Cited by 734Statistical Methods in Clinical TrialsMeta-analysis and systematic reviewsHealth Policy Implementation Science

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Guidelines for Designing and Evaluating Feasibility Pilot Studies

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Teresi, Jeanne A., Yu, Xiaoying, Stewart, Anita L., Hays, Ron D.·2022·Medical Care

DOI 10.1097/mlr.0000000000001664PMC PMC8849521

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Pilot studies test the feasibility of methods and procedures to be used in larger-scale studies. Although numerous articles describe guidelines for the conduct of pilot studies, few have included specific feasibility indicators or strategies for evaluating multiple aspects of feasibility. In addition, using pilot studies to estimate effect sizes to plan sample sizes for subsequent randomized controlled trials has been challenged; however, there has been little consensus on alternative strategies. METHODS: In Section 1, specific indicators (recruitment, retention, intervention fidelity, acceptability, adherence, and engagement) are presented for feasibility assessment of data collection methods and intervention implementation. Section 1 also highlights the importance of examining feasibility when adapting an intervention tested in mainstream populations to a new more diverse group. In Section 2, statistical and design issues are presented, including sample sizes for pilot studies, estimates of minimally important differences, design effects, confidence intervals (CI) and nonparametric statistics. An in-depth treatment of the limits of effect size estimation as well as process variables is presented. Tables showing CI around parameters are provided. With small samples, effect size, completion and adherence rate estimates will have large CI. CONCLUSION: This commentary offers examples of indicators for evaluating feasibility, and of the limits of effect size estimation in pilot studies. As demonstrated, most pilot studies should not be used to estimate effect sizes, provide power calculations for statistical tests or perform exploratory analyses of efficacy. It is hoped that these guidelines will be useful to those planning pilot/feasibility studies before a larger-scale study.

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How we design feasibility studies
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“Feasibility indicators can include completion rates and times for speci ﬁ c components, perceived burden, incon-venience, and reasons for noncompletion, 9 all of which may inform assessment protocol modi ﬁ cation.”
Background
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“50,51 In conclusion, both voucher and delivery models were feasible, but vouchers had higher acceptability.”
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“21”
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“22 Eligibility criteria included.”
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“Future research should examine “healing attempt” in a between-subjects randomized feasibility trial, which would warrant a greater sample size of at least 30 participants per group (per foundational studies on feasibility studies that recommend this sample size) [47-49].”
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“A power analysis was not used to calculate the sample size, as this was a pilot study (Teresi et al., 2022).”
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“…prior literature describing preparation for successful implementation, participants indicated that facilitators of the EnACT intervention must be appropriately trained to deliver active engagement activities and adapt to the needs of the care partners (Nehrig et al., 2019; Teresi et al., 2022).”
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“For quantitative studies, a sample of 30 participants per group (intervention and control) is often considered adequate to estimate parameters and assess feasibility before scaling up (Teresi et al., 2022).”
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“More-over, we ensured that the resulting sample would suffice according to feasibility study guidelines [31].”
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“Five core parameters were assessed: recruitment, retention, compliance, adherence, and acceptability, with thresholds based on existing literature 27,32 .”
Video-based pelvic floor muscle therapy for patients with pelvic floor disorders: A Protocol for a prospective single-arm pilot and feasibility study
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Psilocybin-assisted Existential, Attachment and RelationaL (PEARL) therapy for patients with advanced cancer: protocol for a multi-method feasibility trial
Richardson, C., Chan, C., Macgregor, E., Hare, C., Hannon, B. L., Black, S., Schneider, E., Buchman, D. Z., Wang, S., Rac, V. E., et al. (2025) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-025-01706-5 · Cited by 1
“Qualitative feasibility studies are growing in number, and there are clearer guidelines around conducting qualitative research of this type [36, 56].”
A 20-Minute Mindful Jazz Intervention Decreased Chronic Pain Patients’ Pain and Anxiety 4 Weeks Later: Results from a Pilot Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Young, S. D., & Hanley, A. W. (2025) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe15120239 · Cited by 1
Facial 3D data acquisition in critically ill children for production of personalized non-invasive ventilation masks: a feasibility study
Pigmans, R. R. W. P., Goto, L., Wientjes, R., Markhorst, D. G., van Woensel, J. B. M., Gaytant, M. A., Huysmans, T., Dijkman, C. D., & Reinout, A. (2025) · 3D Printing in Medicine · doi:10.1186/s41205-025-00311-9 · Cited by 1
“We aimed for a sample size of 30–34 subjects for this feasibility study, based on the guidelines for designing and evaluating feasibility pilot studies [20].”

Authors: Teresi, J. A., Yu, X., Stewart, A. L., & Hays, R. D.
Affiliations: Hebrew Home (US)
The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US)
University of California, San Francisco (US)
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author: Teresi, Jeanne A.
ORCID: Hays, Ron D.
Venue: Medical Care
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2021-11-23
Volume: 60
Issue: 1
Pages: 95-103
ISSN: 0025-7079 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/mlr.0000000000001664
PMC: PMC8849521
OpenAlex: W3215891836
Cited by: 734
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 280 · 2025: 279 · 2024: 141 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 7
FWCI: 32.16
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Medical Care (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (2p30ag028741-16)
University of California, San Francisco
National Institute on Aging (P30‐AG028741, P30AG059303, P30AG059301, P30AG021684, P30AG015272, P30AG022845)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K12HD052023)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
Keywords: effect size estimation, sample size determination, randomized controlled trials, recruitment and retention, intervention fidelity, treatment acceptability, adherence, participant engagement, intervention adaptation, minimally important difference, confidence intervals, nonparametric statistics, design effect
MeSH terms: Feasibility Studies, Humans, Pilot Projects, Research Design, Guidelines as Topic

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Guidelines for Designing and Evaluating Feasibility Pilot Studies

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