The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 34 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Progression of Cognitive, Functional, and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort With Alzheimer Dementia: The Cache County Dementia Progression Study
Open accessAbstract
Objectives Progression of Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) is highly variable. Most estimates derive from convenience samples from dementia clinics or research centers where there is substantial potential for survival bias and other distortions. In a population-based sample of incident AD cases, we examined progression of impairment in cognition, function, and neuropsychiatric symptoms, and the influence of selected variables on these domains. Design Longitudinal, prospective cohort study Setting Cache County (Utah) Participants 328 persons diagnosed with Possible/Probable AD Measurements Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating sum-of-boxes (CDR-sb), and Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). Results Over a mean follow-up of 3.80 (range 0.07–12.90) years, the mean (S.D.) annual rates of change were −1.53 (2.69) on the MMSE, 1.44 (1.82) on the CDR-sb, and 2.55 (5.37) scale points on the NPI. Among surviving participants, 30–58% progressed less than one point/year on these measures, even 5–7 years after dementia onset. Rates of change were correlated between MMSE and CDR-sb (r=−0.62, df=201, p<0.001) and between the CDR-sb and NPI (r=0.20, df=206, p<0.004). Females (LR χ2=8.7, df=2, p=0.013) and those with younger onset (LR χ2=5.7, df=2, p=0.058) declined faster on the MMSE. Although one or more APOE ε4 alleles and ever-use of FDA-approved anti-dementia medications were associated with initial MMSE scores, neither was related to the rate of progression in any domain. Conclusions A significant proportion of persons with AD progresses slowly. The results underscore differences between population- vs. clinic-based samples and suggest ongoing need to identify factors that may slow the progression of AD.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In a population-based incident Alzheimer dementia cohort, cognitive, functional, and neuropsychiatric symptoms worsened on average, but a substantial minority of survivors declined slowly. The authors argue that progression estimates from clinic-based samples may differ from population-based estimates.
Key findings
- Over mean follow-up of 3.80 years (range 0.07–12.90), mean annual rates of change were −1.53 (SD 2.69) on MMSE, +1.44 (SD 1.82) on CDR-sb, and +2.55 (SD 5.37) on NPI.
- Among survivors, 30–58% progressed less than one point/year on these measures even 5–7 years after dementia onset; this represented 5–10% of the entire cohort.
- MMSE and CDR-sb rates were correlated (r=−0.62, df=201, p<0.001), CDR-sb and NPI weakly correlated (r=0.20, df=206, p=0.004), and MMSE and NPI were not correlated (r=0.052, df=195, p=0.469).
- Females declined faster on MMSE (LR χ2=8.7, df=2, p=0.013), and younger onset showed faster MMSE decline (LR χ2=5.7, df=2, p=0.058); APOE ε4 and ever-use of FDA-approved anti-dementia medications were associated with initial MMSE scores but not rate of progression in any domain.
Methods
- Longitudinal prospective population cohort from Cache County, Utah: 328 persons diagnosed with Possible/Probable AD, followed from near dementia onset.
- Progression measured with MMSE, CDR sum-of-boxes, and Neuropsychiatric Inventory; predictors included age of onset, gender, education, and APOE ε4.
- Analyses calculated annual rates of change/slopes and used mixed-effects models with time and time-squared terms, plus secondary analyses of anti-dementia medication use.
Limitations
- Stated: single measures of cognition, function, and NPS; missing MMSE scores due to sensory/motor impairment in 9%; lack of follow-up among 29% (mostly death); cursory examination of anti-dementia medications; and a primarily Caucasian population of northern European descent, limiting generalizability.
- Stated: the study did not consider duration or consistency of anti-dementia medication use.
- Evident: the text also reports that 112 participants (34%) lacked any follow-up, mostly due to death, and that these individuals were older and had lower diagnostic MMSE scores than those with follow-up.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
6 of 34 cited sources checked · 3 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Progression of Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) is highly variable.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“Numerous studies report significant variability in the rate of cognitive and functional decline in AD.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > Abstract > Objectives
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [2] Behl, 2005, Progress in clinical neurosciences: cognitive markers of progression in Alzheimer's disease, Can J Neurol Sci source
The Abstract says longitudinal studies have revealed the “complex nature and heterogeneity” of Alzheimer’s disease progression. That supports the claim that progression is highly variable. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Our findings are consistent with recent work suggesting that APOE ε4 exerts deleterious effects early in the disease course.(12)”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] Cosentino, 2008, APOE epsilon 4 allele predicts faster cognitive decline in mild Alzheimer disease, Neurology source
The Conclusion states that APOE ε4 may influence cognitive decline most significantly in the earliest stages of AD. The Discussion reports more rapid decline among ε4 carriers in incident AD, supporting the citing sentence’s qualified description of deleterious effects early in the disease course. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“between the CDR-sb and NPI (r=0.20, df=206, p<0.004)”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > Abstract > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Females (LR χ2=8.7, df=2, p=0.013) and those with younger onset (LR χ2=5.7, df=2, p=0.058) declined faster on the MMSE.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > Abstract > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rates of change were correlated between MMSE and CDR-sb (r=−0.62, df=201, p<0.001)”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > Abstract > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“−1.53 (2.69) on the MMSE”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > Abstract > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“1.44 (1.82) on the CDR-sb”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > Abstract > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although one or more APOE ε4 alleles and ever-use of FDA-approved anti-dementia medications were associated with initial MMSE scores, neither was related to the rate of progression in any domain.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > Abstract > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among surviving participants, 30–58% progressed less than one point/year on these measures, even 5–7 years after dementia onset.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > Abstract > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although one or more APOE ε4 alleles and ever-use of FDA-approved anti-dementia medications were associated with initial MMSE scores, neither was related to the rate of progression in any domain.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > Abstract > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 32
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“a recent review reported that the mean annual rate of change (ARC) on the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), a global measure of cognition, varied from 0.8 to 4.4 points.(2)”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [2] Behl, 2005, Progress in clinical neurosciences: cognitive markers of progression in Alzheimer's disease, Can J Neurol Sci source
The MMSE table in the Mini-Mental Status Examination section reports mean annual rates of change of 0.8 and 4.4 points per year across studies, supporting the cited review’s range. One entry is 4.46, slightly above the stated upper bound. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Some measures (e.g., MMSE) have been criticized for differential performance in classifying the cognitive status of individuals from different ages and educational backgrounds, and for significant floor effects when studying persons with severe dementia (reviewed in (43)).”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [43] Norton, 2009, Caregiver-recipient closeness and symptom progression in Alzheimer disease. The Cache County Dementia Progression Study, J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Outcomes section (page unavailable) describes administering the MMSE to participants with advanced dementia and occasionally discontinuing it because of poor comprehension. It does not discuss floor effects. Searches for floor effects and the MMSE’s ability to detect further decline in advanced dementia found no passage supporting the attributed criticism. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Variables available from the CCSMA included age of dementia onset, gender, education, and presence of one or two APOE ε4 alleles, determined from buccal DNA.(24)”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS > Predictor Variables
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [24] Saunders, 1993, Association of apolipoprotein E allele epsilon 4 with late-onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease, Neurology sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods and Genomic DNA sections describe age-of-onset information and APOE genotyping, supporting those elements of the sentence. They do not describe CCSMA variables, gender or education data, or buccal DNA; the paper instead reports DNA from blood samples and brain tissue. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Some measures (e.g., MMSE) have been criticized for differential performance in classifying the cognitive status of individuals from different ages and educational backgrounds, and for significant floor effects when studying persons with severe dementia (reviewed in (43)).”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [43] Norton, 2009, Caregiver-recipient closeness and symptom progression in Alzheimer disease. The Cache County Dementia Progression Study, J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Outcomes section (page not provided) describes the MMSE as a cognitive screening test, while the Analysis and Cognitive Trajectory sections examine age and education as predictors of MMSE scores or decline. None of these passages criticizes the MMSE for classifying cognitive status differently across age or educational groups. Searches for differential classification, age and education bias, and MMSE limitations found no such statement in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Older age was associated with worse cognition and function at baseline, while women declined more rapidly (in cognition) than men.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the Cache County population is primarily Caucasian and of northern European descent.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), a measure of global cognitive functioning,(22)”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS > Measures of Dementia Progression
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] Folstein, 1975, “Mini-mental state.” A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician, J Psychiatr Res source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Other limitations included the missing MMSE scores at baseline and/or follow-up owing to sensory/motor impairments among 9% of the sample, the lack of follow-up among 29% of the sample (mostly due to death(44)), and our cursory examination of the effects of anti-dementia medications on dementia progression.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] Treiber, 2008, Vascular factors and risk for neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: the Cache County Study, Int Psychogeriatr source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in a U.S. county recognized for its residents’ longevity”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Breitner, 1999, APOE-epsilon4 count predicts age when prevalence of AD increases, then declines: the Cache County Study, Neurology source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The CDR was scored by a trained research nurse at each visit, considering the caregiver’s report of symptoms and the participant’s neuropsychological test performance.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS > Measures of Dementia Progression
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A geriatric psychiatrist conducted the initial training and performed periodic reviews of the RN ratings.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS > Measures of Dementia Progression
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The instrument screens for the presence of each symptom and follows positive responses with a series of standardized questions to characterize the symptom, its frequency, severity, and degree of change from premorbid characteristics.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS > Measures of Dementia Progression
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] Cummings, 1994, The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia, Neurology source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A study neuropsychologist trained these individuals and periodically reviewed audiotaped test sessions to ensure consistent techniques of standardized administration.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS > Measures of Dementia Progression
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Similar variability is seen in functional decline,(3)”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Aguero-Torres, 1998, Natural history of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias: review of the literature in the light of the findings from the Kungsholmen Project, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“which has examined the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for dementia”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Breitner, 1999, APOE-epsilon4 count predicts age when prevalence of AD increases, then declines: the Cache County Study, Neurology source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other limitations included the missing MMSE scores at baseline and/or follow-up owing to sensory/motor impairments among 9% of the sample, the lack of follow-up among 29% of the sample (mostly due to death(44)), and our cursory examination of the effects of anti-dementia medications on dementia progression.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we calculated an adjusted MMSE score by discarding items missed because of sensory or motor impairment (e.g., severe vision or hearing loss, motor weakness, tremor, etc.), noting the percent correct, and rescaling the final score on a 30-point scale.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS > Measures of Dementia Progression
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the longitudinal, population-based Cache County Study on Memory in Aging (CCSMA)”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Breitner, 1999, APOE-epsilon4 count predicts age when prevalence of AD increases, then declines: the Cache County Study, Neurology source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants whose sensory or motor impairments affected more than 3 points were excluded from the analyses (n=30, 9%).”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS > Measures of Dementia Progression
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 30Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“most individuals with incident dementia have been followed prospectively by the DPS”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Differences in results may also reflect sample differences in years of education and the timing of observations along the course of dementia.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“NPS in AD are marked by increasing incidence over time and by an episodic course.(4)”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Chung, 2000, Neurobehavioral and neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: characteristics and treatment, Neurol Clin source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“More rapid decline among women with AD has been reported in some,(31) but not all studies.(32)”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] Aguero-Torres, 1998, Prognostic factors in very old demented adults: a seven-year follow-up from a population-based survey in Stockholm, J Am Geriatr Soc source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] Mohs, 2000, Longitudinal studies of cognitive, functional and behavioural change in patients with Alzheimer's disease, Stat Med source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This finding contrasts with studies reporting more rapid decline among those with more years of education,(37) but is consistent with higher education conferring advantages early in the disease course.(38)”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [37] Koepsell, 2008, Education, cognitive function, and severity of neuropathology in Alzheimer disease, Neurology source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A trained research nurse administered the NPI (23) to the caregiver.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS > Measures of Dementia Progression
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) assesses NPS that commonly occur in dementia including delusions, hallucinations, agitation-aggression, depression-dysphoria, apathy-indifference, elation-euphoria, anxiety, disinhibition, irritability-lability, and aberrant motor behavior.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS > Measures of Dementia Progression
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] Cummings, 1994, The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia, Neurology source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, we did not consider duration or consistency of medication use; a thorough examination of the effects of anti-dementia medications will be the topic of a subsequent paper on dementia treatments.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among the study limitations are the use of single measures of cognition, function and NPS.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR(19)) is a measure of functional ability in six areas: memory, orientation, judgment/problem solving, community affairs, participation in home/hobbies, and personal care.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS > Measures of Dementia Progression
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] Hughes, 1982, A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia, Br J Psychiatry source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other limitations included the missing MMSE scores at baseline and/or follow-up owing to sensory/motor impairments among 9% of the sample, the lack of follow-up among 29% of the sample (mostly due to death(44)), and our cursory examination of the effects of anti-dementia medications on dementia progression.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This approach allowed us to account for the dependence between within-subject repeated measures and for non-linear change with respect to time by incorporating time-squared effects.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > METHODS > Analyses
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study strengths include its population base, its focus on incident cases, the characterization of course in the three domains of dementia, the extended follow-up after dementia onset, and the high participation rates observed in dementia ascertainment and over the period of observation.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study strengths include its population base, its focus on incident cases, the characterization of course in the three domains of dementia, the extended follow-up after dementia onset, and the high participation rates observed in dementia ascertainment and over the period of observation.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study strengths include its population base, its focus on incident cases, the characterization of course in the three domains of dementia, the extended follow-up after dementia onset, and the high participation rates observed in dementia ascertainment and over the period of observation.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present results in general suggest important differences between population- vs. clinic-based samples.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study strengths include its population base, its focus on incident cases, the characterization of course in the three domains of dementia, the extended follow-up after dementia onset, and the high participation rates observed in dementia ascertainment and over the period of observation.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study strengths include its population base, its focus on incident cases, the characterization of course in the three domains of dementia, the extended follow-up after dementia onset, and the high participation rates observed in dementia ascertainment and over the period of observation.”
§ Progression of Cognitive, Functional and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort with Alzheimer’s Dementia The Cache County Dementia Progression Study > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
AD causes impairment not only in cognition and function, but also in behavior prompted by neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS).
“AD causes impairment not only in cognition and function, but also in behavior prompted by neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most studies of AD progression describe the course of prevalent cases.
“Also, most studies of AD progression describe the course of prevalent cases.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Few studies have examined cognition, function, and NPS simultaneously.
“Furthermore, few studies have examined cognition, function, and NPS simultaneously, so their descriptions of AD progression are incomplete.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many studies encompass limited time of follow-up in their descriptions of dementia course.
“Finally, many studies encompass limited time of follow-up in their descriptions of dementia course.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 3MS is a somewhat more sensitive measure than the MMSE.
“as a somewhat more sensitive measure, the 3MS, was employed in dementia screening in the Cache County population”
The paper relies on this without support.
The missing MMSE scores and loss to follow-up did not substantially bias the estimated progression.
“Other limitations included the missing MMSE scores at baseline and/or follow-up owing to sensory/motor impairments among 9% of the sample, the lack of follow-up among 29% of the sample (mostly due to death(44)), and our cursory examination of the effects of anti-dementia medications on dementia progression.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Our findings suggest that women are at risk for delayed identification of cognitive decline, yet more rapid trajectory of decline, suggesting increased risk of dementia and disability compared with men, consistent with research showing that women with mild cognitive impairment or AD have faster cognitive decline than men.32,33”
From Sex differences in cognitive decline among US adults (2021) · cites this paper as [32]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Sex is an important factor that contributes to the clinical and biological heterogeneities in Alzheimer’s disease (AD)”
From Sex-specific DNA methylation differences in Alzheimer’s disease pathology (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“After diagnosis, women also progress faster with more rapid cognitive and functional declines [3–8]”
From Sex-specific DNA methylation differences in Alzheimer’s disease pathology (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Our findings are consistent with studies showing that women with mild cognitive impairment or AD have faster decline in global cognition than men.32,33”
From Sex differences in cognitive decline among US adults (2021) · cites this paper as [32]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Conflicting percentages for participants without follow-up
MinorThe Results say 112 participants, or 34% of the cohort, lacked follow-up. The Discussion describes the lack of follow-up as affecting 29% of the sample.
“Individuals who lacked any follow-up numbered 112 (34%)”
“the lack of follow-up among 29% of the sample”
Citations
Cites
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Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
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“The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR(19)) is a measure of functional ability in six areas: memory, orientation, judgment/problem solving, community affairs, participation in home/ hobbies, and personal care.”
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BackgroundJ Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci
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Saunders, A. M., Strittmatter, W. J., Schmechel, D., St. George-Hyslop, P. H., Pericak-Vance, M. A., Joo, S. H., Rosi, B. L., Gusella, J. F., Crapper-MacLachlan, D. R., Alberts, M. J., et al. (1993) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.43.8.1467 · Cited by 3,786
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“2 million by 2050,(1) unless a means of prevention can be identified.”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 48 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dementia prevention, intervention, and care
Livingston, G., Sommerlad, A., Orgeta, V., Costafreda, S. G., Huntley, J., Ames, D., Ballard, C., Banerjee, S., Burns, A., Cohen-Mansfield, J., et al. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31363-6 · Cited by 6,072
Defeating Alzheimer's disease and other dementias: a priority for European science and society
Winblad, B., Amouyel, P., Andrieu, S., Ballard, C., Brayne, C., Brodaty, H., Cedazo-Minguez, A., Dubois, B., Edvardsson, D., Feldman, H., et al. (2016) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(16)00062-4 · Cited by 1,676
Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia
Cerejeira, J., Lagarto, L., & Mukaetova-Ladinska, E. B. (2012) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2012.00073 · Cited by 1,425
Education and cognitive functioning across the life span
Lövdén, M., Fratiglioni, L., Glymour, M. M., Lindenberger, U., & Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2020) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100620920576 · Cited by 1,224
“Three studies (total N = 587) reported no education-related differences in declines in performance on the MMSE (Aguero-Torres, Fratiglioni, Guo, Viitanen, & Winblad, 1998; Small, Viitanen, Winblad, & Bäckman, 1997; Tschanz et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialClinical epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease: assessing sex and gender differences
Mielke, M., Vemuri, P., & Rocca, W. (2014) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s37929 · Cited by 1,021
“Interestingly, women also have a faster rate of cognitive and functional decline after a diagnosis of AD.(63,64)”
Self-citationLong-term PM2.5 Exposure and Neurological Hospital Admissions in the Northeastern United States
Kioumourtzoglou, M., Schwartz, J. D., Weisskopf, M. G., Melly, S. J., Wang, Y., Dominici, F., & Zanobetti, A. (2015) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1408973 · Cited by 475
“Tschanz et al. (2011) reported that the progression of disease is slow for a significant proportion of patients with neurodegenerative diseases, and for AD specifically, and urged the identification of modifiable factors that may further slow neurodegenerative progression.”
BackgroundSex differences in cognitive decline among US adults
Levine, D. A., Gross, A. L., Briceño, E. M., Tilton, N., Giordani, B. J., Sussman, J. B., Hayward, R. A., Burke, J. F., Hingtgen, S., Elkind, M. S. V., et al. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.0169 · Cited by 440
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“Acknowledgments Grant Support: This research was supported by the Cache County Memory Study, Dementia Progression Study, and the Joseph and Kathleen Bryan ADRC: R01AG11380, R01AG21136, R01AG18712.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationNeuropsychiatric signs and symptoms of Alzheimer's disease: New treatment paradigms
Lanctôt, K. L., Amatniek, J., Ancoli‐Israel, S., Arnold, S. E., Ballard, C., Cohen‐Mansfield, J., Ismail, Z., Lyketsos, C., Miller, D. S., Musiek, E., et al. (2017) · Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.trci.2017.07.001 · Cited by 395
“[4] Tschanz JT, Corcoran CD, Schwartz S, Treiber K, Green RC, NortonMC, et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationSex differences in the association between AD biomarkers and cognitive decline
Initiative, F. T. A. N., Koran, M. E. I., Wagener, M., & Hohman, T. J. (2017) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-016-9523-8 · Cited by 339
“males with AD appear to show more rapid cognitive decline than males with AD (Tschanz et al. 2011), likely driven by the tighter coupling of cognition and neuropathology previously highlighted.”
BackgroundShi, L., Wu, X., Yazdi, M. D., Braun, D., Awad, Y. A., Wei, Y., Liu, P., Di, Q., Wang, Y., Schwartz, J. D., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Planetary Health · doi:10.1016/s2542-5196(20)30227-8 · Cited by 320
“24,25 Furthermore, disease diagnosis probably occurs at a neurologist’s office and not during a hospital admission.”
Longitudinal course of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia: systematic review
van der Linde, R. M., Dening, T., Stephan, B. C. M., Prina, M. A., Evans, E. H., & Brayne, C. (2016) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.148403 · Cited by 294
“The total score on the NPI significantly increased over time, 26,34,75 and symptoms were mostly shown to be persistent, 26,31 stable or increasing.”
Sex: A Significant Risk Factor for Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders
Pinares-Garcia, P., Stratikopoulos, M., Zagato, A., Loke, H., & Lee, J. (2018) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci8080154 · Cited by 200
“Women also show more rapid loss of autonomy, greater disability and more rapid cognitive decline whilst men have a higher mortality and comorbidity and later onset [79,96,97].”
BackgroundThe paradox of syndromic diversity in Alzheimer disease
Warren, J. D., Fletcher, P. D., & Golden, H. L. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2012.135 · Cited by 204
Miguel-Álvarez, M., Santos‐Lozano, A., Sanchis‐Gomar, F., Fiuza‐Luces, C., Pareja-Galeano, H., Garatachea, N., & Lucía, A. (2015) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.1007/s40266-015-0239-z · Cited by 197
“Each domain is rated on a 5-point scale scored from 0 (normal) to 3 (severe dementia), so that the final result varies from 0 to 18 [11].”
BackgroundSex Hormones and Cognition: Neuroendocrine Influences on Memory and Learning
Hamson, D. K., Roes, M., & Galea, L. A. M. (2016) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c150031 · Cited by 216
Considering Sex as a Biological Variable Will Be Valuable for Neuroscience Research
Shansky, R. M., & Woolley, C. S. (2016) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1390-16.2016 · Cited by 191
Fauth, E. B., Hess, K., Piercy, K., Norton, M. C., Corcoran, C., Rabins, P. V., Lyketsos, C. G., & Tschanz, J. T. (2012) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2012.678482 · Cited by 189
“Assessments were conducted by a trained research nurse and a neuropsychological technician, and a written informed consent was obtained for each assessment (Tschanz et al., 2011).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationDodel, R. C., Rominger, A., Bartenstein, P., Barkhof, F., Blennow, K., Förster, S., Winter, Y., Bach, J., Popp, J., Alferink, J., et al. (2013) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70014-0 · Cited by 193
APOE ε2 is associated with milder clinical and pathological Alzheimer disease
Serrano‐Pozo, A., Qian, J., Monsell, S. E., Betensky, R. A., & Hyman, B. T. (2015) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.24369 · Cited by 176
Amyloid and tau imaging biomarkers explain cognitive decline from late middle-age
Betthauser, T. J., Koscik, R. L., Jonaitis, E. M., Allison, S. L., Cody, K. A., Erickson, C. M., Rowley, H. A., Stone, C. K., Mueller, K. D., Clark, L. R., et al. (2019) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awz378 · Cited by 176
“…were largely conducted in older adults that are likely to have comorbid contributions to cognitive decline due to their age (Vassilaki et al. , 2015), and could have a survivor bias due to the age cognitively unimpaired inclusion criteria were applied (Tschanz et al. , 2011; Weuve et al. , 2015).”
Progression of Alzheimer's disease as measured by Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes scores
Williams, M., Storandt, M., Roe, C. M., & Morris, J. C. (2012) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2012.01.005 · Cited by 160
“Studies have examined annual rate of change in CDR-SB [24,25].”
BackgroundPlasma Sphingomyelins are Associated with Cognitive Progression in Alzheimer's Disease
Mielke, M. M., Haughey, N. J., Bandaru, V. V. R., Weinberg, D. D., Darby, E. J., Zaidi, N., Pavlik, V., Doody, R. S., & Lyketsos, C. G. (2011) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2011-110405 · Cited by 158
Self-citationBoutoleau-Bretonnière, C., Pouclet-Courtemanche, H., Gillet, A., Bernard, A., Deruet, A. L., Gouraud, I., Mazoue, A., Lamy, E., Rocher, L., Kapogiannis, D., et al. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-200604 · Cited by 151
“Neuropsychiatric symptoms typically fluctuate in intensity over the course of AD [7].”
BackgroundNeuropsychiatric Symptoms and Global Functional Impairment along the Alzheimer’s Continuum
Wadsworth, L. P., Lorius, N., Donovan, N. J., Locascio, J. J., Rentz, D. M., Johnson, K. A., Sperling, R. A., & Marshall, G. A. (2012) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000342119 · Cited by 144
Neuropsychiatric and Cognitive Symptoms Across the Alzheimer Disease Clinical Spectrum
Eikelboom, W. S., van den Berg, E., Singleton, E. H., Baart, S. J., Coesmans, M., Leeuwis, A. E., Teunissen, C. E., van Berckel, B. N. M., Pijnenburg, Y. A. L., Scheltens, P., et al. (2021) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000012598 · Cited by 133
Rosenberg, P. B., Mielke, M. M., Han, D., Leoutsakos, J. S., Lyketsos, C. G., Rabins, P. V., Zandi, P. P., Breitner, J. C. S., Norton, M. C., Welsh‐Bohmer, K. A., et al. (2012) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.3769 · Cited by 127
“We, therefore, sought to examine the association of psychotropic medication use with cognitive, functional, and NPS trajectories in a longitudinal population-based study of incident AD participants enrolled in the Cache County Dementia Progression Study [DPS] (Tschanz et al., 2011).”
InfluentialSelf-citationPereira, J. B., Westman, E., & Hansson, O. (2017) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.06.002 · Cited by 120
Tsiknia, A. A., Edland, S. D., Sundermann, E. E., Reas, E. T., Brewer, J. B., Galasko, D. R., Banks, S. J., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01675-8 · Cited by 98
Sanders, C., Behrens, S., Schwartz, S., Wengreen, H. J., Corcoran, C. D., Lyketsos, C. G., & Tschanz, J. T. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-150528 · Cited by 96
Self-citationGuercio, B. J., Donovan, N. J., Munro, C. E., Aghjayan, S. L., Wigman, S. E., Locascio, J. J., Amariglio, R. E., Rentz, D. M., Johnson, K. A., Sperling, R. A., et al. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-150146 · Cited by 98
Treiber, K., Carlson, M. C., Corcoran, C., Norton, M. C., Breitner, J. C. S., Piercy, K. W., DeBerard, M. S., Stein, D. J., Foley, B., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., et al. (2011) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbr023 · Cited by 85
Self-citationMild Cognitive Impairment: Statistical Models of Transition Using Longitudinal Clinical Data
Abner, E. L., Kryscio, R. J., Cooper, G. E., Fardo, D. W., Jicha, G. A., Mendiondo, M. S., Nelson, P. T., Smith, C. D., Eldik, L. J. V., Wan, L., et al. (2012) · International Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1155/2012/291920 · Cited by 78
“[40] noted in the Cache County cohort that while female sex and age at onset were predictive of decline in Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE) scores, education was not related to rate of MMSE decline, and APOE-4 was related to earlier onset of impairment but not rate of MMSE decline.”
BackgroundDementia severity and the longitudinal costs of informal care in the Cache County population
Rattinger, G. B., Schwartz, S., Mullins, C. D., Corcoran, C., Zuckerman, I. H., Sanders, C., Norton, M. C., Fauth, E. B., Leoutsakos, J. S., Lyketsos, C. G., et al. (2015) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2014.11.004 · Cited by 71
“Previous work in this and other samples suggest that the course of NPS (unlike those of cognitive and functional abilities) show marked fluctuation and variability over the course of dementia [16].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationCharacterizing brain tau and cognitive decline along the amyloid timeline in Alzheimer’s disease
Cody, K. A., Langhough, R. E., Zammit, M. D., Clark, L. R., Chin, N. A., Christian, B. T., Betthauser, T. J., & Johnson, S. C. (2024) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awae116 · Cited by 71
Predictors of progression to severe Alzheimer's disease in an incidence sample
Rabins, P. V., Schwartz, S., Black, B. S., Corcoran, C. D., Fauth, E. B., Mielke, M. M., Christensen, J., Lyketsos, C. G., & Tschanz, J. T. (2012) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2012.01.003 · Cited by 70
“The Cache County Memory Study [6,7] and its successor, that is, the Dementia Progression Study, offer an opportunity to address the question of factors affecting rate of progression of dementia.”
BackgroundSelf-citationFritz, A., Amrein, I., & Wolfer, D. P. (2017) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C Seminars in Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.31565 · Cited by 71
“to prevalence, severity, or disease course (Christensen et al., 2016; Golden & Voskuhl, 2017; Haaxma et al., 2007; Kokras & Dalla, 2017; Leger & Neill, 2016; Tschanz et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSex/gender differences in cognitive trajectories vary as a function of race/ethnicity
Avila, J. F., Vonk, J. M. J., Verney, S. P., Witkiewitz, K. A., Rentería, M. A., Schupf, N., Mayeux, R. P., & Manly, J. J. (2019) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2019.04.006 · Cited by 76
“Some studies have demonstrated that women demonstrate a faster rate of cognitive and functional decline after receiving a diagnosis of AD [23,24], yet most of the literature suggests that men and women decline at similar rates [16,25].”
BackgroundAlzheimer’s Disease: A Clinical Practice-Oriented Review
Alves, L., Correia, A. S., Miguel, R., Alegria, P., & Bugalho, P. (2012) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2012.00063 · Cited by 74
Modifiable, Non-Modifiable, and Clinical Factors Associated with Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease
Loeffler, D. A. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-201182 · Cited by 71
“Conversely,manystudieshavefoundnosignificant association between APOE (cid:2) 4 and AD progression [34, 83, 196, 201, 235, 270–287], and some studies have even suggested that the presence of the APOE (cid:2) 4 allele may slow AD progression [199, 205, 270, 280, 288, 289].”
InfluentialNutritional Status is Associated With Severe Dementia and Mortality
Sanders, C. L., Wengreen, H. J., Schwartz, S., Behrens, S., Corcoran, C., Lyketsos, C. G., & Tschanz, J. T. (2018) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0000000000000274 · Cited by 65
Self-citationTschanz, J. T., Piercy, K. W., Corcoran, C. D., Fauth, E. B., Norton, M. C., Rabins, P. V., Tschanz, B. T., DeBerard, M. S., Snyder, C., Smith, C., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2012.10.005 · Cited by 72
“Originating from the Cache County Study on Memory in Aging (CCSMA), DPS is an ongoing, longitudinal population-based study of persons with incident dementia (diagnosed within a few years of onset) and their caregivers.(2) DPS has conducted semiannual follow-ups of dementia patient and caregiver dyads, examining geneti…”
Self-citationTschanz, J. T., Norton, M. C., Zandi, P. P., & Lyketsos, C. G. (2013) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540261.2013.849663 · Cited by 69
“The use of dementia medications such as cholinesterase inhibitors or memantine, taken by approximately 22% of the cohort, was associated with higher baseline cognitive scores, but did not affect rate of decline (Tschanz et al., 2011).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationSnyder, C. M., Fauth, E., Wanzek, J., Piercy, K. W., Norton, M. C., Corcoran, C., Rabins, P. V., Lyketsos, C. G., & Tschanz, J. T. (2015) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.939610 · Cited by 63
“Persons identified with dementia from the CCSMA and their caregivers were invited to participate in a follow-up longitudinal study (the DPS) which is the dataset for these analyses (Tschanz et al., 2011).”
MethodSelf-citationBuckley, T., Fauth, E. B., Morrison, A. S., Tschanz, J. T., Rabins, P. V., Piercy, K. W., Norton, M. C., & Lyketsos, C. G. (2012) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610212000063 · Cited by 66
Self-citationEdwards, L., Joie, R. L., Iaccarino, L., Strom, A., Baker, S. L., Casaletto, K. B., Cobigo, Y., Grant, H. E., Kim, M., Kramer, J. H., et al. (2021) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.04.003 · Cited by 65
Apathy and APOE4 are associated with Reduced BDNF Levels in Alzheimer's Disease
Álvarez, A., Aleixandre, M., Linares, C., Masliah, E., & Moessler, H. (2014) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-140849 · Cited by 61
“The influence of the APOE4 status on circulating BNDF was not evaluated before in AD, but the association of APOE4 with low MMSE scores in AD patients was already observed by other authors [39].”
Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Longitudinal Study in Norwegian Memory Clinics
Eldholm, R. S., Barca, M. L., Persson, K., Knapskog, A., Kersten, H., Engedal, K., Selbæk, G., Brækhus, A., Skovlund, E., & Saltvedt, I. T. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170436 · Cited by 59
“In accordance with other studies assessing progression in dementia with CDR-SB [6, 8], patients who had an increase of less than 1 point in the CDR-SB score per year of follow-up were regarded as slow progressors.”
InfluentialSex-specific DNA methylation differences in Alzheimer’s disease pathology
Zhang, L., Young, J. I., Gomez, L., Silva, T. C., Schmidt, M. A., Cai, J., Chen, X., Martin, E. R., & Wang, L. (2021) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-021-01177-8 · Cited by 58
Smits, L. L., Pijnenburg, Y. A. L., van der Vlies, A. E., Koedam, E., Bouwman, F. H., Reuling, I. E. W., Scheltens, P., & van der Flier, W. M. (2015) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.03.014 · Cited by 57
“Some studies found that presence of the E4 allele was associated with faster cognitive decline, while others found a slower cognitive decline, or concluded that there was no influence of APOE E4 on rate of cognitive decline at all (Frisoni et al., 1995; Hirono et al., 2003; Hoyt et al., 2005; Kleiman et al., 2006; Mar…”
InfluentialJutkowitz, E., MacLehose, R. F., Gaugler, J. E., Dowd, B. E., Kuntz, K. M., & Kane, R. L. (2016) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glw079 · Cited by 58
“To our knowledge, the NPI-Q has not been used to evaluate behavioral trajectories in dementia, but conceptually our analysis differs from others by incorporating cognitive status and race as explanatory variables (3,23).”
Kim, H. J., Kang, S. J., Kim, C., Kim, G. H., Jeon, S., Lee, J. M., Oh, S. J., Kim, J. S., Choe, Y. S., Lee, K. H., et al. (2013) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.01.002 · Cited by 59
Costa, A. S., Reich, A., Fimm, B., Ketteler, S. T., Schulz, J. B., & Reetz, K. (2013) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000351864 · Cited by 58
Sex-specific risk of cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline: pregnancy and menopause
Miller, V. M., Garovic, V. D., Kantarci, K., Barnes, J. N., Jayachandran, M., Mielke, M. M., Joyner, M. J., Shuster, L. T., & Rocca, W. A. (2013) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/2042-6410-4-6 · Cited by 57
“Compared with men, women are at increased risk for Alzheimer’s disease, the most common form of dementia [93-96], and their cognitive performance declines faster after the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease [97,98].”
BackgroundSelf-citationBehavioral and neuropsychiatric disorders in Alzheimer's disease
Cortés, N., Andrade, V., & Maccioni, R. B. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-180005 · Cited by 57
“TheintensityofBNSincreasedoverthetime,how-everthesearevariableandepisodic[22],andBNS havebeendirectlyassociatedwithadiminishingin survivalrates[63].”
InfluentialVascular risk factors and neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: the Cache County Study
Steinberg, M., Hess, K., Corcoran, C., Mielke, M. M., Norton, M. C., Breitner, J. C. S., Green, R. C., Leoutsakos, J., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., Lyketsos, C. G., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.3980 · Cited by 63
“Because of the nature of the trajectory, a quadratic effect of time (time squared) was included in models predicting total NPI score (Tschanz et al., 2011), and to examine the association of each predictor with rate of change in NPI, interactions between predictors and time and time squared were…”
InfluentialSelf-citationNeuropsychiatric Symptoms and Functional Connectivity in Mild Cognitive Impairment
Munro, C. E., Donovan, N. J., Guercio, B. J., Wigman, S. E., Schultz, A. P., Amariglio, R. E., Rentz, D. M., Johnson, K. A., Sperling, R. A., & Marshall, G. A. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-150017 · Cited by 57
“functional decline in early Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [1–5].”
BackgroundLeoutsakos, J., Forrester, S., Corcoran, C. D., Norton, M. C., Rabins, P. V., Steinberg, M. I., Tschanz, J. T., & Lyketsos, C. G. (2014) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4221 · Cited by 56
“The CCSMA is a longitudinal, population-based cohort that began in 1995 and included 90% of county residents over 65 years.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationPiercy, K. W., Fauth, E. B., Norton, M. C., Pfister, R., Corcoran, C. D., Rabins, P. V., Lyketsos, C. G., & Tschanz, J. T. (2012) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbs116 · Cited by 56
Self-citationWong, D. Y., Atiya, S., Fogarty, J., Montero‐Odasso, M., Pasternak, S., Brymer, C., BORRIE, M. J., & Bartha, R. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-190773 · Cited by 56
“In addition to changes in episodic memory, many individuals diagnosed with AD also present with neuropsychiatric symptoms such as apathy, anxiety, agitation, and depression which typically worsen as the disease progresses [109, 110].”
Neuropsychiatric aspects of dementia
Ford, A. H. (2014) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.04.005 · Cited by 53
Mielke, M. M., Leoutsakos, J., Corcoran, C. D., Green, R. C., Norton, M. C., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., Tschanz, J. T., & Lyketsos, C. G. (2012) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.02.011 · Cited by 54
Self-citationPredicting the progression of Alzheimer's disease dementia: A multidomain health policy model
Green, C., & Zhang, S. (2016) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2016.01.011 · Cited by 53
“participant level data [24] have indicated that symptom scores for cognition, function, and behavior in people with AD can improve as well as decline, as reported in the data here.”
ResultThe clinical course and interrelations of dementia related symptoms
Haaksma, M. L., Leoutsakos, J., Bremer, J. A. E., Aalten, P., Ramakers, I. H. G. B., Verhey, F. R. J., Rikkert, M. G. M. O., Melis, R. J. F., Vernooij-Dassen, M., Moniz-Cook, E. D., et al. (2017) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610217000321 · Cited by 50
Self-citationTaylor, M. E., Lasschuit, D., Lord, S. R., Delbaere, K., Kurrle, S. E., Mikolaizak, A. S., Kvelde, T., & Close, J. (2017) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2017.07.023 · Cited by 53
“None-the-less, the mean rate of change over one year in the current study (-1.4 ± 2.9) was similar to results recently reported in populations with AD (Tschanz et al., 2011; Zhao et al., 2014), and declines in verbal fluency and TMT A performance were comparable to the one other study that has…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBanning, L. C. P., Ramakers, I. H. G. B., Deckers, K., Verhey, F. R. J., & Aalten, P. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.014 · Cited by 52
“These symptoms occur in the vast majority of patients over the disease course, including in its prodromal phase (mild cognitive impairment, MCI) (Aalten et al., 2007; Monastero et al., 2009), and although they fluctuate (Tschanz et al., 2011), they are highly persistent (Steinberg et al., 2004).”
Rodella, C., Bernini, S., Panzarasa, S., Sinforiani, E., Picascia, M., Quaglini, S., Cavallini, E., Vecchi, T., Tassorelli, C., & Bottiroli, S. (2021) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-021-01912-0 · Cited by 48
Gilbert, M., Snyder, C., Corcoran, C., Norton, M. C., Lyketsos, C. G., & Tschanz, J. T. (2014) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610214000842 · Cited by 48
“The strengths of this study include the population-based sample, the assessment of TBI with respect to number, indicator of severity (loss of consciousness) and timing with respect to the onset of dementia, high participation rates (Tschanz et al., 2011), and assessment of functional and cognitive outcomes.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationDisease-related determinants are associated with mortality in dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease
Rhodius‐Meester, H. F. M., Liedes, H., Koene, T., Lemstra, A. W., Teunissen, C. E., Barkhof, F., Scheltens, P., van Gils, M., Lötjönen, J. M. P., & van der Flier, W. M. (2018) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-018-0348-0 · Cited by 52
Leoutsakos, J., Han, D., Mielke, M. M., Forrester, S., Tschanz, J. T., Corcoran, C. D., Green, R. C., Norton, M. C., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., & Lyketsos, C. G. (2012) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s104161021200049x · Cited by 46
Self-citationAlzheimer’s Disease Progression: Factors Influencing Cognitive Decline
Ferrari, C., Lombardi, G., Polito, C., Lucidi, G., Bagnoli, S., Piaceri, I., Nacmias, B., Berti, V., Rizzuto, D., Fratiglioni, L., et al. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170665 · Cited by 46
“Studiesreported an annual Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) decline ranging from 0.8 to 4.4 points [2, 3], with a mean of 1.5 during the first year and 2.5 after the second year [4].”
InfluentialBanning, L. C. P., Ramakers, I. H. G. B., Rosenberg, P. B., Lyketsos, C. G., Leoutsakos, J., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2020) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5418 · Cited by 46
“Unlike the deterioration seen for cognition and daily function, “affective” NPS such as depression and apathy do not necessarily progress in one direction over time but rather may persist, remit, or recur episodically.(3) Although depression and apathy frequently cooccur, they also exist separately and it has been arg…”
Self-citationPeterson, D., Munger, C., Crowley, J., Corcoran, C., Cruchaga, C., Goate, A. M., Norton, M. C., Green, R. C., Munger, R. G., Breitner, J. C. S., et al. (2014) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2013.02.010 · Cited by 44
“Significant variability in the rate of progression has been previously reported in these individuals, with approximately one third to one half progressing slowly in their disease course, as defined by a one point (or less) per year change in function (CDR-sb) [20].”
BackgroundSelf-citationGatchel, J. R., Donovan, N. J., Locascio, J. J., Becker, J. A., Rentz, D. M., Sperling, R. A., Johnson, K. A., & Marshall, G. A. (2017) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2016.12.017 · Cited by 43
Demange, M., Lenoir, H., Pino, M., Cantegreil, I., Rigaud, A.-S., & Cristancho‐Lacroix, V. (2018) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s152561 · Cited by 43
Sex differences in default mode network connectivity in healthy aging adults
Ficek, B., Horien, C. L., Ju, S., Xu, W., Li, N., Lacadie, C., Shen, X., Scheinost, D., Constable, R. T., & Fredericks, C. A. (2022) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac491 · Cited by 46
Park, S., Kwon, E., & Lee, H. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14040393 · Cited by 44
“Existing studies, however, share limitations such as small samples or cross-sectional designs [10]; no study to date has comprehensively examined life course factors known to influence cognition in late life.”
BackgroundHsu, J., Lee, W., Liao, Y., Wang, S., & Fuh, J. (2017) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-017-0319-x · Cited by 45
“At present there is no reliable biomarker for predicting the speed of AD progression [41, 42].”
Rattinger, G. B., Fauth, E. B., Behrens, S., Sanders, C., Schwartz, S., Norton, M. C., Corcoran, C., Mullins, C. D., Lyketsos, C. G., & Tschanz, J. T. (2016) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2016.03.008 · Cited by 39
“The DPS is composed of community-dwelling participants, where all dementia cases were clinically diagnosed and followed for asmany as 10 years after the diagnosis of dementia, with rich information including caregiving hours, dementia progression, and caregiver factors [11].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationZuliani, G., Zuin, M., Romagnoli, T., Polastri, M., Cervellati, C., & Brombo, G. (2024) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-023-02675-6 · Cited by 41
“In 2011, Tschanz et al. evaluated, in a population-based sample of 328 incident AD cases, the progression of impairment in cognition, function, and neuropsychiatric symptoms [42].”
BackgroundHallikainen, I. T., Hongisto, K., Välimäki, T. H., Hänninen, T., Martikainen, J. A., & Koivisto, A. M. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170697 · Cited by 40
“In some previous reports, disinhibition [10–11] and anxiety [10, 12] have been increased over time, but in our study, they do not associate with AD progression.”
InfluentialNorton, M., Clark, C. J., Fauth, E. B., Piercy, K., Pfister, R., Green, R., Corcoran, C., Rabins, P., Lyketsos, C., & Tschanz, J. (2013) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610213001105 · Cited by 41
Self-citationCognitive and functional progression in Alzheimer disease: A prediction model of latent classes
Haaksma, M. L., Calderón‐Larrañaga, A., Rikkert, M. G. M. O., Melis, R. J. F., & Leoutsakos, J. (2018) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4893 · Cited by 39
Self-citationZahodne, L. B., Devanand, D. P., & Stern, Y. (2013) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-121921 · Cited by 37
“Our finding of a significant longitudinal association between functional and cognitive changes in AD confirms and extends a previous report [7] by demonstrating that these outcomes are associated both between and within persons over time in a controlled, multivariate model.”
Adiponectin and sporadic Alzheimer’s disease: Clinical and molecular links
Letra, L., Rodrigues, T., Matafome, P. N., Santana, I. J., & Seiça, R. M. F. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.10.002 · Cited by 38
Yoneda, T. B., Lewis, N. A., Knight, J. E., Rush, J., Vendittelli, R., Kleineidam, L., Hyun, J., Piccinin, A. M., Hofer, S. M., Hoogendijk, E. O., et al. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glaa268 · Cited by 40
“Consistent with previous literature (23,53), our findings indicate that across studies, male participants are more likely to transition from nonimpaired cognitive functioning to MCI and death, and from severe cognitive functioning to death (see Supplementary Table 4).”
ResultFan, Z., Harold, D. H., Pasqualetti, G., Williams, J. H., Brooks, D. J., & Edison, P. (2015) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.114.149443 · Cited by 39
Vernon, E. K., Cooley, B., Rozum, W., Rattinger, G. B., Behrens, S., Matyi, J., Fauth, E. B., Lyketsos, C. G., & Tschanz, J. T. (2018) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2018.11.010 · Cited by 40
Self-citationWatson, R., Sanson-Fisher, R., Bryant, J., & Mansfield, E. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15772-y · Cited by 36
“Deteriorating health and wellbeing [7, 26, 27], intensive [7] or limited treatment options [28], and negative impact on loved ones [29–31] are commonly associated with both cancer and dementia.”
BackgroundCognitive reserve and the severity of Alzheimer’s disease
Sobral, M., Pestana, M. H. D. A. P. E., & Paúl, C. (2015) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/0004-282x20150044 · Cited by 35
Glachet, O., & Haj, M. E. (2019) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci9060135 · Cited by 36
“Given the prevalence of depression in AD patients [42] and its critical impact on autobiographical memory [43,44], we also expected a negative correlation between depression and the phenomenological characteristics of autobiographical memories (arousal, emotional valence subjective reliving and specificity) in this gr…”
BackgroundDistinct sex-specific DNA methylation differences in Alzheimer’s disease
C. Silva, T., Zhang, W., Young, J. I., Gomez, L., Schmidt, M. A., Varma, A., Chen, X. S., Martin, E. R., & Wang, L. (2022) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-022-01070-z · Cited by 33
“After diagnosis, women also progress faster with more rapid cognitive and functional decline [10, 11].”
BackgroundHaaksma, M. L., Rizzuto, D., Leoutsakos, J., Marengoni, A., Tan, E. C. K., Rikkert, M. G. M. O., Fratiglioni, L., Melis, R. J. F., & Calderón‐Larrañaga, A. (2019) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2019.03.025 · Cited by 35
Self-citationRattinger, G. B., Sanders, C. L., Vernon, E. K., Schwartz, S., Behrens, S., Lyketsos, C. G., & Tschanz, J. T. (2019) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.trci.2019.01.002 · Cited by 36
“This approach was previously applied to the DPS data when estimating costs [3].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationPrevention of Unnecessary Hospitalization for Patients With Dementia
Lyketsos, C. G. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.2005 · Cited by 30
“The progression of dementia is highly variable, with as many as a third of cases progressing very little even after 5 years.(2) Several modifiable factors appear to affect its course and delay progression to severe dementia, the most disabling stage.”
BackgroundSelf-citationAffect Balance and Relationship With Well-Being in Nursing Home Residents With Dementia
Kolanowski, A. M., Haitsma, K. S. V., Meeks, S., & Litaker, M. S. (2014) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317513518657 · Cited by 32
Wu, C., Chu, C., Wang, F., Yang, H., Tseng, W.-S., Chang, C., & Chang, C. (2022) · Cell & Bioscience · doi:10.1186/s13578-022-00897-1 · Cited by 32
“presenting a long preclinical phase, with the initial deposition of AD pathology estimated to begin approximately 10–15 years before the onset of clinical symptoms [87, 88].”
BackgroundEikelboom, W. S., Singleton, E. H., van den Berg, E., Coesmans, M., Mattace-Raso, F. U. S., van Bruchem, R. L., Goudzwaard, J. A., de Jong, F. J., Koopmanschap, M. A., den Heijer, T., et al. (2019) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-019-0503-2 · Cited by 29
Predicting the Rate of Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer Disease
Canevelli, M., Kelaiditi, E., del Campo, N., Bruno, G., Vellas, B. J., & Cesari, M. (2015) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0000000000000124 · Cited by 26
“Longitudinal studies are increasingly documenting slow rates of progression among AD populations (16)(17)(25).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialClement, A., Wiborg, O., & Asuni, A. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.00056 · Cited by 28
Metadata
- Authors
- Tschanz, J. T., Corcoran, C. D., Schwartz, S., Treiber, K., Green, R. C., Norton, M. C., Mielke, M. M., Piercy, K., Steinberg, M., Rabins, P. V., Leoutsakos, J.-M., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., Breitner, J. C. S., & Lyketsos, C. G.
- Affiliations
- Utah State University (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Duke University (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tschanz, JoAnn T.
- ORCID
- Venue
- The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-06
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 532-542
- ISSN
- 1064-7481 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3101372
- OpenAlex
- W2014196617
- Semantic Scholar
- f0884283b020871180f9799273ae1011ce074273
- Cited by
- 244
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 6.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p30ag028377-05)
- National Institute on Aging (R01 AG 11380, T32AG 027668, P-30 AG028377, R01AG018712, R01 AG011380, R01AG021136, R01 AG18712, K24AG027841, P30AG013846, R01 AG 21136, P30-AG13846))
- National Human Genome Research Institute (R01 HG02213, R01 HG002213)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related cognitive impairment studies
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, dementia progression, cognitive decline, functional decline, neuropsychiatric symptoms, Mini-Mental State Examination, Clinical Dementia Rating, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, sex differences, age of onset, APOE ε4, population-based cohort
- MeSH terms
- Aged, 80 and over, Alleles, Alzheimer Disease, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Sex Characteristics, Utah, Cohort Studies, Age of Onset, Disease Progression, Apolipoprotein E4
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-18, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-18 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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