engels, M., de Velde, S. M. V., Cudjoe, T., Duman, E.-E., Jokisch, M., Kleinschnitz, C., Lauterbach, K. W., Erbel, R. M., Jöckel, K., et al. (2021) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.120.032070 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The relationship between social isolation, social support, and loneliness with cardiovascular disease and shared risk factors: A narrative review
Teshale, A. B., Htun, H. L., Hu, J., Dalli, L. L., Lim, M. H., Neves, B. B., Baker, J. R., Phyo, A. Z. Z., Reid, C. M., Ryan, J. L., et al. (2023) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2023.105008 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citation
Facing the Next “Geriatric Giant”—A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of Interventions Tackling Loneliness and Social Isolation Among Older Adults
Duffner, L. A., Janssen, N., Deckers, K., Schroyen, S., de Vugt, M. E., Köhler, S., Adam, S., Verhey, F. R. J., & Veenstra, M. Y. (2024) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2024.105110 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Exploring the experiences of loneliness in adults with mental health problems: A participatory qualitative interview study
Birken, M., Chipp, B., Shah, P., Olive, R. R., Nyikavaranda, P., Hardy, J., Chhapia, A., Barber, N., Lee, S., Pearce, E., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280946 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Loneliness in older people and COVID-19: Applying the social identity approach to digital intervention design
Stuart, A., Katz, D., Stevenson, C., Gooch, D., Harkin, L., Bennasar, M., Sanderson, L., Liddle, J., Bennaceur, A., Levine, M., et al. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100179 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Social isolation and loneliness in family caregivers of people with severe mental illness: A scoping review
Guan, Z., Poon, A. W. C., & Zwi, A. B. (2023) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12698 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Effect of group cognitive behavioural therapy on loneliness in a community sample of older adults: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial
Smith, R., Wuthrich, V., Johnco, C., & Belcher, J. (2021) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2020.1836105 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Loneliness Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
Ernst, M., Niederer, D., Werner, A. M., Czaja, S. J., Mikton, C., Ong, A., Rosen, T., Braehler, E., & Beutel, M. E. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/wjx5v · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Loneliness and social anxiety in young adults: The moderating and mediating roles of emotion dysregulation, depression and social isolation risk
Eres, R., Lim, M. H., & Bates, G. W. (2023) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12469 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citation
Are social isolation, lack of social support or loneliness risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Australia and New Zealand? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Freak‐Poli, R., Phyo, A. Z. Z., Hu, J., & Barker, F. (2022) · Health Promotion Journal of Australia · doi:10.1002/hpja.592 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Psychometric assessment of scales for measuring loneliness and social isolation: an analysis of the household, income and labour dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey
Manera, K., Smith, B. J., Owen, K. B., Phongsavan, P., & Lim, M. H. (2022) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-022-01946-6 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citation
Prominent health problems, socioeconomic deprivation, and higher brain age in lonely and isolated individuals: A population-based study
de Lange, A. G., Kaufmann, T., Quintana, D. S., Winterton, A., Andreassen, O. A., Westlye, L. T., & Ebmeier, K. P. (2021) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113510 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Loneliness, Pornography Use, Problematic Pornography Use, and Compulsive Sexual Behavior
Mestre‐Bach, G., & Potenza, M. N. (2023) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-023-00516-0 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Loneliness in older adult mental health services during the COVID‐19 pandemic and before: Associations with disability, functioning and pharmacotherapy
Greig, F., Perera, G., Tsamakis, K., Stewart, R. J., Velayudhan, L., & Mueller, C. (2021) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5630 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Online Racism, Rumination, and Vigilance: Impact on Distress, Loneliness, and Alcohol Use
Keum, B. T., & Li, X. (2022) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/00110000221143521 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Information Cocoons on Short Video Platforms and Its Influence on Depression Among the Elderly: A Moderated Mediation Model
He, Y., Liu, D., Guo, R., & Siping, G. (2023) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s415832 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Age differences in the association between loneliness and anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic
McDonald, A. J., Wickens, C. M., Bondy, S. J., Elton‐Marshall, T., Wells, S. L., Nigatu, Y. T., Jankowicz, D., & Hamilton, H. A. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114446 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The association between smartphone use and sleep quality, psychological distress, and loneliness among health care students and workers in Saudi Arabia
Alzhrani, A. M., Aboalshamat, K. T., Badawoud, A. M., Abdouh, I. M., Badri, H. M., Quronfulah, B. S., Mahmoud, M. A., & Rajeh, M. T. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280681 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The Effectiveness of Preventative Interventions to Reduce Mental Health Problems in at-risk Children and Young People: A Systematic Review of Reviews
McGovern, R., Balogun-Katung, A., Artis, B., Bareham, B. K., Spencer, L. P., Alderson, H., Brown, E., Brown, J., Lingam, R., McArdle, P., et al. (2024) · Journal of Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-024-00785-z · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Loneliness in urbanising China
Chen, J., & Gong, L. (2021) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13451 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
A Global Longitudinal Study Examining Social Restrictions Severity on Loneliness, Social Anxiety, and Depression
Lim, M. H., Qualter, P., Thurston, L., Eres, R., Hennessey, A., Holt‐Lunstad, J., & Lambert, G. W. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.818030 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cultural differences in caring for people with dementia: a pilot study of concern about losing face and loneliness in Chinese American and European American caregivers
Lwi, S. J., Ford, B. Q., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2022) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2022.2137448 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Why loneliness requires a multidimensional approach: a critical narrative review
Walsh, B. E., Rottenberg, J. A., & Schlauch, R. C. (2025) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-024-00382-3 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Older adults’ experiences of loneliness over the lifecourse: An exploratory study using the BBC loneliness experiment
Victor, C. R., Rippon, I., Barreto, M., Hammond, C., & Qualter, P. (2022) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2022.104740 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Expanding the social cure: a mixed-methods approach exploring the role of online group dance as support for young people (aged 16–24) living with anxiety
Finn, S., Wright, L. H. V., Mak, H. W., Åström, E., Nicholls, L., Dingle, G. A., & Warran, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1258967 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Assessment of an Epidemic Urgency: Psychometric Evidence for the UCLA Loneliness Scale
Bottaro, R., Valenti, G. D., & Faraci, P. (2023) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s406523 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the variants of the Chinese UCLA Loneliness Scales and their associations with mental health in adolescents
Ip, H., Suen, Y. N., Hui, C. L. M., Cheung, C., Wong, S. M. Y., & Chen, E. Y. H. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-75739-w · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Loneliness among adult cancer survivors in the United States: prevalence and correlates
Wheldon, C. W., Shahsavar, Y., Choudhury, A., McCormick, B. P., & Albertorio‐Diaz, J. R. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-85126-8 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Exploring links between social identity, emotion regulation, and loneliness in those with and without a history of mental illness
Hayes, S., Carlyle, M., Haslam, S. A., Haslam, C., & Dingle, G. A. (2022) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12358 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Loneliness as a double-edged sword: an adaptive function with maladaptive consequences
Maes, M., & Vanhalst, J. (2024) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2024.2333584 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The co-occurrence of multidimensional loneliness with depression, social anxiety and paranoia in non-clinical young adults: A latent profile analysis
Chau, A. K. C., So, S. H., Sun, X., Zhu, C., Chiu, C., Chan, R. C. K., & Leung, P. W. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.931558 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Evaluating the impact of loneliness and social isolation on health literacy and health-related factors in young adults
Vasan, S., Eikelis, N., Lim, M. H., & Lambert, É. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.996611 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citation
Social Identities Mediate the Relationship Between Isolation, Life Transitions, and Loneliness
Evans, O., Cruwys, T., Cárdenas, D., Wu, B. H. T., & Cognian, A. V. (2022) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2022.15 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Influence of Loneliness on Perceived Connectedness and Trust Beliefs – Longitudinal Evidence from the Netherlands
Langenkamp, A. (2023) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075221144716 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Exercise to socialize? Bidirectional relationships between physical activity and loneliness in middle-aged and older American adults
Surkalim, D. L., Clare, P. J., Eres, R., Gebel, K., Bauman, A. E., & Ding, D. (2024) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwae001 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citation
Development and validation of the Perceived Online Racism Scale short form (15 items) and very brief (six items)
Keum, B. T. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100082 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Understanding perspectives of older adults on the role of technology in the wider context of their social relationships
Long, K. M., Casey, K., Bhar, S. S., Mahmud, A. A., Curran, S., Hunter, K., & Lim, M. H. (2022) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x2200085x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citation
Contribution of perceived loneliness to suicidal thoughts among French university students during the COVID-19 pandemic
Macalli, M., Kinouani, S., Texier, N., Schück, S., & Tzourio, C. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-21288-z · Cited by 25 · see citing works
How Migration Status Shapes Susceptibility of Individuals’ Loneliness to Social Isolation
Löbel, L.-M., Kröger, H., & Tibubos, A. N. (2022) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2022.1604576 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Online songwriting reduces loneliness and postnatal depression and enhances social connectedness in women with young babies: randomised controlled trial
Perkins, R., Spiro, N., & Waddell, G. (2023) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2023.04.017 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
A translational neuroscience perspective on loneliness: Narrative review focusing on social interaction, illness and oxytocin
Barton, S., Zovko, A., Müller, C., Krabichler, Q., Schulze, J., Wagner, S., Grinevich, V., Shamay‐Tsoory, S., & Hurlemann, R. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105734 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between arts engagement, loneliness, and social support in adolescence
Bone, J. K., Fancourt, D. E., Fluharty, M., Paul, E., Sonke, J. K., & Bu, F. (2022) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-022-02379-8 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Acceptability and Feasibility of an Intervention to Enhance Social Group Belonging: Evidence From Three Trials of Groups 4 Health
Cruwys, T., Haslam, C., Haslam, S. A., Rathbone, J. A., & Donaldson, J. L. (2022) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2022.06.011 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the relationship between attachment styles and loneliness
Jalilian, K., Momeni‎, K., & Jebraeili, H. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01172-9 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Neighbourhood effects on loneliness among adolescents
Marquez, J., Qualter, P., Petersen, K. J., Humphrey, N., & Black, L. (2023) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdad053 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Social isolation, loneliness and mental health sequelae of the Covid-19 pandemic in Parkinson's disease
McDaniels, B. W., & Subramanian, I. (2022) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2022.03.003 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The gender dimensions of mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic: A path analysis
Dotsikas, K., Crosby, L., McMunn, A., Osborn, D., Walters, K. R., & Dykxhoorn, J. L. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0283514 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Perceived Overload on Short Video Platforms and Its Influence on Mental Health Among the Elderly: A Moderated Mediation Model
Wen, X., Zhou, Y., Li, Y., Li, X., & Qu, P. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s459426 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for type 2 diabetes onset: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Ezzatvar, Y., Caballero, Ó., Bastías, D. M. D., Sepulveda, R. A. Y., & García‐Hermoso, A. (2025) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112124 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
COVID-19 lockdowns and changes in loneliness among young people in the U.K.
Kung, C. S. J., Kunz, J., & Shields, M. A. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115692 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Predictive factors and risk and protection groups for loneliness in older adults: a population-based study
Carrasco, P. M., Crespo, D. P., García, A. I. R., Ibáñez, M. L., Rubio, B. M., & Montenegro-Peña, M. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01708-7 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
In-person interventions to reduce social isolation and loneliness: An evidence and gap map
Welch, V. A., Ghogomu, E. T., Dowling, S., Barbeau, V. I., Al‐Zubaidi, A. A. A., Beveridge, E., Bondok, M., Desai, P., Doyle, R., Huang, J. X., et al. (2024) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.1408 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citation
Loneliness and emotion regulation: Implications of having social anxiety disorder
Eres, R., Lim, M. H., Lanham, S., Jillard, C., & Bates, G. W. (2020) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajpy.12296 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation
Childhood trauma and borderline personality disorder traits: A discordant twin study.
Skaug, E., Czajkowski, N. O., Waaktaar, T., & Torgersen, S. O. (2022) · Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science · doi:10.1037/abn0000755 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A controlled evaluation of the effect of social prescribing programs on loneliness for adults in Queensland, Australia (protocol)
Dingle, G. A., Sharman, L. S., Hayes, S., Chua, D., Baker, J. R., Haslam, C., Jetten, J., Haslam, S. A., Cruwys, T., & McNamara, N. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13743-3 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Loneliness Versus Distress: A Comparison of Emotion Regulation Profiles
Tan, A. J., Mancini, V. O., Gross, J. J., Goldenberg, A., Badcock, J. C., Lim, M. H., Becerra, R., Jackson, B., & Preece, D. A. (2022) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2022.18 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation
Prevalence of Loneliness in Older Adults: A Scoping Review
Schroyen, S., Janssen, N., Duffner, L. A., Veenstra, M. Y., Pyrovolaki, E., Salmon, É., & Adam, S. (2023) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1155/2023/7726692 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Developing A Digital Psychoeducational Tool to Reduce Loneliness in Older Adults: A Design Case Study
Mahmud, A. A., Long, K. M., Harrington, K., Casey, K., Bhar, S. S., Curran, S., Hunter, K., & Lim, M. H. (2021) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2021.1949854 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citation
Disability and loneliness in the United Kingdom: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of trends and transitions
Emerson, E., Stancliffe, R. J., Aitken, Z., Bailie, J., Bishop, G. M., Badland, H. M., Llewellyn, G. M., & Kavanagh, A. M. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-17481-y · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Risk factors for loneliness: A literature review
Barjaková, M., Garnero, A., & d’Hombres, B. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116163 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Predictors of loneliness across the age-span
Lasgaard, M., & Friis, K. (2015) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckv176.204
Beyond clinical risk: tackling loneliness through a population health lens
Zeas-Sigüenza, A., Ruisoto, P., Koldewyn, K., Muntané, F., & Benach, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1609060 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Where are all the lonely people?” A population-based study of high-risk groups across the life span
Lasgaard, M., Friis, K., & Shevlin, M. (2016) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1279-3 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
10.Q. Scientific session: Loneliness as a public health challenge: new measures, trends, and protective factors
(Finland), C. P. N. J. (2025) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckaf161.634

Authors: Lim, M. H., Eres, R., & Vasan, S.
Affiliations: Swinburne University of Technology (AU)
Corresponding author: Lim, Michelle H.
ORCID: Lim, Michelle H.
Eres, Robert
Vasan, Shradha
Venue: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2020-06-10
Volume: 55
Issue: 7
Pages: 793-810
ISSN: 0933-7954 (ISSN-L)
1433-9285
DOI: 10.1007/s00127-020-01889-7
OpenAlex: W3033485693
Cited by: 438
References: 176
Citations by year: 2026: 63 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 15
FWCI: 8.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
figshare.com
Licence: cc-by
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) (submittedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Keywords: loneliness, risk factors, demography, physical health, mental health, cognitive health, digital communication, workplace, socio-environmental factors, loneliness interventions
MeSH terms: Communication, Humans, Loneliness, Mental Health, Public Health, Risk Factors, Social Environment

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Understanding loneliness in the twenty-first century: an update on correlates, risk factors, and potential solutions

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks