Cited by 734Statistical Methods in Clinical TrialsMeta-analysis and systematic reviewsHealth Policy Implementation Science

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Guidelines for Designing and Evaluating Feasibility Pilot Studies

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Teresi, Jeanne A., Yu, Xiaoying, Stewart, Anita L., Hays, Ron D.·2022·Medical Care

DOI 10.1097/mlr.0000000000001664PMC PMC8849521

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Pilot studies test the feasibility of methods and procedures to be used in larger-scale studies. Although numerous articles describe guidelines for the conduct of pilot studies, few have included specific feasibility indicators or strategies for evaluating multiple aspects of feasibility. In addition, using pilot studies to estimate effect sizes to plan sample sizes for subsequent randomized controlled trials has been challenged; however, there has been little consensus on alternative strategies. METHODS: In Section 1, specific indicators (recruitment, retention, intervention fidelity, acceptability, adherence, and engagement) are presented for feasibility assessment of data collection methods and intervention implementation. Section 1 also highlights the importance of examining feasibility when adapting an intervention tested in mainstream populations to a new more diverse group. In Section 2, statistical and design issues are presented, including sample sizes for pilot studies, estimates of minimally important differences, design effects, confidence intervals (CI) and nonparametric statistics. An in-depth treatment of the limits of effect size estimation as well as process variables is presented. Tables showing CI around parameters are provided. With small samples, effect size, completion and adherence rate estimates will have large CI. CONCLUSION: This commentary offers examples of indicators for evaluating feasibility, and of the limits of effect size estimation in pilot studies. As demonstrated, most pilot studies should not be used to estimate effect sizes, provide power calculations for statistical tests or perform exploratory analyses of efficacy. It is hoped that these guidelines will be useful to those planning pilot/feasibility studies before a larger-scale study.

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How we design feasibility studies
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“Feasibility indicators can include completion rates and times for speci ﬁ c components, perceived burden, incon-venience, and reasons for noncompletion, 9 all of which may inform assessment protocol modi ﬁ cation.”
Background
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“40,41 The sample was designed to allow the study team to assemble three distinct and complete “ cohorts ” of 12 randomized participants, with half assigned to each intervention arm, consistent with a planned group intervention class size of six participants per yoga/exercise class.”
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“We selected 80 as our sample size based on findings that 40 per group is suitable for establishing feasibility [33, 34].”
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Background
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“However, many diferent guidelines for sample sizes for pilot studies exist, indicating that sample sizes of 10 [64] to or 30 or more [65] are needed.”
BackgroundMethod
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Method
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“40 To determine feasibility, inclusion and enrollment rates were tracked; speci ﬁ cally, we examined rates of quali ﬁ cation (vs. disquali ﬁ cation) using our speci ﬁ ed criteria following assessment for eligibility.”
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BackgroundMethodInfluential
Feasibility of a custom-tailored, evidence-based, theory-informed, intervention to prevent burnout and reduce stress for healthcare professionals: protocol for a single-arm trial
Schröter, M., Berschick, J., Koch, A. K., Schiele, J. K., Bogdanski, M., Steinmetz, M., Stritter, W., Keßler, C. S., & Seifert, G. (2024) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-024-01553-w · Cited by 3
“A fixed number of N = 30 was chosen, based on practical considerations and recommendations for good practice in pilot studies [34].”
Method
Feasibility study to improve oral health in older adult patients using visiting nursing services: A pilot study
Noguchi, K., Ochiai, R., Akase, T., Nishiyama, K., & Watabe, S. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0313817 · Cited by 3
Making Complex Technologies Accessible Through Simple Controllability: Initial Results of a Feasibility Study
Müller, P., Gali, H. K. R., Rajanayagam, S., Twieg, S., Jahn, P., & Hofstetter, S. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15021002 · Cited by 3
Digital Therapeutic Combining Hypnosis and Diaphragmatic Breathing Intervention for Functional Abdominal Bloating: A Feasibility Study
Wang, X. J., Philpot, L. M., Ebbert, J. O., Dilmaghani, S., Loftus, C. G., Fox, J., & Palsson, O. S. (2025) · Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology · doi:10.14309/ctg.0000000000000811 · Cited by 3
Changes in community pharmacy communication – Towards emotional awareness at the pharmacy counter
Mottelson, N. B., Husted, G. R., Kaae, S. S., Rossing, C. V., & Fosgerau, C. F. (2025) · PEC Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.pecinn.2025.100380 · Cited by 3
“30 participants in the new mentalizing education were deemed reasonable within the given project frame to establish feasibility through a pre/post design combined with qualitative methods [29].”
MOCHA Moving Forward: findings and lessons learned from implementing a community-based chronic disease prevention study with middle-aged black men
Valdez, L. A., Markham, J., Scott, L., Person, S. D., Meyer, J. S., Robinson, D., & Buchanan, D. R. (2025) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2025.2526752 · Cited by 4
Integrating an exercise program into opioid agonist therapy: a pilot study on feasibility, fitness improvements, and participation challenges
Furulund, E., Carlsen, S.-E. L., Alpers, S. E., Vold, J. H., Druckrey-Fiskaaen, K. T., Madebo, T., Dyrstad, S. M., Lid, T. G., & Fadnes, L. T. (2025) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/s13722-025-00583-w · Cited by 3
“Neverthe-less, this study provides important information relating to intervention experiences and feasibility of the intervention [48, 49].”
Examining the feasibility of a crisis-focused Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)–informed psychological intervention for inpatients experiencing psychosis (the CRISIS study): results from a pilot randomised controlled trial
Wood, L., Morrison, A. P., Birken, M., Dare, C. R. J., Guerin, E., Nyikavaranda, P., Malde‐Shah, N., Persaud, K., Ford, P., Nebo, C., et al. (2025) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103380 · Cited by 3
“We aimed to recruit sixty participants in line with recommendations by CONSORT for feasibility and pilot RCTs. 27 This sample size allowed for dropouts, which are common in clinical trials in inpatient settings.”
Epinephrine vs Norepinephrine as the Initial Vasoactive Agent in Pediatric Septic Shock: A Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial for Recruitment Rates and Protocol Adherence, the Epinephrine vs Norepinephrine in Pediatric Septic Shock Trial
Ranjit, S., Kissoon, N. “., Kumar, V., Vijayaraghavan, B. K. T., Natraj, R., Dalal, P., Venkatachalam, P., Lakshmanan, C., & Schlapbach, L. J. (2025) · Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10071-25043 · Cited by 3
“13 The exploratory secondary clinical outcomes were the proportion of patients in each group meeting criteria for shock resolution at 6 and 12 hours of randomization, median time to shock resolution, survival free of vasoactive-inotrope support, and survival free of invasive ventilation from T 0,…”
Exploring dialogic analysis and thematic analysis of place conversations with older adults
Weil, J. (2022) · Working with Older People · doi:10.1108/wwop-07-2022-0026 · Cited by 3
Development and Evaluation of an Innovative Neurology E-learning Didactic Curriculum for Psychiatry Residents
Jacoby, N., Gullick, M. M., Sullivan, N. P., & Shalev, D. (2023) · Academic Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40596-023-01769-7 · Cited by 3
“Because this was a pilot feasibility study, our educational outcomes (interest, confidence, knowledge) were secondary and there were several limitations in measurement typical of pilot studies including the lack of psychometrically validated measurement tools, a priori clinically meaningful effect sizes, and sample si…”
Background
Two stroke education programs designed for older adults
Sim, J., & Shin, C. (2023) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.10.014 · Cited by 5
Feasibility of Using Text Messaging to Identify and Assist Patients With Hypertension With Health-Related Social Needs: Cross-Sectional Study
Kormanis, A., Quinones, S., Obermiller, C., Denizard-Thompson, N., & Palakshappa, D. (2023) · JMIR Cardio · doi:10.2196/54530 · Cited by 3
“As there is no specific consensus on the sample size necessary to assess the feasibility of a pilot study, consistent with prior studies, we included 200 (~5% of the eligible population) patients [17,18].”
Control4Life: A randomized controlled trial protocol examining the feasibility and efficacy of a combined pelvic health rehabilitation and exercise fitness program for individuals undergoing prostatectomy.
Bernard, S., Evans, H. J., Hoy, N. Y., Suderman, K., Cameron, B., Sexsmith, J., Kinnaird, A. S., Rourke, K. F., Dean, L., Pituskin, E., et al. (2024) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2024.107482 · Cited by 3
Pilot Study Assessing the Safety and Acceptance of a Novel Virtual Reality System to Improve Visual Function
Vega, L. L., Pinero, D. P., Molina‐Martín, A., Hernández-Rodríguez, C. J., Cuadrado-Asensio, R., Martín-Gutiérrez, A., Arenillas, J. F., & Martín, M. B. C. (2024) · Seminars in Ophthalmology · doi:10.1080/08820538.2024.2324074 · Cited by 3
“The guidelines for designing and evaluating feasibility studies described by Teresi et al. 12 have been strictly followed, considering their recommendations of sample size, Specifically, for evaluating patient-reported outcomes, to reach saturation, sample sizes may be 30 or less.”
Method
A Randomized Pilot Trial of the Donor Conception Tool to Empower Parental Telling and Talking (TELL Tool) with Their Children About Their Genetic Origins
Hershberger, P. E., Gruss, V. A., Steffen, A. D., Adlam, K., Driessnack, M., Grotevant, H. D., Klock, S. C., Pasch, L. A., Bhagat, R., & Gallo, A. M. (2024) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2024.06.006 · Cited by 3
“…was guided by the National Institutes of Health’s guidelines for pilot studies (National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, 2017; Teresi et al., 2022) and the International Patient Decision Aids Standards recommendations for decision aid development (Coulter et al., 2013; Elwyn…”
Effect of a 15-Week Whole Foods, Plant-Based Diet, Physical Activity, and Stress Management Intervention on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in a Population of US Veterans: A Retrospective Analysis
Yiaslas, T. A., Rogers-Soeder, T. S., Ono, G., Kitazono, R. E., & Sood, A. (2024) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276241267932 · Cited by 3
Including highly educated migrants in academia to improve their health—protocol for a pilot intervention
Ahmed, K. Y., Fadnes, L. T., Kumar, B., Hasha, W., & Díaz, E. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1347992 · Cited by 3
Integrating general practitioners’ and patients’ perspectives in the development of a digital tool supporting primary care for older patients with multimorbidity: a focus group study
Schäfer, I., Jahns, V., Paucke, V., Lühmann, D., Scherer, M., & Nothacker, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1499333 · Cited by 3
Assessment and Intervention for Diabetes Distress in Primary Care Using Clinical and Technological Interventions: Protocol for a Single-Arm Pilot Trial
Kostiuk, M. A., Moore, S. L., Kramer, E. S., Gilens, J. F., Sarwal, A., Saxon, D. R., Thomas, J. F., & Oser, T. K. (2025) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/62916 · Cited by 4
“…technical and operational feasibility and user acceptability, that is, 60% (18/30) of participants remain engaged with the technology solutions throughout the duration of the study, and 60% (18/30) of participants report positive experiences and satisfaction levels with the program overall [32].”
A Digital Tool to Improve Family Engagement in Acute Care: The NGAGE Randomized Pilot Feasibility Trial
Abdallah, J. P., Morel, S. B. A., Soboleva, N., Quan, J., Price, C., & Goldfarb, M. (2025) · CJC Open · doi:10.1016/j.cjco.2025.03.007 · Cited by 3
“21 To determine the sample size needed for our study, we included at least 30 participants per group.”
The Healing Through Ongoing Psychological Empowerment Telehealth Intervention With Two Spirit, Transgender, and Nonbinary Clients of Color in the United States: Open Clinical Trial Feasibility and Implementation Analysis
Budge, S. L., Tebbe, E. A., Lee, J., Domínguez, S., Matsuno, E. G., & Lindley, L. M. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/64477 · Cited by 3
“Teresi et al [17] defined feasibility around 4 key aspects.”
Influential
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Tele-Counselling Program With Care Partners of Persons Living With Dementia: A Pilot Feasibility RCT.
Durepos, P., Ricketts, N., Olthuis, J. V., Gould, O. N., Boamah, S. A., McCloskey, R., Lanteigne, M., Giberson, E. R., Caverhill, K., Pickford, K., et al. (2026) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/07334648251338303 · Cited by 3
“The study aimed to recruit 80 participants to allow a 25% attrition rate and a ﬁ nal sample of 40 participants, appropriate for pilot feasibility studies (Creswell & Creswell, 2022; Teresi et al., 2022).”
Feasibility and preliminary effects of an app-based physical activity intervention for individuals with depression (MoodMover): A protocol for a single-arm, pre-post intervention study
Tang, Y., Gierc, M., La, H., Liu, S., Lam, R. W., Puterman, E., & Faulkner, G. (2025) · PLOS One · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0321958 · Cited by 2
“Only five orientation sessions will be recorded and assessed by a research assistant using a fidelity checklist after each session, which will allow immediate modifications to improve treatment fidelity [37].”
A Health Navigator intervention to address the unmet social needs of caregivers of hospitalised children in South Australia: Protocol for a mixed-methods pilot study
Neadley, K. E., Downes, M., Chan, L., Poirier, B., Lynch, J., Boyd, M., & Shoubridge, C. (2025) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-025-01702-9 · Cited by 2
“Following the most recent guidelines for evaluating intervention feasibility, practical considerations, such as participant flow, were used to generate sample size [30, 31].”
Grocery Delivery to Support Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes: Protocol for a Pilot Quality Improvement Program
Oshman, L. D., Waselewski, M. E., Hisamatsu, R., Kim, N., Young, L., Hafez, D., & Chang, T. (2024) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/54043 · Cited by 2
“Our sample size was determined based on participant flow, budgetary constraints, and published guidelines for designing feasibility pilot studies [35].”
Method
Rationale, Design and Baseline Characteristics of a Randomized Controlled Trial of a Cardiovascular Quality Improvement Strategy in India: The C-QIP Trial
Singh, K., Nikhare, K., Gandral, M., Aithal, K. R., Patil, S. G., Girish, M. P., Gupta, M., Madan, K., Sawhney, J., Ali, K., et al. (2024) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2024.07.008 · Cited by 1
Implementation of a Fracture Liaison Service in a tertiary hospital in Malaysia: a feasibility study
Cheah, M. H., Lai, P. S. M., & Ong, T. I. W. (2024) · Archives of Osteoporosis · doi:10.1007/s11657-024-01427-x · Cited by 2
“As our goal was to investigate the feasibility process outcomes including the recruitment rates and adherence rates, a sample size of at least 70 was needed to achieve an acceptable confidence interval [17].”
Multifaceted implementation strategy to improve the evaluation of penicillin allergies in perioperative patients: a pre-post feasibility implementation study
Carter, E. J., Zavez, K., Schramm, C. A., Zolla, M. M., Baron, K., & Banach, D. B. (2024) · Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology · doi:10.1017/ice.2024.119 · Cited by 2
“Optimizing Wellness and Neurorehabilitation with Mindfulness (OWNMindfulness)”: feasibility of a novel mindfulness-based rehabilitation intervention for Persisting Symptoms after Concussion
Lovette, B. C., Lyons, K. D., Greenberg, J., & Lopez, R. P. (2024) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2024.2423783 · Cited by 2
“…and development [34]. the primary purpose of this mixed-methods, single-arm, repeated measures study was to evaluate key indicators of feasibility [35] including (1) enrollment/retention; (2) adherence: attendance and home program; (3), fidelity, (4) ability to complete measures; and (5) safety…”
Feasibility of implementing a communication board to improve communication interactions of mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care units at one Sri Lankan hospital − A pilot randomised controlled trial
Kuruppu, N. R., Chaboyer, W. P., Tobiano, G., Abayadeera, A., & Ranse, K. (2024) · Intensive and Critical Care Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.iccn.2024.103891 · Cited by 2
Enhancing the outcomes of bariatric surgery with inhibitory control training, electrical brain stimulation and psychosocial aftercare: a pilot study protocol
Rösch, S. A., Wünsche, L., Thiele, C., Reinstaller, T., Zaehle, T., Schag, K., Giel, K. E., Plewnia, C., Steiner, J. H., & Junne, F. (2024) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-024-01160-3 · Cited by 2
Keeping It Simple—Pain Science Education for Patients with Chronic Pain Referred to Community-Based Rehabilitation: Translation, Adaptation, and Clinical Feasibility Testing of PNE4Adults
Eiger, B., Rathleff, M. S., Ickmans, K., Rheel, E., & Straszek, C. L. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14030771 · Cited by 2
The PRECISION study protocol: Can cervical stiffness in the second trimester predict preterm birth in high-risk singleton pregnancies? A feasibility, cohort study
Medford, E., Lane, S., Sharp, A., & Care, A. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0316297 · Cited by 2
“Our feasibility outcomes of interest relate to whether the study procedure is acceptable, participant adherence and retention to the study is achieved, data collection is feasible, and that cervical stiffness assessment fidelity is maintained with adequate reliability and safety[34].”
A Home‐Based Behaviour Change Intervention With Sedentary Behaviour and Physical Activity in People With Stroke and Diabetes—A Feasibility and Safety Study
Bodilsen, S. S., Aadahl, M., Thomsen, T. H., & Wienecke, T. (2025) · Physiotherapy Research International · doi:10.1002/pri.70048 · Cited by 2
A Pilot Study to Evaluate the Feasibility and Acceptability of a Tailored Multicomponent Rehabilitation Program for Adolescent and Young Adult (AYA) Cancer Survivors
Corke, L., Langelier, D. M., Gupta, A. A., Capozza, S. J., Антонен, Е. Г., Trépanier, G., Avery, L. M., Lopez, C. J., Edwards, B. Q., & Jones, J. M. (2025) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers17071066 · Cited by 3
“Given the primary aim of this pilot study was to assess feasibility, acceptability, and safety, the sample size was not calculated using power analysis [31,54,55].”
Feasibility of a Fruit and Vegetable Home Food Environment Accessibility Intervention
Alvarado, A. V., Vega‐López, S., Ruggiero, L., Earthman, C. P., & Robson, S. M. (2025) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2025.03.013 · Cited by 2
Examining the Feasibility of Prolonged Beta-Hydroxybutyrate-Containing Supplement Drink Consumption in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial
Marcotte‐Chénard, A., Oliveira, B., Tortoriello, J. P., Crampton, K., Bouck, T., Madden, K. M., Singer, J., Falkenhain, K., & Little, J. P. (2025) · Journal of the American Nutrition Association · doi:10.1080/27697061.2025.2518116 · Cited by 2
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction adapted to pregnant women with psychosocial vulnerabilities - a randomized feasibility trial in a Danish hospital-based outpatient setting
Skovbjerg, S., Kolls, M., Kjærbye‐Thygesen, A., & Fjorback, L. O. (2025) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-025-01670-0 · Cited by 2
“The estimated sample size for trial was thus 30 per trial arm with a total of 60 participants [34, 53].”
Evaluating the Feasibility and Acceptability of a Community-Based, Co-Created Yoga Program for Women with Gynecologic Cancer: A Series N-of-1 Feasibility Study
Price, J., Westlake, B., & Brunet, J. (2025) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3390/curroncol32070368 · Cited by 2
“A conventional power calculation was not appropriate given the feasibility aims of this study [42] and the novel nature of delivering the program at the ORCF [38].”
Impact of the Teach-Back Method on Patients Engagement with Digital Technology in Hypertension Management: A Longitudinal Study
Rosa, D., Villa, G., Marcomini, I., Nardin, E., Gianfranceschi, E., Faini, A., Pengo, M. F., Bilo, G., Croce, A., Parati, G., et al. (2025) · High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention · doi:10.1007/s40292-025-00731-y · Cited by 3
“As recommended by the literature [22], pilot studies are interventions to ensure sustained patient engagement with health monitoring via wearable devices.”
The feasibility and acceptability of measuring resting energy expenditure using indirect calorimetry in self-ventilating patients following traumatic injury: An observational study (The FAME Trauma study)
Muller, K., Ridley, E. J., Tatucu-Babet, O. A., Kimmel, L. A., Groombridge, C. J., Fitzgerald, M., Elliott, A., & Lambell, K. (2025) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2025.112606 · Cited by 2
Feasibility, Acceptability and Tolerability of an Augmented Reality Gaming Intervention for Children With and Without Movement Impairments
Welsby, E., Moore, E., Hobbs, D., Hordacre, B. G., Ward, E., & Hillier, S. (2025) · Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics · doi:10.1080/01942638.2025.2536141 · Cited by 2
“A sample size calculation was not conducted for this pilot feasibility study, however, the literature suggests a sample of thirty participants may be appropriate to establish feasibility (Teresi et al., 2022).”
A Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H MRS) Pilot Study Revealing Altered Glutamatergic and Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)ergic Neurotransmission in Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)
Elsaid, S., Wang, R., Kloiber, S. M., Desmond, K. L., & Foll, B. L. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26146915 · Cited by 2
“The adjustments for multiple comparisons were not performed because of the exploratory nature of our pilot study [105,106].”
Emergency Department Care Coordination Program for Assisted Living Residents With Dementia
Wittenberg, G. F., Serina, P. T., Stetten, N. E., Reddy, A., & McCreedy, E. M. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.26413 · Cited by 2
Evaluating the Cultural Adaptation of Evidence-Based HIV Prevention Interventions for African Immigrant Women: Exploratory Pilot Mixed-Methods Study
Malika, N. M., Bogart, L. M., Adamu, N., Maganga, G., Jeon, E. D., Fenta, E. H., Diouf, K., & Ojikutu, B. O. (2025) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-025-01762-2 · Cited by 3
Adaptation and Implementation of Self-System Therapy for Older Adults with Advanced Lung Cancer: Pilot Trial Results
Ramos, K., Ayaz, A., Riley, J. A., Faircloth, K., Porter, L. S., & Strauman, T. J. (2025) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers17172809 · Cited by 2
Geographic environments, daily activities and stress in Luxembourg (the FragMent study): a protocol combining map-based questionnaires, geographically explicit ecological momentary assessment and vocal biomarkers of stress
Perchoux, C., Topalian, N., Klein, S., Chaix, B., Tharrey, M., Röcke, C., Gerber, P., Klein, O., Missling, A., Omrani, H., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-105499 · Cited by 3
“However, pilot studies should not be used to inform power calculation due to their limited samples, 88 but should be used to evaluate the feasibility, which was confirmed here.”
Adaptation and Validation of the Bahasa Version of the Diabetes Obstacles Questionnaire-Short Version Among Indonesians With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Fadlilah, S., Murdhiono, W. R., Lesmana, M. H. S., Susanto, H., Thato, R., Rias, Y. A., & Tsai, H. (2025) · Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/jnr.0000000000000704 · Cited by 2
“Beyond reducing costs and increasing ef ﬁ ciency, pilot studies involving non-DM subjects provide advantages such as improved generalizability, creating normative data sets, and providing essential data for identifying response range types (Teresi et al., 2022).”
Development of methods to identify digitally excluded older people, and tailoring of interventions to meet their digital needs: a protocol for a mixed-methods study (the INCLUDE study)
Brundle, C., Johansson, J. F., Best, K., Clegg, A. P., Förster, A., Atkinson, T., Foster, M., Humphrey, S., Iliff, A., Inglis, J., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-102723 · Cited by 2
MINMON-J: a hybrid implementation pilot study evaluating a low-barrier hepatitis C treatment model in a jail setting
Berk, J., Fu, E. S., Murphy, M., Akiyama, M. J., Sulkowski, M., Rich, J. D., & Frank, H. E. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-104839 · Cited by 2

Authors: Teresi, J. A., Yu, X., Stewart, A. L., & Hays, R. D.
Affiliations: Hebrew Home (US)
The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US)
University of California, San Francisco (US)
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author: Teresi, Jeanne A.
ORCID: Hays, Ron D.
Venue: Medical Care
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2021-11-23
Volume: 60
Issue: 1
Pages: 95-103
ISSN: 0025-7079 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/mlr.0000000000001664
PMC: PMC8849521
OpenAlex: W3215891836
Cited by: 734
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 280 · 2025: 279 · 2024: 141 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 7
FWCI: 32.16
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Medical Care (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (2p30ag028741-16)
University of California, San Francisco
National Institute on Aging (P30‐AG028741, P30AG059303, P30AG059301, P30AG021684, P30AG015272, P30AG022845)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K12HD052023)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
Keywords: effect size estimation, sample size determination, randomized controlled trials, recruitment and retention, intervention fidelity, treatment acceptability, adherence, participant engagement, intervention adaptation, minimally important difference, confidence intervals, nonparametric statistics, design effect
MeSH terms: Feasibility Studies, Humans, Pilot Projects, Research Design, Guidelines as Topic

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Guidelines for Designing and Evaluating Feasibility Pilot Studies

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