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The Use of Virtual Reality Technology in the Treatment of Anxiety and Other Psychiatric Disorders
Open accessAbstract
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After participating in this activity, learners should be better able to:• Evaluate the literature regarding the effectiveness of incorporating virtual reality (VR) in the treatment of psychiatric disorders• Assess the use of exposure-based intervention for anxiety disorders ABSTRACT: Virtual reality (VR) allows users to experience a sense of presence in a computer-generated, three-dimensional environment. Sensory information is delivered through a head-mounted display and specialized interface devices. These devices track head movements so that the movements and images change in a natural way with head motion, allowing for a sense of immersion. VR, which allows for controlled delivery of sensory stimulation via the therapist, is a convenient and cost-effective treatment. This review focuses on the available literature regarding the effectiveness of incorporating VR within the treatment of various psychiatric disorders, with particular attention to exposure-based intervention for anxiety disorders. A systematic literature search was conducted in order to identify studies implementing VR-based treatment for anxiety or other psychiatric disorders. This article reviews the history of the development of VR-based technology and its use within psychiatric treatment, the empirical evidence for VR-based treatment, and the benefits for using VR for psychiatric research and treatment. It also presents recommendations for how to incorporate VR into psychiatric care and discusses future directions for VR-based treatment and clinical research.
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“Experiencing presence when immersed in VR has been reported to be an important factor for the implementation of effective interventions in VR (Maples-Keller et al., 2017).”
From iSenseVR: bringing VR exposure therapy outside the laboratory (2019) · cites this paper as Maples-Keller et al., 2017
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“VR exposure therapy allows the controlled delivery of sensory stimulation (Maples-Keller et al., 2017).”
From iSenseVR: bringing VR exposure therapy outside the laboratory (2019) · cites this paper as Maples-Keller et al., 2017
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“For instance, virtual reality (VR) technology, accessed through head-mounted displays, provides an immersive experience similar to real-life situations and has been used in controlled environments [7].”
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“However, when traditional graded exposure becomes complex to set up due to difficulties to control specific environment cues, VR offers opportunities for highly controllable settings empowering sensory exposure with the presence of the therapist, which would not be possible otherwise (Maples-Keller et al., 2017).”
From iSenseVR: bringing VR exposure therapy outside the laboratory (2019) · cites this paper as Maples-Keller et al., 2017
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“…treatment research has been conducted for anxiety disorders, and broadly, results suggest the VRE is related to large declines in anxiety symptoms, 12 demonstrates similar efficacy compared to traditional exposure interventions, has a powerful real-life impact, and demonstrates good stability of…”
ResultVirtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis
Powers, M. B., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2008) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.04.006 · Cited by 904 · cited 1×
“14 There is evidence that treatment gains made in VRE generalize to real life, as meta-analytic results suggest that VRE patients, compared to wait-list patients, perform significantly better on behavioral assessments post-treatment, and found no significant differences between VRE and in-vivo…”
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“In particular, VR is effective in treating acrophobia based on both within-group,(38) and controlled between-group, data.(10,39,40) Similar effects have been observed in RCTs for treating arachnophobia (fear of spiders) and, in one multiple-baseline study, fear of driving.”
BackgroundSelf-citationVirtual reality exposure therapy in anxiety disorders: a quantitative meta-analysis
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“13 Meta-analytic results for VRE for anxiety disorders even suggest a small effect size favoring VRE over in-vivo conditions, despite most studies not demonstrating an advantage when considered in isolation.”
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“Anxiety Disorders Awide body of research has suggested large treatment effects for exposure-based therapy for anxiety disorders.(11) Modern exposure therapy is based on emotion-processing theory, which posits that fearmemories are structures that contain information regarding fear stimuli, responses, and meaning.”
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Items 401–500 of 860
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Multimedia teaching system based on art interaction technology
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RetractedUrban Landscape Design Based on Virtual Reality Technology
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“The future urban landscape design should follow the “ Chinese-new ” style, which can not only inherit the essence of Chinese architecture but also contain all the excellent architectural styles in the world, thus showing the restrained Chinese spirit [17, 19 – 21] (Figure 1).”
RetractedVisiting nuclear reactors–Safety and security aspects
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The Trend of Industrial Design from the Perspective of Metaverse
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“al, the VR-specific questions from Maples-Keller [23] and the fact that different development phases of the same application were evaluated were chosen.”
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“Since the 1990s, researchers have examined the effectiveness of VR-based exposure therapy (VRET) in treating individuals with PTSD and other anxiety disorders, with the vast majority of studies yielding positive results (Maples-Keller et al., 2017; Powers & Emmelkamp, 2008).”
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A bibliometric analysis of studies on death anxiety in patients with cancer
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Application of Ultrasound Virtual Reality in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases
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Adaptive mechanisms of developing social connectedness in virtual reality environments
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“…mental health and enhancing connectedness (for example: Riva and serino 2020; Pallavicini et al. 2016; Gorini et al. 2010; Rus-calafell et al. 2018; Maples-Keller et al. 2017), the exploration of specific dynamics of interactions leading to experienced social presence and social connectedness, and…”
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A comparison of virtual reality and verbal imaginal exposure for childhood anxiety disorders
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Creating safe environments for children: prevention of trauma in the Extended Verse
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“By leveraging immersive simulations, VR can recreate stressors—both physical and psychological—in a safe, controlled environment, which can enhance the effectiveness of remotely delivered evidence-based treatments [18-21].”
Self-citationEffectiveness of XR‐Based Exposure Therapy for Phobic Disorders
Lamb, R. L., Perry, J., Sutherland, E. C., Hoston, D., Garris, A., & DeRiggs, A. (2025) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12557 · Cited by 4
Digital psychiatry: concepts, framework, and implications
Wu, H., & Li, M. D. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1572444 · Cited by 5
“The VR treatment has many advantages such as the repeated exposure to feared stimuli, enabling the individual to trigger, and healthy responses in a safe and controlled therapeutic platform (54, 55).”
[Retracted] Research Based on Visual Sensors and VR in the Field of Visual Culture
Li, Y. (2021) · Journal of Sensors · doi:10.1155/2021/2013303 · Cited by 4
“VR allows controlled delivery of sensory stimulation through the therapist and is a convenient and cost-effective treatment [10].”
BackgroundRetractedCue Exposure Therapy for Substance Use: A Complement to Functional Analysis
Montan, R. N. M., & Banaco, R. A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-75961-2_8 · Cited by 4
PsyQ, P., KUIK, S. V., van Emmerik, A., Brinkman, W., Uduwa-vidanalage, E. S., SCHOUTEN, C., & Arntz, A. R. (2023) · Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies · doi:10.24193/jebp.2023.1.4 · Cited by 4
“Furthermore, VR may allow more control over the experience since the therapist controls depicting the images (Maples-Keller et al., 2017).”
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“To date, IVR has been considered as an efficacious tool in many psychotherapy studies to support treatments of anxiety, phobias, and post-trauma stress disorder (PTSD) [11, 12, 13].”
Ma, B., Zhang, L., Ji, Y., Huang, X., Yao, L., Cheng, W., Hu, L., Lu, X., & Ma, K. (2025) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076241308703 · Cited by 6
Piezo Ion Channels and Their Association With Haptic Technology Use: A Narrative Review
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“In addition, other studies recommended that technological interventions, such as VR, should be embedded within existing treatment as opposed to being used as a separate tool [6,44,45].”
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Mou, X., Sun, G., Shi, Y., Zhang, L., Li, R., Yu, S., & Liu, S. (2021) · Journal of Healthcare Engineering · doi:10.1155/2021/9920617 · Cited by 4
RetractedVirtual Reality for Exposure Therapy
Lhotská, L., Kutílek, P., Husák, J., Francová, A., Hejda, J., Stejskal, J., Kotek, M., Hýbl, J., Stopková, P., & Fajnerová, I. (2021) · Conference on Human System Interactions · doi:10.1109/hsi52170.2021.9538712 · Cited by 4
“The same is true for less accessible situations, such as a high-rise building or an airplane (e.g. in the case of exposure therapy focused on the fear of flying, it is possible to repeat the take-off and landing situation multiple times or to control the strength of the perceived turbulence) [2].”
BackgroundA VR Game for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders Therapy
Torrão, A. R., Natário, J., Carvalho, P. S., Silva, C. M., & Silva, F. G. M. (2021) · International Conference on Graphics and Interaction (ICGI) · doi:10.1109/icgi54032.2021.9655282 · Cited by 5
Ağrı ve Anksiyete Yönetiminde Sanal Gerçeklik
Aktura, S. Ç., Sarıtaş, S. Ç., & Sarıtaş, S. (2022) · Samsun Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.47115/jshs.1100557 · Cited by 4
Li, X. (2021) · Journal of Healthcare Engineering · doi:10.1155/2021/9930686 · Cited by 4
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Virtual reality for the management of musculoskeletal pain: an umbrella review
Kalikanov, S., Baizhanova, A., Tungushpayev, M., & Viderman, D. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1572464 · Cited by 3
“The critical domains are items 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, and non-critical domains are items 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, which are stated in Table 1.”
Cechnicki, A., Chrobak, A. A., Plencler, I., Stankiewicz, P., Kalisz, A., Błądziński, P., Kruk, D., Radoń, S., Szewczyk, B., Faron‐Górecka, A., et al. (2025) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-025-00587-5 · Cited by 3
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“While immersive virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) has demonstrated efficacy for individuals with diagnosed PTSD in previous studies (e.g., Maples-Keller et al. 2017), our results suggest that VR-based interventions may also be effective for individuals in earlier or subclinical stages of…”
Self-citationGoulet, M., Dellazizzo, L., Goyer, S., Dollé, S., Hudon, A., Phraxayavong, K., Désilets, M., & Dumais, A. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15101431 · Cited by 5
“…shown acceptability and benefits of using XR applications in psychiatry, even in patients with severe mental disorders, such as schizophrenia (e.g., (Carl et al., 2019; Dellazizzo et al., 2020; Free-man et al., 2017; Maples-Keller et al., 2017; Rus-Calafell et al., 2018; Valmaggia et al., 2016)).”
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“It is also used in psychological experimentation and detection of specific disorders [83, 135, 152, 181 , 253].”
Artificial intelligence (AI) for virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET): A systematic review
Bergsnev, K., & Laws, A. L. S. (2026) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-026-03936-4 · Cited by 3
Virtual Exercise in Medicine: A Proof of Concept in a Healthy Population
Roy, B. L., Martin‐Krumm, C., Aufauvre-Poupon, C., Richieri, R. M., Malbos, É., Barthélémy, F., Guedj, É., & Trousselard, M. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/45637 · Cited by 3
“As it can be complex to overcome these gaps, caution is advised in interpreting any results or conclusions [33,35,62,65,67,68].”
BackgroundPackaging design of virtual manufacturing products based on computer vision and big data
Yu, Y. (2023) · The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology · doi:10.1007/s00170-023-12848-2 · Cited by 3
Garito, I. P., Lewis-Fung, S. E., Lawson, B., Gray, H. G., Smith, C. E., & Appel, L. (2024) · Journal of Medical Extended Reality · doi:10.1089/jmxr.2023.0007 · Cited by 3
“30 Other studies have suggested training through role-play activities may be particularly helpful for practitioners to develop the necessary skills 31 and confidence to administer the intervention.”
Zhang, W., Sui, X., Zhang, L., Zhang, L., Yan, H., & Song, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences · doi:10.3389/fresc.2024.1479833 · Cited by 3
“Through intuitive perception, control and exploration of the virtual environment, patients can participate more actively, improve their initiative, and help strengthen doctor-patient cooperation (24).”
BackgroundGardini, V., Grandi, S., & Tomba, E. (2025) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70040 · Cited by 6
REALIDADE VIRTUAL NA PRÁTICA DE MINDFULNESS EM PSICOTERAPIA: UMA REVISÃO NARRATIVA
de Paula, D. M. B., & Fernández, L. M. (2021) · Psicologia em Estudo · doi:10.4025/psicolestud.v26i0.46410 · Cited by 5
“Em revisão narrativa sobre a eficácia da RV na saúde mental, Maples-Keller et al. (2017) sinalizam que a RV é promissora para fobias específicas, estresse pós-traumático, ansiedade social, transtorno do pânico, ansiedade generalizada, esquizofrenia, transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo, dor aguda e…”
BackgroundVirtual Reality Against Doping: The Case of Project VIRAL
Barkoukis, V., Elbe, A., Lazuras, L., Moustakas, L., Ntoumanis, N., Palamas, G., & Stănescu, M. (2022) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-96296-8_44 · Cited by 3
“Contemporary psychotherapy and psychiatry advocate the use of VR applications for the treatment of anxiety disorders and related behaviour change [7, 19].”
BackgroundDeconstruction of Immersive Animation Image Interaction Design under Virtual Reality Technology
Li, X., Zhang, C., & Wu, Y. (2022) · Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing · doi:10.1155/2022/2104633 · Cited by 4
“After reading extensive literature, he made recommendations for incorporating VR into psychiatric care and discussed future directions for VR-based therapy and clinical research [6].”
MethodRetractedQi, Y., Sun, T. S., & Li, Y. (2022) · Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing · doi:10.1155/2022/1929596 · Cited by 3
“Finally, the future work of virtual reality technology in psychotherapy was prospected [6].”
BackgroundRetractedLohse, L., Jelinek, L., Moritz, S., Blömer, J., Bücker, L., & Miegel, F. S. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01116-3 · Cited by 3
“Other meta analyses found similar effects [25, 26, 29, 30] for most anxiety disorders except for social anxiety disorder.”
BackgroundThe Use of Immersive Technologies While Ageing in the Digitally Mediated Society
Ortet, C. P., Costa, L. V., & Veloso, A. I. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-34866-2_43 · Cited by 3
Gabay, M., & Schönberg, T. (2023) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-023-00839-3 · Cited by 3
“2021) and therapeutics (Dahlquist et al. 2010; Cesa et al. 2013; Herrero et al. 2014; Jeffs et al. 2014; Chirico et al. 2016; Maples‐Keller et al. 2017; Sacks and Axelrod 2020) due to its immersive gamified nature.”
BackgroundMonferrer, M., García, A. S., Ricarte, J. J., Montes, M. J., Fernández‐Caballero, A., & Fernández-Sotos, P. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05426-y · Cited by 4
“In recent years, virtual reality (VR) has shown great promise as a clinical tool, by recreating practically real controlled environments (Maples-Keller et al., 2017; Sammer & Ruprecht, 2023; Zimmermann et al., 2023).”
Technology and Mental Health Counseling
Cespedes, H., Robey, E., & Wilkinson, T. (2023) · Journal of Technology in Counselor Education and Supervision · doi:10.61888/2692-4129.1096 · Cited by 3
“Deficit Disorder (ADD), and to aid in the social and academic adaptability for children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder through behavioral exposure and rehabilitation practices (Maples-Keller et al., 2017; Parsons, 2011).”
Selinger, M. C., Compton, D. M., Morris, H., & Canty, T. J. (2023) · Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science · doi:10.4236/jbbs.2023.1312016 · Cited by 3
Virtual Reality as Anxiety Management Tool
Berberyan, A. S., Berberyan, H. S., & Alsina-Jurnet, I. (2023) · International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science Engineering and Education · doi:10.23947/2334-8496-2023-11-3-449-459 · Cited by 7
Bodner, E., Mikulincer, M., McMahon, E., & Rizzo, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2024.1438663 · Cited by 3
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“Similarly, biofeedback techniques teach individuals to control physiological responses linked to anxiety and nightmares, promoting relaxation and emotional regulation [42].”
BackgroundInfluentialSabbar, M. B., Davison, R., & Ushaw, G. (2024) · International Conference on Virtual Reality · doi:10.1109/icvr62393.2024.10868462 · Cited by 4
“First, many studies emphasize the need for larger, high-quality studies to be reviewed [1], [2],[11], [13].”
Therapeutic Virtual Reality for Nyctophobic Disorder
Nimnual, R., & Yossatorn, Y. (2019) · International Conference Virtual and Augmented Reality Simulations · doi:10.1145/3332305.3332310 · Cited by 3
“Even though contemporary research has reported clinical advantages of VR-integrated treatments for various phobias [11], nyctophobia or fear of darkness has received little attention.”
BackgroundMethodMahmoudi-Nejad, A. (2021) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment · doi:10.1609/aiide.v17i1.18914 · Cited by 3
“Prior studies have shown the effectiveness of VRET for anxiety disorders and related disorders (Maples-Keller et al. 2017).”
BackgroundRealidad virtual como tratamiento para la fobia específica a las arañas: una revisión sistemática
Bueno-Sánchez, L., Díaz-Africano, N., Restrepo-García, D., Solano-Gualdrón, A., & Gantiva, C. (2019) · Psychologia · doi:10.21500/19002386.4024 · Cited by 3
Virtual reality as a distraction therapy in obstetrics and gynaecology
Harper, A. M., Wastnedge, E., Sivanathan, A., Jordan, A., Harper, S., Lim, T., & Denison, F. C. (2021) · BMJ Innovations · doi:10.1136/bmjinnov-2019-000412 · Cited by 3
Joko, S., Ohsuga, M., Tada, Y., & Ishikawa, J. (2019) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2019.8857157 · Cited by 3
Étude de faisabilité d’une exposition thérapeutique en réalité virtuelle pour joueurs pathologiques
Rémond, J.-J., Hernández-Mora, M., Marseille, C., Mesure, G., & Romo, L. (2019) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2019.09.002 · Cited by 3
Extinction-Based Exposure Therapies Using Virtual Reality
Maples‐Keller, J. L., Sherrill, A. M., Reddi, P. J., Norrholm, S. D., & ROTHBAUM, B. O. (2023) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2023_437 · Cited by 3
Self-citationEmbedded Design of 3D Image Intelligent Display System Based on Virtual Reality Technology
Li, L. (2021) · Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing · doi:10.1155/2021/2469603 · Cited by 3
The Multi-factorial Complexity of Social Work Practice and Implications for Interventions
Wodarski, J. S. (2020) · Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work · doi:10.1080/26408066.2020.1774457 · Cited by 4
Digital-robotic markers for hallucinations in Parkinson’s diseasePreprint
Albert, L., Potheegadoo, J., Herbelin, B., Bernasconi, F., & Blanke, O. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.06.14.544929 · Cited by 3
“…augmented and mixed reality in medicine, immersive VR has recently emerged as a prominent tool for supportive treatment in mental health disorders (Maples-Keller et al. 2017) and rehabilitation (Georgiev et al. 2021), with recognized methodologies for validating its use for clinical interventions…”
MethodEditorial: Psychoeducational approaches to mental health for educators and students
Aslam, S., Amjad, A. I., & Abid, N. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1697988 · Cited by 3
Amonoo, H. L., Newcomb, R., Lorenz, K. A., Psenka, R., Holmbeck, K., Farnam, E. J., Tse, A., Desai, S., Vassev, N., Waldman, L. P., et al. (2024) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2024.107550 · Cited by 2
Arnfred, B., Bang, P., Hjorthøj, C., Winding, C., Møller, K., Hvenegaard, M., Gausbøl, U. K., Sø, D., Rosenberg, N., & Nordentoft, M. (2019) · doi:10.21203/rs.2.504/v1 · Cited by 2
“Background Social anxiety disorder (also called social phobia)(SAD) is characterized by paying attention to oneself in an exaggerated manner and having marked fear of being evaluated negatively in speci c or all situations, that imply interaction with others [1].”
BackgroundSoutelo, A. P., Sousa, A. R., Monteiro, M. L., de Almeida, R. S., Simões-Silva, V., & Portugal, P. (2023) · Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-9251-2.ch005 · Cited by 2
A Meta-Analysis of Virtual Reality Interventions for Reducing the Symptoms of Anxiety
Moyer, M., Lenz, A. S., Gonzales‐Wong, C. D., & Rodriguez, G. (2025) · Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation · doi:10.1080/21501378.2024.2438952 · Cited by 2
Ricci, F. S., Ukegbu, C. K., Krassner, A., Hazarika, S., White, J., Porfiri, M., & Rizzo, J. (2025) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-025-00962-3 · Cited by 2
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“Evidence suggests VRT may be beneficial for conditions like post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and phobias [19].”
Virtual Reality in the Treatment of Panic Disorder in the Last Decade: A Systematic Review
Gonçalves, L. L., Ferreira-Garcia, R., Quagliato, L. A., Appolinário, J. C., & Nardi, A. E. (2025) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/0117450179358928250123064503 · Cited by 3
VR for Specific Phobias: a Perspective on Adaptive and Physiological Feedback-Based Exposure Therapy
Ciurlia, M., Paiano, M., Rubino, M., D’Errico, G., Pellegrino, G., Barba, M. C., & Paolis, L. T. D. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-97763-3_20 · Cited by 2
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Games and Their Multiple Possible Uses in Health Care
Rodriguês, M. A. F., Barbosa, R. G., & Luz, J. D. A. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-89820-4_19 · Cited by 2
Immersive Virtual Reality to Promote Mental Health in Older Adults: A Systematic Review
Folorunsho, S. A., Lawal, O. P., Ogundare, O., Osawe, E. E., & Adedoyin, O. (2026) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2026.2639141 · Cited by 2
“…and graded exposure sessions, typically ranging from approximately 5 to 20 minutes; scheduled breaks; conservative content transitions; seated positioning when appropriate; explicit opt-out procedures; and post-session grounding or debriefing (Freeman et al., 2017; Maples-Keller et al., 2017).”
Li, X., Wu, X., Zhou, C., Xie, J., Du, Q., Cui, L., Chen, C., & Zhang, M. (2026) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.70406 · Cited by 2
“The immersive experience provided by VR, which facilitated patient engagement by creating a high‐fidelity environment that mitigates real‐world distractions, is critical for enhancing the effectiveness of psychological interventions and yielding positive outcomes [41].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Maples-Keller, J. L., Bunnell, B. E., Kim, S.-J., & Rothbaum, B. O.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Venue
- Harvard Review of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2017-05
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 103-113
- ISSN
- 1067-3229 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-7309
- PMC
- PMC5421394
- OpenAlex
- W2611287876
- Cited by
- 862
- References
- 108
- Citations by year
- 2026: 111 · 2025: 147 · 2024: 115 · 2023: 93 · 2022: 113 · 2021: 117 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 4.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Harvard Review of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Genentech
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH094757, R01MH070880)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- virtual reality, anxiety disorders, mental illness, exposure therapy, virtual reality exposure therapy, immersive virtual reality, head-mounted displays, treatment effectiveness, psychiatric treatment
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Humans, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
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