Cited by 734Statistical Methods in Clinical TrialsMeta-analysis and systematic reviewsHealth Policy Implementation Science

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Guidelines for Designing and Evaluating Feasibility Pilot Studies

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Teresi, Jeanne A., Yu, Xiaoying, Stewart, Anita L., Hays, Ron D.·2022·Medical Care

DOI 10.1097/mlr.0000000000001664PMC PMC8849521

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Pilot studies test the feasibility of methods and procedures to be used in larger-scale studies. Although numerous articles describe guidelines for the conduct of pilot studies, few have included specific feasibility indicators or strategies for evaluating multiple aspects of feasibility. In addition, using pilot studies to estimate effect sizes to plan sample sizes for subsequent randomized controlled trials has been challenged; however, there has been little consensus on alternative strategies. METHODS: In Section 1, specific indicators (recruitment, retention, intervention fidelity, acceptability, adherence, and engagement) are presented for feasibility assessment of data collection methods and intervention implementation. Section 1 also highlights the importance of examining feasibility when adapting an intervention tested in mainstream populations to a new more diverse group. In Section 2, statistical and design issues are presented, including sample sizes for pilot studies, estimates of minimally important differences, design effects, confidence intervals (CI) and nonparametric statistics. An in-depth treatment of the limits of effect size estimation as well as process variables is presented. Tables showing CI around parameters are provided. With small samples, effect size, completion and adherence rate estimates will have large CI. CONCLUSION: This commentary offers examples of indicators for evaluating feasibility, and of the limits of effect size estimation in pilot studies. As demonstrated, most pilot studies should not be used to estimate effect sizes, provide power calculations for statistical tests or perform exploratory analyses of efficacy. It is hoped that these guidelines will be useful to those planning pilot/feasibility studies before a larger-scale study.

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How we design feasibility studies
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The impact of restaurant safety measures on customer revisit intentions in the post-covid era
Kumar, J., Islam, M. T., Mehmood, W., & Sangaran, G. (2024) · Journal of Foodservice Business Research · doi:10.1080/15378020.2024.2423108 · Cited by 8
“The questionnaire was then subjected to a pilot test involving 30 respondents, confirming its robustness and appropriateness for the intended research (Teresi et al., 2022).”
Feasibility of a virtual multimodal prehabilitation intervention for patients with cancer undergoing surgery
Moyen, A., Keane, C., Chen, Y., Tahasildar, B., Lambert, G., Drummond, K., Carli, F., & Gillis, C. (2025) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2025.01.024 · Cited by 8
Development and Pilot Implementation of a Theory-Based Cognitive Rehabilitation Protocol for Adults With Chronic Cognitive Complaints After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Turkstra, L. S., Ray, M. R., LeBlanc, M., Lu, L. H., Curtiss, G., Bowles, A. O., Eapen, B. C., & Cooper, D. B. (2025) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2024_ajslp-24-00306 · Cited by 8
Internet-based group compassion-focused therapy for Swedish young people with stress, anxiety and depression: a pilot waitlist randomized controlled trial
Vestin, M., Wallin, L., Naesström, M., Blomqvist, I., Svedin, C. G., Beaumont, E., Jokinen, J., & Dennhag, I. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1547046 · Cited by 8
“It was also important to assess whether the CFT leaders found the intervention acceptable and if they were able to deliver it as intended, and to identify any difficulties in implementing program elements or other challenges (Teresi et al., 2022).”
Virtual patient simulation to enhance medical students’ clinical communication and decision-making skills: a pilot study
Dávidovics, A., Dávidovics, K., Hillebrand, P., Rendeki, S., & Németh, T. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-08507-7 · Cited by 12
“Recent methodological literature emphasizes that pilot studies are exploratory in nature and not designed primarily for hypothesis testing, therefore, formal power calculations or inferential analyses are not required [30, 31].”
A pilot randomised controlled trial exploring the feasibility and efficacy of a human-AI sleep coaching model for improving sleep among university students
Liu, J., Ito, S., Ngo, T. M., Lawate, A., Ong, Q. C., Fox, T. E., Chang, S. Y., Phung, D., Nair, E., Palaiyan, M., et al. (2024) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076241241244 · Cited by 8
“56,57 The feasibility of the study procedure measured the following: (a) recruitment rate (as calculated by the percentage of people who agree to participate in the study among those who are approached and are eligible to participate); (b) retention rate (as calculated by the percentage of…”
Method
Changing an exercise behaviour for physically inactive patients with breast cancer during chemotherapy- the critical role of nurse support: An implementation study
Gyldenvang, H. H., Piil, K., Dahl, T. H., Paulsen, T. G., Finecke, C. E. C. V. B., Mathiesen, U. B., Møller, T., & Andersen, C. (2025) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2025.102807 · Cited by 8
Online Brief Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Subacute Pain After Total Hip or Knee Replacement: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Martorella, G., Hanley, A. W., Tong, H., Miao, H., Worts, P. R., Bellamy, D., & Ahn, H. B. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02329-2 · Cited by 7
“Regarding feasibility and acceptability, we set the following benchmarks (National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, 2023; Teresi et al., 2022): at least 80% of participants in the experimental group will complete the 4 weekly sessions as well as the post-treatment assessment.”
Combined therapy with glibenclamide and ultralente insulin in lean patients with NIDDM with secondary failure of sulfonylureas. Follow up at two years.
Pontiroli, A. E., Dino, G. D., Capra, F., & Pozza, G. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 8
Lessons in Affect Regulation to Keep Stress and Pain UndeR control (LARKSPUR): Design of a Randomized Controlled Trial to Increase Positive Affect in Middle-Aged and Older Adults with FibromyalgiaPreprint
Ong, A. D., Moskowitz, J. T., Wethington, E., Addington, E. L., Sanni, M. O., Goktas, S., Sluys, E., Swong, S., Kim, P., & Reid, M. C. (2022) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2022.106880 · Cited by 8
“…assess the feasibility of methods and procedures to be used in a larger, fully powered trial of LARKSPUR, sample size was chosen based on feasibility indicators (recruitment, retention, adherence) rather than on formal power calculations, as appropriate for the pilot nature of the study [see 90].”
Method
Clarifying the Importance of Pilot Studies
Morin, K. H. (2023) · Journal of Nursing Education · doi:10.3928/01484834-20230712-03 · Cited by 8
Partner-Involved Financial Incentives for Smoking Cessation in Dual-Smoker Couples: A Randomized Pilot Trial
vanDellen, M. R., Wright, J. W. C., Zhao, B., Cullinan, C. A., Beach, S. R. H., Shen, Y., Haskins, L. B., Schiavone, W. M., & MacKillop, J. M. (2023) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntad183 · Cited by 7
Tailored videoconferencing counselling program to support family carers of people living with dementia during the transition to permanent residential care: a pilot and feasibility randomised trial
Brooks, D., Wyles, K., Pachana, N. A., Beattie, E., & Gaugler, J. E. (2024) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-024-04907-4 · Cited by 7
“• Multiple outcomes are acceptable for use in feasibility studies, to help ascertain acceptability of measures for use in a future full scale RCT [38].”
Background
Pilot randomised controlled trial on the feasibility and intervention satisfaction with an educational group programme for adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and their caregivers
Skliarova, T., Gråwe, R., Vaag, J., Mandahl, A., Kolltveit, I., Løvås, I., Torgersen, T., & Lara-Cabrera, M. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06570-4 · Cited by 6
“Based on the 2022 guidelines by Teresi et al. [39], feasibility was evaluated across the following domains: Consent to participate (1) was established in advance, with feasibility set at 50% of eligible patients accepting participation.”
Methodological challenges in pilot trials of herbal medicine: barriers to evidence-based practice
Li, Y., Xu, Z., Du, P., Gao, J., Wang, S., Pang, X., Ren, C., Liu, Y., & Zhang, C. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.111754 · Cited by 7
Assessing the impact of a self-guided digital intervention for fear of cancer recurrence (iConquerFear) in ovarian cancer survivors: a pilot randomised waitlist-controlled trial
Wu, V. S., Smith, A. B., Russell, H., Bamgboje‐Ayodele, A., Beatty, L., Pearce, A. M., Dhillon, H. M., Shaw, J., Antony, J., Fardell, J. E., et al. (2025) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-025-13639-6 · Cited by 8
“They help determine whether the intervention is feasible for individuals from the new population to engage with, acceptable in content and format, and safe to use [31].”
Increasing Uptake of Lung Cancer Screening Among Emergency Department Patients: A Pilot Study
Adler, D. H., Wood, N. E., Fiscella, K. A., Rivera, M. P., Hernandez‐Romero, B., Chamberlin, S., & Abar, B. W. (2024) · Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2024.03.034 · Cited by 10
Evaluation of the Oral Health Education for Nurses and Community Health Workers (Project OHE-NCHeW) in Nigeria
Oladayo, A., Lawal, F. B., Sofola, O. O., Uti, O. G., Oyapero, A., Aborisade, A., Olujitan, M., Fagbule, O. F., Williams, A. T., Dedeke, A., et al. (2025) · International Dental Journal · doi:10.1016/j.identj.2025.100891 · Cited by 14
Implementation resources to support teachers’ use of behavioral classroom interventions: protocol of a randomized pilot trial
Lawson, G. M., Owens, J. S., Mandell, D. S., Tavlin, S., Rufe, S. A., Lyon, A. R., Eiraldi, R. B., & Power, T. J. (2023) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-023-01381-4 · Cited by 8
“These sample sizes were selected to be consistent with guidelines for pilot studies to determine the feasibility of recruiting participants, collecting outcome data, and retaining participants in the protocol [34].”
Method
Feasibility interventional study investigating PAIN in neurorehabilitation through wearabLE SensorS (PAINLESS): a study protocol
Moscato, S., Orlandi, S., Gregorio, F. D., Lullini, G., Pozzi, S., Sabattini, L., Chiari, L., & Porta, F. L. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073534 · Cited by 12
“However, the decision to include at least 15 participants is in line with the previous literature on pilot and feasibility study design, based on practical considerations 41 as well as the specific aims of this study.”
Evaluation of effectiveness and acceptability of a psychological treatment for smoking cessation combined with a smartphone App: A pilot study
Barroso-Hurtado, M., López-Durán, A., Martínez-Vispo, C., Suárez-Castro, D., & Becoña, E. (2024) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2024.100737 · Cited by 6
Pilot randomized controlled trial of MINDful TIME, a novel telehealth mindfulness-based intervention for autistic adolescents and their caregivers.
Matthews, N. L., Mitchell, M. M., Honda, H., Malligo, A., Boyd, S., Pagni, B. A., & Blair Braden, B. (2025) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613251328484 · Cited by 9
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-based Lifestyle Counselling Program for people with early psychosis on physical activity: A pilot randomized controlled trial
Chong, Y. Y., Chien, W. T., Mou, H., Ip, C. K., & Bressington, D. T. (2024) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2024.11.007 · Cited by 9
The Feasibility of Personalized Endpoints in Assessing Treatment Outcomes for Rare Diseases: A Pilot Study of Goal Attainment Scaling in SCN2A-Associated Developmental Epileptic Encephalopathy
Sevinc, G., Knox, K., George, M., Evans, L. M., Kaiser, A. J. E., Paltell, K. C., Myers, L. S., Ludwig, N. N., Wojnaroski, M., Conecker, G., et al. (2024) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2024.12.004 · Cited by 6
Satisfaction, user experiences, and initial efficacy of a technology-supported self-management intervention (iSMART) to improve post-stroke functioning: a remoted randomized controlled trial
Lei, Y., Li, Z., Bui, Q. V. P., DePaul, O., Nicol, G. E., Mohr, D. C., Fong, M. W. M., Metts, C. L., Lee, S. I., Tomazin, S. E., et al. (2025) · Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/10749357.2025.2450950 · Cited by 6
“52 However, consistent with a comparable mobile health post-stroke intervention study, 53 the sample size of 10 per group was the target number.”
A pilot randomized controlled double-blind trial of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to improve memory in mild cognitive impairment (MCI): a study protocol
Lapid, M. I., Pagali, S. R., Basso, M. R., Croarkin, P. E., Geske, J. R., Huston, J., Islam, K., Joseph, B., Kennebeck, W. W., Kang, D., et al. (2025) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-025-01625-5 · Cited by 7
“Similar studies have included sample sizes of fewer than 30 participants [51].”
DigiBete, a Novel Chatbot to Support Transition to Adult Care of Young People/Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Outcomes From a Prospective, Multimethod, Nonrandomized Feasibility and Acceptability Study
Swallow, V. M., Horsman, J. M., Mazlan, E., Campbell, F., Zaidi, R., Julian, M., Branchflower, J., Martin-Kerry, J., Monks, H., Soni, A., et al. (2025) · JMIR Diabetes · doi:10.2196/74032 · Cited by 6
“As this was a feasibility study, a power calculation was not required, and significance was not calculated because of the small sample size [14].”
The Efficacy of Virtual Reality-Based EEG Neurofeedback in Health-Related Symptoms Relief: A Systematic Review
Castanho, L., Martinho, D. V., Saial, A. C., de Gouveia, B. R. F. O., Gouveia, É. R., & Ribeiro, F. (2025) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-025-09730-0 · Cited by 10
“This provides relevant data to inform possible improvements and increase the success (Teresi et al., 2022).”
Safety of 12‐Months Administration of Ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera ) Standardized Root Extract in Healthy Adults: A Prospective, Observational Study
Salve, J., Kale, S., Prajapati, B. L., Sparavigna, A., Savant, M., Ademola, J., & Langade, D. (2025) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.70096 · Cited by 11
Protocol for a community-based digital storytelling pilot intervention to reduce Hispanic parents’ vaccine hesitancy to immunize their children against COVID-19
Koskan, A. M., Larkey, L., Todd, M. W., & Kim, S. W. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0299787 · Cited by 6
“Formal and informal testing of intervention efficacy testing is inappropriate in feasibility studies as is the derivation of effect size estimates [34–37].”
Background
Feasibility study of a multimodal prehabilitation programme in women receiving neoadjuvant therapy for breast cancer in a major cancer hospital: a protocol
Grant, S. J., Kay, S., Lacey, J., Kumar, S. S., Kerin‐Ayres, K., Stehn, J. R., Gonzalez, M., Templeton, S., Heller, G. Z., Cockburn, J., et al. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-080239 · Cited by 6
Study protocol for a pilot quasi-experimental study on oral health education for nurses and community health workers in Nigeria
Oladayo, A., Lawal, F. B., Sofola, O. O., Uti, O. G., Oyapero, A., Aborisade, A., Stewart, B., Daep, C. A., Hines, D., Beard, J., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1398869 · Cited by 6
“For the feasibility of pilot studies, research has shown that a sample size consisting of 30 participants in a group is sufficient (44, 45).”
Exploring the feasibility, acceptability, and safety of a real-time cardiac telerehabilitation and tele coaching programme using wearable devices in people with a recent myocardial infarction
Mitropoulos, A., Anifanti, M., Koukouvou, G., Ntovoli, A., Alexandris, K., & Kouidi, E. J. (2024) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-024-00992-5 · Cited by 7
“The sample size calculation for our study estimated the critical metrics needed to assess the feasibility of conducting the definitive study, with sufficient precision [27].”
A mobile health + health coaching application for the management of chronic non-cancer pain in older adults: Results from a pilot randomized controlled study
Kaul, U., Scher, C. J., Henderson, C., Kim, P., Dyhrberg, M., Rudin, V., Lytle, M., Bundy, N., & Reid, M. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2022.921428 · Cited by 6
Virtual Reality as an Innovative Tool for Youth Mental Health
Blondell, V. J., & Thomson, N. D. (2025) · Encyclopedia · doi:10.3390/encyclopedia5040215 · Cited by 6
“Furthermore, because these early feasibility and pilot studies traditionally have smaller sample sizes [107], the majority of existing studies supporting the use of VR for adolescent mental health are based on limited samples.”
Use of a mobile application to monitor drain sites and surgical wounds after discharge from acute care - A feasibility study in Singapore
Chua, S. H., Rajasegeran, D. D., Gunasegaran, N., Fan, P. E. M., Mei, D., Oo, F. A., Nagalingam, S., Lee, T. T., Ng, L. J. K., Yong, S. L. B., et al. (2024) · Journal of Tissue Viability · doi:10.1016/j.jtv.2024.05.011 · Cited by 5
School-Based Virtual Reality Programming for Obtaining Moderate-Intensity Exercise Among Children With Disabilities: Pre-Post Feasibility Study
Lai, B. W., Wright, A., Hutchinson, B., Bright, L., Young, R., Davis, D., Malik, S. A., Rimmer, J. H., & Pelham High Community Engagement Group (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/65801 · Cited by 6
“This feasibility study aimed to recruit a convenient sample of 12 participants, which is a general recommendation for exploratory studies targeting implementation process metrics [21], as opposed to group-effect comparisons that would need larger samples [22].”
RETRACTED: Developing a Culturally and Methodologically Adapted Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy Protocol for Major Depressive Disorder in Pakistan
Khan, A., & Madihie, A. (2025) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.34133/jemdr.0005 · Cited by 5
Retracted
The effect of community health nurse-led multi-faceted group-based frailty prevention program for older adults: a multi-site pretest-posttest design
Kang, G., Ji, H., & Yoon, J. Y. (2025) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-025-03372-7 · Cited by 10
Feasibility of IMU-Based Wearable Sonification: Toward Personalized, Real-Time Gait Monitoring and Rehabilitation
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“According to Teresi et al. [53] feasibility studies should prioritize estimating outcomes such as protocol completion and acceptability, rather than hypothesis testing.”
High-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training are effective, feasible, and safe for patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD): A systematic review and meta-analysis
Wang, B., Zeng, X., Deng, H., Qiu, B., Xu, K., Tao, M., Zhang, Y., Zheng, H., Xu, Q., Li, S., et al. (2026) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2026.156677 · Cited by 6
Exercise therapy, education, and cognitive behavioral therapy alone, or in combination with total knee arthroplasty, in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized feasibility study
Rognsvåg, T., Bergvad, I. B., Furnes, O. N., Indrekvam, K., Lerdal, A., Lindberg, M. F., Skou, S. T., Stubberud, J., & Badawy, M. (2024) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-024-01470-y · Cited by 6
“Thus, a sample of less than 30 may be adequate [29].”
Background
Exploring the Feasibility and Acceptability of Telehealth Qi Gong Shared Medical Appointments: A Novel Approach to Expand Access
Loy, M. H., & Fatato, T. (2024) · Global Advances in Integrative Medicine and Health · doi:10.1177/27536130241283789 · Cited by 5
Acculturation, Values, and Acculturative Stress for Autistic Latino Emerging Adults and Spanish-speaking Parents Participating in the ¡Iniciando! la Adultez Program
Pagán, A. F., Ortiz, M., Bernal, E., Loveland, K. A., Esparza, A., Montiel‐Nava, C., & Acierno, R. E. (2025) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-025-10008-w · Cited by 4
Assessing the impact of the skin cancer awareness now (SCAN!) intervention several months following the intervention
Dhumal, T., Scott, V., Powers, R. L., & Kelly, K. M. (2023) · Journal of the American Pharmacists Association · doi:10.1016/j.japh.2023.09.004 · Cited by 5
The Connected We St@nd programme: A feasibility pilot study of an online self‐management intervention for adults on in‐centre haemodialysis and family caregivers
Sousa, H., Ribeiro, Ó. M., Bártolo, A., Costa, E. M., Ribeiro, F., Rodrigues, M., Paúl, C., & de Figueiredo, D. M. P. (2024) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12715 · Cited by 5
Mindfulness in the Clinic Waiting Room May Decrease Pain: Results from Three Pilot Randomized Controlled Trials
Hanley, A. W., Zingg, R. W., Smith, B., Zappa, M., White, S., Davis, A., Worts, P. R., Culjat, C., & Martorella, G. (2024) · Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/jicm.2024.0020 · Cited by 5
“34 This recommendation guided our sample size in Study 3.”
Influential
Opportunistic screening for long-term muscle wasting in critically ill patients: insights from an acute pancreatitis cohort
Kolck, J., Hosse, C., Leimbach, A., Beetz, N. L., Auer, T. A., Collettini, F., Fehrenbach, U., Pille, C., & Geisel, D. (2024) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-024-01884-7 · Cited by 6
“It is recognized that for such feasibility studies, sample sizes of 30 individuals per group (here survival vs. non-survival) are considered appropriate [3].”
Background
Adapting an Efficacious Peer-Delivered Physical Activity Program for Survivors of Breast Cancer for Web Platform Delivery: Protocol for a 2-Phase Study
Pinto, B. M., Patel, A., Ostendorf, D. M., Huebschmann, A. G., DUNSIGER, S. I., & Kindred, M. M. (2024) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/52494 · Cited by 5
“According to the current recommendations [46], we will consider webMFT feasible if >75% of the scheduled calls are delivered and survivor and coach and acceptability or satisfaction exceed 80% on rating scales (ratings of “moderately” to “very satisfied/acceptable”).”
Method
Culturally Targeted Video Intervention to Increase PrEP Use Intentions Among Latinx Sexual Minority Men: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Matos, L. A., & Lujan, R. A. (2023) · Hispanic Health Care International · doi:10.1177/15404153231210436 · Cited by 5
The Digital Therapeutics Real World Evidence Framework: An approach for guiding evidence-based DTx design, development, testing, and monitoringPreprint
Kim, M., Patrick, K., Nebeker, C., Godino, J., Stein, S., Klasnja, P., Perski, O., Viglione, C., Coleman, A., & Hekler, E. B. (2022) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/8t5xy · Cited by 5

Authors: Teresi, J. A., Yu, X., Stewart, A. L., & Hays, R. D.
Affiliations: Hebrew Home (US)
The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US)
University of California, San Francisco (US)
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author: Teresi, Jeanne A.
ORCID: Hays, Ron D.
Venue: Medical Care
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2021-11-23
Volume: 60
Issue: 1
Pages: 95-103
ISSN: 0025-7079 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/mlr.0000000000001664
PMC: PMC8849521
OpenAlex: W3215891836
Cited by: 734
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 280 · 2025: 279 · 2024: 141 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 7
FWCI: 32.16
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Medical Care (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (2p30ag028741-16)
University of California, San Francisco
National Institute on Aging (P30‐AG028741, P30AG059303, P30AG059301, P30AG021684, P30AG015272, P30AG022845)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K12HD052023)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
Keywords: effect size estimation, sample size determination, randomized controlled trials, recruitment and retention, intervention fidelity, treatment acceptability, adherence, participant engagement, intervention adaptation, minimally important difference, confidence intervals, nonparametric statistics, design effect
MeSH terms: Feasibility Studies, Humans, Pilot Projects, Research Design, Guidelines as Topic

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Guidelines for Designing and Evaluating Feasibility Pilot Studies

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