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Placental hormones and the control of maternal metabolism and fetal growth
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To examine the roles of the placental and pituitary hormones in the control of maternal metabolism and fetal growth. RECENT FINDINGS: In addition to promoting growth of maternal tissues, placental growth hormone (GH-V) induces maternal insulin resistance and thereby facilitates the mobilization of maternal nutrients for fetal growth. Human placental lactogen (hPL) and prolactin increase maternal food intake by induction of central leptin resistance and promote maternal beta-cell expansion and insulin production to defend against the development of gestational diabetes mellitus. The effects of the lactogens are mediated by diverse signaling pathways and are potentiated by glucose. Pathologic conditions of pregnancy are associated with dysregulation of GH-V and hPL gene expression. SUMMARY: The somatogenic and lactogenic hormones of the placenta and maternal pituitary gland integrate the metabolic adaptations of pregnancy with the demands of fetal and neonatal development. Dysregulation of placental growth hormone and/or placental lactogen in pathologic conditions of pregnancy may adversely impact fetal growth and postnatal metabolic function.
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“This is perhaps not surprising given that a proportion of the nutrients that support fetal growth, particularly in late pregnancy, come from turnover of maternal fat reserves that are built up in early pregnancy (414).”
From Placental Origins of Chronic Disease (2016) · cites this paper as [414]
In the citing paper
“Progesterone also stimulates maternal appetite during early pregnancy, as does human placental lactogen (hPL), enabling the deposition of maternal adipose energy reserves that can be utilized later in pregnancy and during lactation (414).”
From Placental Origins of Chronic Disease (2016) · cites this paper as [414]
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“PGH may induce maternal insulin resistance, thereby facilitating the mobilization of maternal glucose for fetal growth (3).”
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“The placenta produces placental lactogen and other diabetogenic hormones (20, 21), and circulating levels of these diabetogenic hormones have been reported to be higher in women bearing a female fetus (11, 12).”
BackgroundZabel, R. R., Bär, C., Ji, J., Schultz, R., Hammer, M., Groten, T., Schleußner, E., Prieto, D. M. M., Markert, U. R., & Fávaro, R. R. (2020) · American Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1111/aji.13377 · Cited by 12
Wu, H., Zhang, S., Lin, X., He, J., Wang, S., & Zhou, P. (2021) · Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology · doi:10.1186/s12958-021-00846-6 · Cited by 13
Liao, S., Lu, S., Li, G., & Chen, R. (2019) · Clinical Otolaryngology · doi:10.1111/coa.13385 · Cited by 11
RetractedFocus on Metformin: Its Role and Safety in Pregnancy and Beyond
Newman, C., Rabbitt, L., Ero, A., & Dunne, F. (2023) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-023-01899-0 · Cited by 12
“This, combined with a drop in growth hormone levels and the dilutional effect of increased blood volume results in a decrease in fasting blood glucose levels [3].”
BackgroundRon, I., Mdah, R., Zemet, R., Ulman, R. Y., RATHAUS, M., Brandt, B., Mazaki‐Tovi, S., Hemi, R., Barhod, E., & Tirosh, A. (2023) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15214 · Cited by 11
“During gestation, a key metabolic adaptation is the development of insulin resistance.(1,2) Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)”
BackgroundDevelopment, Function, and Pathology of the Placenta
Maltepe, E., & Penn, A. A. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-40139-5.00005-x · Cited by 11
Mate, A., Blanca, A. J., Salsoso, R., Toledo, F., Stiefel, P., Sobrevía, L., & Vázquez, C. M. (2018) · Current Vascular Pharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570161117666181114125109 · Cited by 11
The Endocrinology of Human Pregnancy and Fetal-Placental Neuroendocrine Development
Mesiano, S. A. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-2758-2.00012-3 · Cited by 11
Scott, I., Asher, G. W., Jopson, N. B., Cox, N. R., Archer, J. A., Stevens, D. R., & Barrell, G. K. (2014) · Animal Production Science · doi:10.1071/an13507 · Cited by 11
Lu, J., Gong, Y., Wei, X., Yao, Z., Yang, R., Xin, J., Gao, L., & Shao, S. (2021) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s12986-021-00570-3 · Cited by 12
“Experimental data from rodent models indicate that placental lactogen and prolactin can stimulate maternal beta cell proliferation during early gestation, increasing insulin secretion and aiding fat deposition [52].”
BackgroundProlactin from Pluripotency to Central Nervous System Development
Martínez-Alarcón, O., Garcı́a-López, G., Guerra-Mora, J. R., Molina‐Hernández, A., Diaz-Martinez, N. E., Portillo, W., & Díaz, N. F. (2021) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000516939 · Cited by 12
Alawadhi, M. M., Kilarkaje, N., Mouihate, A., & Al‐Bader, M. (2022) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1093/biolre/ioac192 · Cited by 10
“Progesterone (P4) has a vital role in the initiation and maintenance of pregnancy (1).”
BackgroundAngley, M., Zhang, Y., Koutrakis, P., & He, K. (2024) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.120272 · Cited by 10
Impact of sex and pregnancy on hepatic CYP3A4 expression and activity in a humanized mouse model
Fashe, M. M., Miner, T. A., Collazo, V. L., Grieco, J. T., Fallon, J. K., Jackson, K. D., & Lee, C. R. (2024) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1016/j.dmd.2024.100025 · Cited by 11
Bartáková, V., Barátová, B., Pácal, L., Ťápalová, V., Šebestová, S., Janků, P., & Kaňková, K. (2021) · Life · doi:10.3390/life11060464 · Cited by 10
“While an increased insulin sensitivity is typical for the first phase of physiological gestation, an insulin resistance develops in mid to late gestation as a consequence of rising concentration of maternal (such as oestrogen, progesterone and leptin) and placental hormones (cortisol, prolactin, human placental lactog…”
BackgroundTumor‐secreted proliferin‐1 regulates adipogenesis and lipolysis in cachexia
Nguyen, T. D., Miyatake, Y., Yoshida, T., Kawahara, H., & Hanayama, R. (2020) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.33418 · Cited by 10
“For example, placental lactogen is secreted from trophoblast giant cells along with PLF-1,(35) and the placental growth hormone (pGH) modifies the metabolic state of the mother during pregnancy to facilitate energy supply to the fetus.(36,40) Whether these molecules are involved in the development of cachexia in human…”
BackgroundQin, L., Yao, W., Wang, T., Jin, T., Guo, B., Wen, S., & Huang, F. R. (2022) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d2fo00094f · Cited by 12
RetractedMaternal serum omentin-1 profile is similar in humans and in the rat animal model
Garcés, M. F., Ruíz-Linares, C. E., Vallejo, S. A., Franco, J. J. P., Sánchez, E., Ortiz-Rovira, A., Curtidor, Y., Parra, M. O., Leal, L. G., Álzate, J. P., et al. (2015) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2015.06.014 · Cited by 10
“A comprehensive study is needed to understand the associations of omentin-1 and the effect in the temporary maternal metabolic changes that favors a positive energy balance for the fetus [12,13].”
BackgroundLiao, S., Vickers, M. H., Taylor, R. S., Jones, B., Fraser, M., McCowan, L. M. E., Baker, P. N., & Perry, J. K. (2016) · Growth Factors · doi:10.1080/08977194.2016.1273223 · Cited by 9
“GH-V is thought to play a key role in maternal adaptation to pregnancy and fetal growth (Newbern & Freemark, 2011).”
BackgroundMesiano, S. A., DeFranco, E., & Muglia, L. J. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397175-3.00042-9 · Cited by 9
Pannia, E., Yang, N. V., Ho, M., Chatterjee, D., Hammoud, R., Kubant, R., & Anderson, G. H. (2020) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108414 · Cited by 9
Kent, N. L., Atluri, S. C., & Cuffe, J. S. M. (2021) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqab231 · Cited by 9
Fan, P., Wang, Y., Lu, K., Hong, Y., Xu, M., Han, X. W., & Liu, Y. (2022) · Life Medicine · doi:10.1093/lifemedi/lnac034 · Cited by 10
Achong, N., McIntyre, D. H., & Callaway, L. K. (2014) · Obstetric Medicine · doi:10.1177/1753495x13516442 · Cited by 9
“Cortisol, PGH and TNFa show dramatic increases in late gestation.(21,36,78) Therefore, in the absence of dysfunction of the feto-placental unit or fetal compromise, these hormones remain elevated in late gestation.”
BackgroundHart, E. N., da Silva, G. P., & Takeshita, R. S. C. (2023) · Theriogenology Wild · doi:10.1016/j.therwi.2023.100056 · Cited by 8
Tang, B., Hao, Y., Wang, C., Deng, Z., Kou, Z., Zhou, H., Zhang, H., Fan, F., Wang, K., & Wang, D. (2024) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1093/biolre/ioad175 · Cited by 8
“Insufficient P5 may hinder progesterone synthesis, potentially leading to miscarriage, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, and preeclampsia [61, 62].”
BackgroundVandenbroucke, T., Verheecke, M., Calsteren, K. V., Han, S., Claes, L., & Amant, F. C. (2014) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1517/14740338.2014.965677 · Cited by 8
“, interleukin, cortisol-releasing hormone) that may appear [88-91].”
Strutt, B. J., Szlapinski, S. K., Gnaneswaran, T., Donegan, S., Hill, J. L., Bennett, J., & Hill, D. J. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94725-0 · Cited by 8
Viñas-Noguera, M., Csatlósová, K., Šimončičová, E., Bögi, E., Ujházy, E., Dubovický, M., & Belovičová, K. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255546 · Cited by 8
“Fetal and neonatal development is sustained by the uteroplacental blood flow and milk production after delivery, but a discoordination of hormonal production from placenta and pituitary gland, caused by maternal malnutrition, hypertension, smoking or preeclampsia among others, may alter fetal and neonatal demands [6].”
BackgroundCase–control study of prolactin and placental lactogen in SGA pregnancies
Ladyman, S. R., Larsen, C. M., Taylor, R. S., Grattan, D. R., & McCowan, L. M. E. (2021) · Reproduction and Fertility · doi:10.1530/raf-21-0020 · Cited by 8
Gut microbiome profiles in Thai healthy pregnant women and its association with types of foods
Phoonlapdacha, P., Tangshewinsirikul, C., Phosuwattanakul, J., Kittisakmontri, K., Nitisinprasert, S., Nakayama, J., Prombutara, P., Suthutvoravut, U., & Chongviriyaphan, N. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-022-04397-5 · Cited by 8
“Background Pregnancy is a stage of several changes including hormonal, metabolic, and immunological parameters that affect maternal health and facilitate optimal fetal growth and development [1].”
BackgroundGao, T., Chen, X., Liu, Z., & Diao, X. (2022) · Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition · doi:10.1111/jpn.13721 · Cited by 8
Kang, K., Zeng, L., Ma, J., Shi, L., Hu, R., Zou, H., Peng, Q., Wang, L., Bai, X., & Wang, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2022.1053730 · Cited by 8
“The fetus exchanges substances with the mother mainly through the placental blood circulation system, obtaining nutrients and excreting metabolic wastes (17).”
BackgroundEndocrine Diseases of Pregnancy
Edlow, A. G., & Norwitz, E. R. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-47912-7.00027-5 · Cited by 9
Alawadhi, M. M., Shammari, F. A., Ali, F. M., AlMatar, R., Al-Duwaikhi, A., & Al‐Bader, M. (2022) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-021-07005-5 · Cited by 7
“Progesterone is known for its importance in the initiation and maintenance of pregnancy [8].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Newbern, D., & Freemark, M.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Newbern, Dorothee
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity
- Published
- 2011-12
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 409-416
- ISSN
- 1752-296X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2160934677
- Cited by
- 487
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 2.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Endocrine Fellows Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Keywords
- placental hormones, maternal metabolism, fetal growth, placental growth hormone, human placental lactogen, prolactin, leptin resistance, maternal insulin resistance, gestational diabetes mellitus, beta-cell expansion, glucose signaling, pregnancy complications, pituitary hormones
- MeSH terms
- Female, Fetus, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Insulin, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Pituitary Gland, Placenta, Placental Hormones, Pregnancy, Leptin, Fetal Development, Adipokines
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