The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 34 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Progression of Cognitive, Functional, and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort With Alzheimer Dementia: The Cache County Dementia Progression Study
Open accessAbstract
Objectives Progression of Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) is highly variable. Most estimates derive from convenience samples from dementia clinics or research centers where there is substantial potential for survival bias and other distortions. In a population-based sample of incident AD cases, we examined progression of impairment in cognition, function, and neuropsychiatric symptoms, and the influence of selected variables on these domains. Design Longitudinal, prospective cohort study Setting Cache County (Utah) Participants 328 persons diagnosed with Possible/Probable AD Measurements Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating sum-of-boxes (CDR-sb), and Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). Results Over a mean follow-up of 3.80 (range 0.07–12.90) years, the mean (S.D.) annual rates of change were −1.53 (2.69) on the MMSE, 1.44 (1.82) on the CDR-sb, and 2.55 (5.37) scale points on the NPI. Among surviving participants, 30–58% progressed less than one point/year on these measures, even 5–7 years after dementia onset. Rates of change were correlated between MMSE and CDR-sb (r=−0.62, df=201, p<0.001) and between the CDR-sb and NPI (r=0.20, df=206, p<0.004). Females (LR χ2=8.7, df=2, p=0.013) and those with younger onset (LR χ2=5.7, df=2, p=0.058) declined faster on the MMSE. Although one or more APOE ε4 alleles and ever-use of FDA-approved anti-dementia medications were associated with initial MMSE scores, neither was related to the rate of progression in any domain. Conclusions A significant proportion of persons with AD progresses slowly. The results underscore differences between population- vs. clinic-based samples and suggest ongoing need to identify factors that may slow the progression of AD.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In a population-based incident Alzheimer dementia cohort, cognitive, functional, and neuropsychiatric symptoms worsened on average, but a substantial minority of survivors declined slowly. The authors argue that progression estimates from clinic-based samples may differ from population-based estimates.
Key findings
- Over mean follow-up of 3.80 years (range 0.07–12.90), mean annual rates of change were −1.53 (SD 2.69) on MMSE, +1.44 (SD 1.82) on CDR-sb, and +2.55 (SD 5.37) on NPI.
- Among survivors, 30–58% progressed less than one point/year on these measures even 5–7 years after dementia onset; this represented 5–10% of the entire cohort.
- MMSE and CDR-sb rates were correlated (r=−0.62, df=201, p<0.001), CDR-sb and NPI weakly correlated (r=0.20, df=206, p=0.004), and MMSE and NPI were not correlated (r=0.052, df=195, p=0.469).
- Females declined faster on MMSE (LR χ2=8.7, df=2, p=0.013), and younger onset showed faster MMSE decline (LR χ2=5.7, df=2, p=0.058); APOE ε4 and ever-use of FDA-approved anti-dementia medications were associated with initial MMSE scores but not rate of progression in any domain.
Methods
- Longitudinal prospective population cohort from Cache County, Utah: 328 persons diagnosed with Possible/Probable AD, followed from near dementia onset.
- Progression measured with MMSE, CDR sum-of-boxes, and Neuropsychiatric Inventory; predictors included age of onset, gender, education, and APOE ε4.
- Analyses calculated annual rates of change/slopes and used mixed-effects models with time and time-squared terms, plus secondary analyses of anti-dementia medication use.
Limitations
- Stated: single measures of cognition, function, and NPS; missing MMSE scores due to sensory/motor impairment in 9%; lack of follow-up among 29% (mostly death); cursory examination of anti-dementia medications; and a primarily Caucasian population of northern European descent, limiting generalizability.
- Stated: the study did not consider duration or consistency of anti-dementia medication use.
- Evident: the text also reports that 112 participants (34%) lacked any follow-up, mostly due to death, and that these individuals were older and had lower diagnostic MMSE scores than those with follow-up.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
6 of 34 cited sources checked · 3 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Progression of Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) is highly variable.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“Numerous studies report significant variability in the rate of cognitive and functional decline in AD.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > Abstract > Objectives
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [2] Behl, 2005, Progress in clinical neurosciences: cognitive markers of progression in Alzheimer's disease, Can J Neurol Sci source
The Abstract says longitudinal studies have revealed the “complex nature and heterogeneity” of Alzheimer’s disease progression. That supports the claim that progression is highly variable. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Our findings are consistent with recent work suggesting that APOE ε4 exerts deleterious effects early in the disease course.(12)”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] Cosentino, 2008, APOE epsilon 4 allele predicts faster cognitive decline in mild Alzheimer disease, Neurology source
The Conclusion states that APOE ε4 may influence cognitive decline most significantly in the earliest stages of AD. The Discussion reports more rapid decline among ε4 carriers in incident AD, supporting the citing sentence’s qualified description of deleterious effects early in the disease course. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“between the CDR-sb and NPI (r=0.20, df=206, p<0.004)”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > Abstract > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Females (LR χ2=8.7, df=2, p=0.013) and those with younger onset (LR χ2=5.7, df=2, p=0.058) declined faster on the MMSE.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > Abstract > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rates of change were correlated between MMSE and CDR-sb (r=−0.62, df=201, p<0.001)”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > Abstract > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“−1.53 (2.69) on the MMSE”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > Abstract > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“1.44 (1.82) on the CDR-sb”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > Abstract > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although one or more APOE ε4 alleles and ever-use of FDA-approved anti-dementia medications were associated with initial MMSE scores, neither was related to the rate of progression in any domain.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > Abstract > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among surviving participants, 30–58% progressed less than one point/year on these measures, even 5–7 years after dementia onset.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > Abstract > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although one or more APOE ε4 alleles and ever-use of FDA-approved anti-dementia medications were associated with initial MMSE scores, neither was related to the rate of progression in any domain.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > Abstract > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 32
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“a recent review reported that the mean annual rate of change (ARC) on the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), a global measure of cognition, varied from 0.8 to 4.4 points.(2)”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [2] Behl, 2005, Progress in clinical neurosciences: cognitive markers of progression in Alzheimer's disease, Can J Neurol Sci source
The MMSE table in the Mini-Mental Status Examination section reports mean annual rates of change of 0.8 and 4.4 points per year across studies, supporting the cited review’s range. One entry is 4.46, slightly above the stated upper bound. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Some measures (e.g., MMSE) have been criticized for differential performance in classifying the cognitive status of individuals from different ages and educational backgrounds, and for significant floor effects when studying persons with severe dementia (reviewed in (43)).”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [43] Norton, 2009, Caregiver-recipient closeness and symptom progression in Alzheimer disease. The Cache County Dementia Progression Study, J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Outcomes section (page unavailable) describes administering the MMSE to participants with advanced dementia and occasionally discontinuing it because of poor comprehension. It does not discuss floor effects. Searches for floor effects and the MMSE’s ability to detect further decline in advanced dementia found no passage supporting the attributed criticism. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Variables available from the CCSMA included age of dementia onset, gender, education, and presence of one or two APOE ε4 alleles, determined from buccal DNA.(24)”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS > Predictor Variables
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [24] Saunders, 1993, Association of apolipoprotein E allele epsilon 4 with late-onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease, Neurology sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods and Genomic DNA sections describe age-of-onset information and APOE genotyping, supporting those elements of the sentence. They do not describe CCSMA variables, gender or education data, or buccal DNA; the paper instead reports DNA from blood samples and brain tissue. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Some measures (e.g., MMSE) have been criticized for differential performance in classifying the cognitive status of individuals from different ages and educational backgrounds, and for significant floor effects when studying persons with severe dementia (reviewed in (43)).”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [43] Norton, 2009, Caregiver-recipient closeness and symptom progression in Alzheimer disease. The Cache County Dementia Progression Study, J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Outcomes section (page not provided) describes the MMSE as a cognitive screening test, while the Analysis and Cognitive Trajectory sections examine age and education as predictors of MMSE scores or decline. None of these passages criticizes the MMSE for classifying cognitive status differently across age or educational groups. Searches for differential classification, age and education bias, and MMSE limitations found no such statement in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Older age was associated with worse cognition and function at baseline, while women declined more rapidly (in cognition) than men.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the Cache County population is primarily Caucasian and of northern European descent.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), a measure of global cognitive functioning,(22)”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS > Measures of Dementia Progression
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] Folstein, 1975, “Mini-mental state.” A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician, J Psychiatr Res source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Other limitations included the missing MMSE scores at baseline and/or follow-up owing to sensory/motor impairments among 9% of the sample, the lack of follow-up among 29% of the sample (mostly due to death(44)), and our cursory examination of the effects of anti-dementia medications on dementia progression.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] Treiber, 2008, Vascular factors and risk for neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: the Cache County Study, Int Psychogeriatr source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in a U.S. county recognized for its residents’ longevity”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Breitner, 1999, APOE-epsilon4 count predicts age when prevalence of AD increases, then declines: the Cache County Study, Neurology source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The CDR was scored by a trained research nurse at each visit, considering the caregiver’s report of symptoms and the participant’s neuropsychological test performance.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS > Measures of Dementia Progression
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A geriatric psychiatrist conducted the initial training and performed periodic reviews of the RN ratings.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS > Measures of Dementia Progression
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The instrument screens for the presence of each symptom and follows positive responses with a series of standardized questions to characterize the symptom, its frequency, severity, and degree of change from premorbid characteristics.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS > Measures of Dementia Progression
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] Cummings, 1994, The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia, Neurology source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A study neuropsychologist trained these individuals and periodically reviewed audiotaped test sessions to ensure consistent techniques of standardized administration.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS > Measures of Dementia Progression
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Similar variability is seen in functional decline,(3)”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Aguero-Torres, 1998, Natural history of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias: review of the literature in the light of the findings from the Kungsholmen Project, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“which has examined the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for dementia”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Breitner, 1999, APOE-epsilon4 count predicts age when prevalence of AD increases, then declines: the Cache County Study, Neurology source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other limitations included the missing MMSE scores at baseline and/or follow-up owing to sensory/motor impairments among 9% of the sample, the lack of follow-up among 29% of the sample (mostly due to death(44)), and our cursory examination of the effects of anti-dementia medications on dementia progression.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we calculated an adjusted MMSE score by discarding items missed because of sensory or motor impairment (e.g., severe vision or hearing loss, motor weakness, tremor, etc.), noting the percent correct, and rescaling the final score on a 30-point scale.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS > Measures of Dementia Progression
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the longitudinal, population-based Cache County Study on Memory in Aging (CCSMA)”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Breitner, 1999, APOE-epsilon4 count predicts age when prevalence of AD increases, then declines: the Cache County Study, Neurology source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants whose sensory or motor impairments affected more than 3 points were excluded from the analyses (n=30, 9%).”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS > Measures of Dementia Progression
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 30Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“most individuals with incident dementia have been followed prospectively by the DPS”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Differences in results may also reflect sample differences in years of education and the timing of observations along the course of dementia.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“NPS in AD are marked by increasing incidence over time and by an episodic course.(4)”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Chung, 2000, Neurobehavioral and neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: characteristics and treatment, Neurol Clin source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“More rapid decline among women with AD has been reported in some,(31) but not all studies.(32)”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] Aguero-Torres, 1998, Prognostic factors in very old demented adults: a seven-year follow-up from a population-based survey in Stockholm, J Am Geriatr Soc source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] Mohs, 2000, Longitudinal studies of cognitive, functional and behavioural change in patients with Alzheimer's disease, Stat Med source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This finding contrasts with studies reporting more rapid decline among those with more years of education,(37) but is consistent with higher education conferring advantages early in the disease course.(38)”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [37] Koepsell, 2008, Education, cognitive function, and severity of neuropathology in Alzheimer disease, Neurology source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A trained research nurse administered the NPI (23) to the caregiver.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS > Measures of Dementia Progression
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) assesses NPS that commonly occur in dementia including delusions, hallucinations, agitation-aggression, depression-dysphoria, apathy-indifference, elation-euphoria, anxiety, disinhibition, irritability-lability, and aberrant motor behavior.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS > Measures of Dementia Progression
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] Cummings, 1994, The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia, Neurology source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, we did not consider duration or consistency of medication use; a thorough examination of the effects of anti-dementia medications will be the topic of a subsequent paper on dementia treatments.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among the study limitations are the use of single measures of cognition, function and NPS.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR(19)) is a measure of functional ability in six areas: memory, orientation, judgment/problem solving, community affairs, participation in home/hobbies, and personal care.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS > Measures of Dementia Progression
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] Hughes, 1982, A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia, Br J Psychiatry source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other limitations included the missing MMSE scores at baseline and/or follow-up owing to sensory/motor impairments among 9% of the sample, the lack of follow-up among 29% of the sample (mostly due to death(44)), and our cursory examination of the effects of anti-dementia medications on dementia progression.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This approach allowed us to account for the dependence between within-subject repeated measures and for non-linear change with respect to time by incorporating time-squared effects.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS > Analyses
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study strengths include its population base, its focus on incident cases, the characterization of course in the three domains of dementia, the extended follow-up after dementia onset, and the high participation rates observed in dementia ascertainment and over the period of observation.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study strengths include its population base, its focus on incident cases, the characterization of course in the three domains of dementia, the extended follow-up after dementia onset, and the high participation rates observed in dementia ascertainment and over the period of observation.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study strengths include its population base, its focus on incident cases, the characterization of course in the three domains of dementia, the extended follow-up after dementia onset, and the high participation rates observed in dementia ascertainment and over the period of observation.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present results in general suggest important differences between population- vs. clinic-based samples.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study strengths include its population base, its focus on incident cases, the characterization of course in the three domains of dementia, the extended follow-up after dementia onset, and the high participation rates observed in dementia ascertainment and over the period of observation.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study strengths include its population base, its focus on incident cases, the characterization of course in the three domains of dementia, the extended follow-up after dementia onset, and the high participation rates observed in dementia ascertainment and over the period of observation.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
AD causes impairment not only in cognition and function, but also in behavior prompted by neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS).
“AD causes impairment not only in cognition and function, but also in behavior prompted by neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most studies of AD progression describe the course of prevalent cases.
“Also, most studies of AD progression describe the course of prevalent cases.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Few studies have examined cognition, function, and NPS simultaneously.
“Furthermore, few studies have examined cognition, function, and NPS simultaneously, so their descriptions of AD progression are incomplete.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many studies encompass limited time of follow-up in their descriptions of dementia course.
“Finally, many studies encompass limited time of follow-up in their descriptions of dementia course.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 3MS is a somewhat more sensitive measure than the MMSE.
“as a somewhat more sensitive measure, the 3MS, was employed in dementia screening in the Cache County population”
The paper relies on this without support.
The missing MMSE scores and loss to follow-up did not substantially bias the estimated progression.
“Other limitations included the missing MMSE scores at baseline and/or follow-up owing to sensory/motor impairments among 9% of the sample, the lack of follow-up among 29% of the sample (mostly due to death(44)), and our cursory examination of the effects of anti-dementia medications on dementia progression.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Our findings suggest that women are at risk for delayed identification of cognitive decline, yet more rapid trajectory of decline, suggesting increased risk of dementia and disability compared with men, consistent with research showing that women with mild cognitive impairment or AD have faster cognitive decline than men.32,33”
From Sex differences in cognitive decline among US adults (2021) · cites this paper as [32]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Sex is an important factor that contributes to the clinical and biological heterogeneities in Alzheimer’s disease (AD)”
From Sex-specific DNA methylation differences in Alzheimer’s disease pathology (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“After diagnosis, women also progress faster with more rapid cognitive and functional declines [3–8]”
From Sex-specific DNA methylation differences in Alzheimer’s disease pathology (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Our findings are consistent with studies showing that women with mild cognitive impairment or AD have faster decline in global cognition than men.32,33”
From Sex differences in cognitive decline among US adults (2021) · cites this paper as [32]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Conflicting percentages for participants without follow-up
MinorThe Results say 112 participants, or 34% of the cohort, lacked follow-up. The Discussion describes the lack of follow-up as affecting 29% of the sample.
“Individuals who lacked any follow-up numbered 112 (34%)”
“the lack of follow-up among 29% of the sample”
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 · Cited by 88,282 · cited 1×
“Measures of Dementia Progression The Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), a measure of global cognitive functioning,(22) was administered by trained neuropsychological technicians.”
MethodMcKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.34.7.939 · Cited by 27,915
The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: Comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia
Cummings, J. L., Mega, M., Gray, K., Rosenberg-Thompson, S., Carusi, D. A., & Gornbein, J. (1994) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.44.12.2308 · Cited by 7,568
A New Clinical Scale for the Staging of Dementia
Hughes, C. P., Berg, L., Danziger, W., Coben, L. A., & Martin, R. L. (1982) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.140.6.566 · Cited by 7,056 · cited 2×
“The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR(19)) is a measure of functional ability in six areas: memory, orientation, judgment/problem solving, community affairs, participation in home/ hobbies, and personal care.”
MethodDrake, M. M. (1988) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.42.10.683b · Cited by 5,303
The Mini‐Mental State Examination: A Comprehensive Review
Tombaugh, T. N., & McIntyre, N. J. (1992) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01992.x · Cited by 5,152 · cited 1×
“, MMSE) have been criticized for differential performance in classifying the cognitive status of individuals from different ages and educational backgrounds, and for significant floor effects when studying persons with severe dementia (reviewed in (43)).”
BackgroundJ Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci
Yudofsky, S. C., & Hales, R. E. (1992) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/jnp.4.4.359 · Cited by 3,818
Association of apolipoprotein E allele ϵ4 with late‐onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease
Saunders, A. M., Strittmatter, W. J., Schmechel, D., St. George-Hyslop, P. H., Pericak-Vance, M. A., Joo, S. H., Rosi, B. L., Gusella, J. F., Crapper-MacLachlan, D. R., Alberts, M. J., et al. (1993) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.43.8.1467 · Cited by 3,786
Forecasting the global burden of Alzheimer's disease
Brookmeyer, R., Johnson, E., Ziegler‐Graham, K., & Arrighi, H. M. (2007) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2007.04.381 · Cited by 3,370 · cited 1×
“2 million by 2050,(1) unless a means of prevention can be identified.”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 48 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–245 of 245
Neuropsychiatric Features of Parkinson’s disease with Cognitive Impairment: An Overview
Javeed, M., & Leroi, I. (2014) · EMJ Neurology · doi:10.33590/emjneurol/10311282
Abner, E. L. (2013) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky)
Mental Capacity of Adult Patients in Health Care
Hewitt, J. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8706-2_28-1
“However, disease progression in terms of the extent of cognitive impairment is highly variable in patients diagnosed with dementia (Dresser 1996; Tschanz et al. 2011), and therefore the diagnosis alone should not be taken as an indicator of mental incapacity.”
BackgroundAmirthavasagam, S. (2015) · Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University)
Behrens, S. (2021) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · doi:10.26076/f4a1-63ce
祐美, 今., 加藤梓, 卓也, 佐., et al. (2017) · 神経心理学 · doi:10.20584/neuropsychology.33.1_44
Sajatovic, M. (2018) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2018.12.001
BehrensBerg, S. (2019) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · doi:10.26076/ytag-xh64
伊藤, 舞., 加藤, 梓., 佐藤, 卓., et al. (2018) · 神経心理学 · doi:10.20584/neuropsychology.17044
Introduction: neuropsychology and the assessment of patients with dementia
Hildebrandt, H. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821072-7.00001-1
Männer, Frauen und Demenz: Gibt es Geschlechtsunterschiede?
Folkerts, A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-60606-3_6
The Interplay of Progestins, Matrix Metalloproteinases, and the Aging Brain
Porter, K. N. (2020) · The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University) · doi:10.33915/etd.7973
The PBAR Protocol: Antipsychotic Medication Reduction in the Nursing Home
Harris, M., Mendiratta, P., Azhar, G., Du, R., & Jin, J. (2021) · OBM Geriatrics · doi:10.21926/obm.geriatr.2102172
Matyi, J. (2021) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · doi:10.26076/17b5-fc01
Looking for navigation charts for the journey through dementia
Agüera-Ortíz, L. (2021) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610220003889
Gammada, E. Z., Au, R., & Foldi, N. S. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819344-0.00001-6
Insights into the function and dysfunction of α-synuclein in cells
Raiss, C. C. (2015) · University of Twente Research Information · doi:10.3990/1.9789461089458
Mental Capacity of Adult Patients in Health Care
Hewitt, J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8688-1_28
Madan, R., Natadiria, M., Berall, A., Santiago, A., & Schwartz, K. (2022) · Canadian Geriatrics Journal · doi:10.5770/cgj.25.603 · Cited by 1
“Hours caring for PWD in a week, median (range) 28 (3-168)”
BackgroundRola steroidów płciowych w chorobach neurodegeneracyjnych
Sadowska, A., & Grzesiak, M. (2022) · Postępy Biochemii · doi:10.18388/pb.2021_468 · Cited by 1
“Zauważono również u nich szybszy spadek kognitywny [31].”
Lucendo, M. C., Bartolomé, M. V. P., & Ladera, V. (2022) · Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana · doi:10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.10249
HIGGS, P. F. D., & Gilleard, C. J. (2016) · Policy Press eBooks · doi:10.51952/9781447319078.bm001
Enhancing Wearable Technologies for Dementia Care: A Cognitive Architecture Approach
Franklin, M., Lagnado, D. A., Min, C., Mathur, A., & Kawsar, F. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-40878-6_15
“The rate at which it progresses and the cognitive functions it impairs will differ even among patients with the same type of dementia [34].”
Delft, N. A.-V., Peeters, M. W. H., & Snaphaan, L. J. A. E. (2023) · Gerontechnology · doi:10.4017/gt.2023.22.1.836.09
Additional file 2 of Distinct sex-specific DNA methylation differences in Alzheimer’s disease
Silva, T. C., Zhang, W. Y., Young, J. I., Gomez, L., Schmidt, M. A., Varma, A., Chen, X. S., Martin, E. R., & Wang, L. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21129954
Additional file 2 of Sex-specific DNA methylation differences in Alzheimer’s disease pathology
Zhang, L., Young, J. I., Gomez, L., Silva, T. C., Schmidt, M. A., Cai, J., Chen, X., Martin, E. R., & Wang, L. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14490464
Sampatakakis, S. N., Mourtzi, N., Hatzimanolis, A., Koutsis, G., Charisis, S., Gkelmpesi, I., Mamalaki, E., Ntanasi, E., Ramı́rez, A., Yannakoulia, M., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26030910
Gender-specific impacts of employment on mental and cognitive health in older adults
Shin, S. H., & Fan, J. X. (2025) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2025.2502797 · Cited by 2
“Some studies indicate that women may experience faster declines than men in global cognition and executive function, though not in memory (Levine et al., 2021; Lin et al., 2015; Tschanz et al., 2011).”
Vogelgsang, J. S., Gregoy, S., Smith, G. W., Abston, J., Kuhn, M., Pizzagalli, D. A., & Berretta, S. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.06.04.657953
“Extensive research has demonstrated varying temporal patterns of non-cognitive symptoms in AD [7-9].”
Mental Capacity of Adult Patients in Health Care
Hewitt, J. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8706-2_28-2
Paliniewicz, C., Mouton, A., Fabre, R., Derreumaux, A., Ettore, É., Couchoud, F.-X., Tifratène, K., Guérin, O., Michel, É., & Sacco, G. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877251372636
Mental Capacity of Adult Patients in Health Care
Hewitt, J. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-024-2252-8_28
Additional file 1 of Sex-specific DNA methylation differences in Alzheimer’s disease pathology
Zhang, L., Young, J. I., Gomez, L., Silva, T. C., Schmidt, M. A., Cai, J., Chen, X., Martin, E. R., & Wang, L. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14490461
Additional file 1 of Distinct sex-specific DNA methylation differences in Alzheimer’s disease
C. Silva, T., Zhang, W., Young, J. I., Gomez, L., Schmidt, M. A., Varma, A., Chen, X. S., Martin, E. R., & Wang, L. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21129953
Wu, C.-T., Chu, C.-I., Wang, F.-Y., Yang, H.-Y., Tseng, W.-S., Chang, C.-R., & Chang, C.-C. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21256882
Huang, J., Zhou, X., Yao, J., & Zhang, L. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14040472 · Cited by 1
“Moreover, since dementia typically progresses gradually [58], adult-child caregivers often assume caregiving responsibilities progressively as their parents’ condition deteriorates, allowing them to accumulate relevant experience over time.”
Zuo, J., Lu, D., Zou, L., Liu, S., Hy, X., Han, W., Bai, X. R., Chen, R., Liu, J., Wang, L., et al. (2026) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-026-07018-4
“For instance, poor balance performance has been shown to predict future Alzheimer’s disease and is associated with its underlying neuropathology [16].”
Kong, L., Xie, D., Luo, D. M., Guan, R., & Han, C. (2026) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2026.2654104
Shahu, A., Xia, W., Wei, Y., & Malinsky, D. (2026) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.70604
“Finally, several studies have examined the rate of change in the Sum of Boxes score as a measure of the progression of dementia or AD (Rossetti et al., 2010; Tschanz et al., 2011; Williams et al., 2013).”
Neuropsychiatric symptoms and gait/balance are predictors of functional trajectories in dementias
Rodrigo Gómez, R., Piñones, M. F., Navarrete, P. A., Fuentes, J. R., Sarria, T. A., & Delgado, C. (2026) · Dementia & Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1590/1980-5764-dn-2025-0455
“Our findings are in line with these studies, and the subgroup analysis seems to support that neuropsychiatric symptoms are as relevant functional predictors in Alzheimer’s as in non-Alzheimer’s dementias 31,32 .”
Su, C.-Y., Wong, Y., Lee, C., Sung, S.-F., Wu, C.-S., Su, Y.-H., Lin, M.-H., & Ong, C.-T. (2026) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease Reports · doi:10.1177/25424823261494184
Metadata
- Authors
- Tschanz, J. T., Corcoran, C. D., Schwartz, S., Treiber, K., Green, R. C., Norton, M. C., Mielke, M. M., Piercy, K., Steinberg, M., Rabins, P. V., Leoutsakos, J.-M., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., Breitner, J. C. S., & Lyketsos, C. G.
- Affiliations
- Utah State University (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Duke University (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tschanz, JoAnn T.
- ORCID
- Venue
- The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-06
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 532-542
- ISSN
- 1064-7481 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3101372
- OpenAlex
- W2014196617
- Semantic Scholar
- f0884283b020871180f9799273ae1011ce074273
- Cited by
- 244
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 6.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p30ag028377-05)
- National Institute on Aging (R01 AG 11380, T32AG 027668, P-30 AG028377, R01AG018712, R01 AG011380, R01AG021136, R01 AG18712, K24AG027841, P30AG013846, R01 AG 21136, P30-AG13846))
- National Human Genome Research Institute (R01 HG02213, R01 HG002213)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related cognitive impairment studies
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, dementia progression, cognitive decline, functional decline, neuropsychiatric symptoms, Mini-Mental State Examination, Clinical Dementia Rating, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, sex differences, age of onset, APOE ε4, population-based cohort
- MeSH terms
- Aged, 80 and over, Alleles, Alzheimer Disease, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Sex Characteristics, Utah, Cohort Studies, Age of Onset, Disease Progression, Apolipoprotein E4
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-18, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-18 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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