Accelerated aging in adults with knee osteoarthritis pain: consideration for frequency, intensity, time, and total pain sites
Open accessAbstract
Introduction: Individuals with osteoarthritis (OA) show increased morbidity and mortality. Telomere length, a measure of cellular aging, predicts increased morbidity and mortality. Telomeres shorten with persisting biological and psychosocial stress. Living with chronic OA pain is stressful. Previous research exploring telomere length in people with OA has produced inconsistent results. Considering pain severity may clarify the relationship between OA and telomeres. Objectives: We hypothesized that individuals with high OA chronic pain severity would have shorter telomeres than those with no or low chronic pain severity. Methods: One hundred thirty-six adults, ages 45 to 85 years old, with and without symptomatic knee OA were included in the analysis. Peripheral blood leukocyte telomere length was measured, and demographic, clinical, and functional data were collected. Participants were categorized into 5 pain severity groups based on an additive index of frequency, intensity, time or duration, and total number of pain sites (FITT). Covariates included age, sex, race or ethnicity, study site, and knee pain status. Results: The no or low chronic pain severity group had significantly longer telomeres compared with the high pain severity group,P= 0.025. A significant chronic pain severity dose response emerged for telomere length,P= 0.034. The FITT chronic pain severity index was highly correlated with the clinical and functional OA pain measures. However, individual clinical and functional measures were not associated with telomere length. Conclusion: Results demonstrate accelerated cellular aging with high knee OA chronic pain severity and provide evidence for the potential utility of the FITT chronic pain severity index in capturing the biological burden of chronic pain.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Telomere length is inversely correlated with chronic severe pain.
“telomere length inversely correlates with chronic severe pain125”
From Telomere dysfunction in ageing and age-related diseases (2022) · cites this paper as [125]
The Abstract Results and §4.1 report shorter telomeres in the high chronic knee-pain severity group than in the no- or low-severity group, with a significant severity dose response. The study concerns knee osteoarthritis pain; the unqualified claim extends that finding to chronic severe pain generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe majority of studies find significant correlations between chronic pain or degenerative tissue associated with pain and decreased telomere length.
“The majority of studies find significant correlations between chronic pain or degenerative tissue (associated with pain) and decreased TL [5,21–24].”
From Exploring emotional well-being, spiritual, religious and personal beliefs and telomere length in chronic pain patients—A pilot study with cross-sectional design (2024) · cites this paper as [24]
The Results report significantly shorter telomeres in the high knee-pain-severity group, supporting an association with chronic pain. But the Introduction describes prior osteoarthritis findings as mixed, not predominantly significant, and Discussion §4.1 reports no association between radiographic knee changes and telomere length. Our copy provides no basis for the claim about a majority of studies. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOthers have found statistically significant correlations between telomere length and pain measures.
“others have found statistically significant correlations between TL and pain measures [5,21–24].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Guralnik, J. M., Simonsick, E. M., Ferrucci, L., Glynn, R. J., Berkman, L. F., Blazer, D. G., Scherr, P. A., & Wallace, R. B. (1994) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/49.2.m85 · Cited by 9,792 · see citing works
Bellamy, N., Buchanan, W. W., Goldsmith, C. H., Campbell, J., & Stitt, L. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 7,688 · see citing works
Altman, R., Asch, E., Bloch, D., Bole, G., Borenstein, D., Brandt, K., Christy, W., Cooke, T. D., Greenwald, R., Hochberg, M., et al. (1986) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.1780290816 · Cited by 6,777 · see citing works
Lawrence, R. C., Felson, D. T., Helmick, C. G., Arnold, L. M., Choi, H. K., Deyo, R. A., Gabriel, S. E., Hirsch, R., Hochberg, M. C., Hunder, G. G., et al. (2007) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.23176 · Cited by 5,500 · see citing works
Lower-extremity function in persons over the age of 70 years as a predictor of subsequent disability
Guralnik, J. M., Ferrucci, L., Simonsick, E. M., Salive, M. E., & Wallace, R. B. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199503023320902 · Cited by 4,083 · see citing works
Telomere measurement by quantitative PCR
Cawthon, R. (2002) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/30.10.e47 · Cited by 3,492 · see citing works
Grading the severity of chronic pain
Von Korff, M., Ormel, J., Keefe, F. J., & Dworkin, S. F. (1992) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(92)90154-4 · Cited by 3,022 · see citing works
Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress
Epel, E. S., Blackburn, E. H., Lin, J., Dhabhar, F. S., Adler, N. E., Morrow, J. D., & Cawthon, R. M. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0407162101 · Cited by 3,002 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Osteoarthritis
Zhang, Y., & Jordan, J. M. (2010) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2010.03.001 · Cited by 2,320 · see citing works
Chronic back pain is associated with decreased prefrontal and thalamic gray matter density
Apkarian, A. V., Sosa, Y., Sonty, S., Levy, R. M., Harden, R. N., Parrish, T. B., & Gitelman, D. R. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2541-04.2004 · Cited by 1,434 · see citing works
Pain and the brain: specificity and plasticity of the brain in clinical chronic pain
Apkarian, V. A., Hashmi, J. A., & Baliki, M. N. (2011) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.11.010 · Cited by 782 · see citing works
Prevalence and most common causes of disability among adults - United States, 2005.
Brault, M. W., Hootman, J., Helmick, C. G., Theis, K. A., & Armour, B. S. (2009) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · Cited by 761 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Osteoarthritis
Zhang, Y., & Jordan, J. M. (2008) · Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2008.05.007 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Accelerated Brain Gray Matter Loss in Fibromyalgia Patients: Premature Aging of the Brain?
Kuchinad, A., Schweinhardt, P., Seminowicz, D. A., Wood, P. B., Chizh, B. A., & Bushnell, M. C. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0098-07.2007 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Osteoarthritis
Neogi, T., & Zhang, Y. (2012) · Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2012.10.004 · Cited by 603 · see citing works
Allostatic load as a predictor of functional decline
Karlamangla, A. S., Singer, B. H., McEwen, B. S., Rowe, J. W., & Seeman, T. E. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(02)00399-2 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Finan, P. H., Buenaver, L. F., Bounds, S. C., Hussain, S., Park, R. J., Haque, U. J., Campbell, C. M., Haythornthwaite, J. A., Edwards, R. R., & Smith, M. T. (2012) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.34646 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
The Symptoms of Osteoarthritis and the Genesis of Pain
Hunter, D. J., McDougall, J. J., & Keefe, F. J. (2008) · Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2008.05.004 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Lin, J., Epel, E., Cheon, J., Kroenke, C., Sinclair, E., Bigos, M., Wolkowitz, O., Mellon, S., & Blackburn, E. (2010) · Journal of Immunological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jim.2009.09.012 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Wolkowitz, O. M., Mellon, S. H., Epel, E. S., Lin, J., Dhabhar, F. S., Su, Y., Reus, V. I., Rosser, R., Burke, H. M., Kupferman, E., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017837 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Damjanovic, A. K., Yang, Y., Glaser, R., Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K., Nguyen, H., Laskowski, B. F., Zou, Y., Beversdorf, D. Q., & Weng, N. (2007) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.4249 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Stress and telomere biology: a lifespan perspective
Shalev, I., Entringer, S., Wadhwa, P. D., Wolkowitz, O. M., Puterman, E., Lin, J., & Epel, E. S. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.03.010 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Prevalence and most common causes of disability among adults--United States, 2005.
(2009) · PubMed · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Ornish, D., Lin, J., Chan, J. M., Epel, E., Kemp, C., Weidner, G., Marlin, R., Frenda, S. J., Magbanua, M. J. M., Daubenmier, J., et al. (2013) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(13)70366-8 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Lluch, E., Torres, R., Nijs, J., & Oosterwijck, J. V. (2014) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/j.1532-2149.2014.499.x · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Cortical reorganisation and chronic pain: implications for rehabilitation
Flor, H. (2003) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.1080/16501960310010179 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Epel, E. S., Merkin, S. S., Cawthon, R., Blackburn, E. H., Adler, N. E., Pletcher, M. J., & Seeman, T. E. (2008) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.100007 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Lindqvist, D., Epel, E. S., Mellon, S. H., Penninx, B. W., Révész, D., Verhoeven, J. E., Reus, V. I., Lin, J., Mahan, L., Hough, C. M., et al. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.007 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Severe chronic pain is associated with increased 10 year mortality. A cohort record linkage study
Torrance, N., Elliott, A. M., Lee, A. J., & Smith, B. H. (2010) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2009.07.006 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Omega-3 fatty acids, oxidative stress, and leukocyte telomere length: A randomized controlled trial
Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K., Epel, E. S., Belury, M. A., Andridge, R., Lin, J., Glaser, R., Malarkey, W. B., Hwang, B. S., & Blackburn, E. H. (2012) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.09.004 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Chronic Pain in Osteoarthritis
Schaible, H. (2012) · Current Rheumatology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11926-012-0279-x · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Mathur, M. B., Epel, E., Kind, S., Desai, M., Parks, C. G., Sandler, D. P., & Khazeni, N. (2016) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2016.02.002 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Relationship between Physical Activity Level, Telomere Length, and Telomerase Activity
Ludlow, A. T., Zimmerman, J. B., Witkowski, S., Hearn, J. W., Hatfield, B. D., & Roth, S. M. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31817c92aa · Cited by 226 · see citing works
McEwen, B. S. (2014) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.029 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Common hippocampal structural and functional changes in migraine
Maleki, N., Becerra, L. R., Brawn, J., McEwen, B. S., Burstein, R., & Borsook, D. (2012) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-012-0437-y · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Kapstad, H., Hanestad, B. R., Langeland, N., Rustøen, T., & Stavem, K. (2008) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-9-55 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Blackburn, E. H., & Epel, E. S. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/490169a · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Puterman, E., Lin, J., Krauss, J., Blackburn, E. H., & Epel, E. S. (2015) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2014.70 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
McBeth, J., Symmons, D. P. M., Silman, A. J., Allison, T., Webb, R., Brammah, T., & Macfarlane, G. J. (2008) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ken424 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Girbés, E. L., Dueñas, L., Barbero, M., Falla, D., Baert, I. A. C., Meeus, M., Sánchez‐Frutos, J., Aguilella, L., & Nijs, J. (2016) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20150492 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
King, C., Sibille, K. T., Goodin, B. R., Cruz‐Almeida, Y., Glover, T. L., Bartley, E. J., Riley, J. L., Herbert, M. S., Sotolongo, A. S., Schmidt, J. K., et al. (2013) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2013.05.015 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citationRisk of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients With Osteoarthritis: A Prospective Longitudinal Study
Rahman, M. M., Kopec, J. A., Anis, A. H., Cibere, J., & Goldsmith, C. H. (2013) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.22092 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Roux, C. H., Saraux, A., Mazières, B., et al. (2007) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.2007.075952 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
How “reversible” is telomeric aging?
Epel, E. (2012) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-12-0370 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Telomeres in a Life-Span Perspective
Epel, E. S. (2009) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01596.x · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Chronic stress elevates telomerase activity in rats
Beery, A. K., Lin, J., Biddle, J. S., Francis, D. D., Blackburn, E. H., & Epel, E. S. (2012) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0747 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Chronic pain, perceived stress, and cellular aging: an exploratory study.
Sibille, K. T., Langaee, T., Burkley, B., Gong, Y., Glover, T. L., King, C., Riley, J. L., Leeuwenburgh, C., Staud, R., Bradley, L. A., et al. (2012) · Molecular Pain · doi:10.1186/1744-8069-8-12 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationVeronese, N., Trevisan, C., RUI, M. D., Bolzetta, F., Maggi, S., Zambon, S., Musacchio, E., Sartori, L., Perissinotto, E., Crepaldi, G., et al. (2015) · Arthritis & Rheumatology · doi:10.1002/art.39564 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Lacey, R. J., Belcher, J., Rathod‐Mistry, T., Wilkie, R., Thomas, E., & McBeth, J. (2014) · Lara D. Veeken · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keu240 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Suoyrjö, H., Oksanen, T., Hinkka, K., Pentti, J., Mika Kivimaki, B., Klaukka, T., & Vahtera, J. (2009) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/16501977-0278 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Reduction of leucocyte telomere length in radiographic hand osteoarthritis: a population-based study
Zhai, G., Aviv, A., Hunter, D. J., Hart, D. J., Gardner, J. P., Kimura, M., Lu, X., Valdes, A. M., & Spector, T. D. (2006) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.2006.056903 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Pain is associated with short leukocyte telomere length in women with fibromyalgia
Hassett, A. L., Epel, E., Clauw, D. J., Harris, R. E., Harte, S. E., Kairys, A., Buyske, S., & Williams, D. A. (2012) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2012.07.003 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Investigating the Burden of Chronic Pain: An Inflammatory and Metabolic Composite
Sibille, K. T., Steingrímsdóttir, Ó. A., Fillingim, R. B., Stubhaug, A., Schirmer, H., Chen, H., McEwen, B. S., & Nielsen, C. S. (2016) · Pain Research and Management · doi:10.1155/2016/7657329 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Role of the Central Nervous System in Osteoarthritis Pain and Implications for Rehabilitation
Murphy, S. L., Phillips, K., Williams, D. A., & Clauw, D. J. (2012) · Current Rheumatology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11926-012-0285-z · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Telomeres and epigenetics: potential relevance to chronic pain
Sibille, K. T., Witek-Janusek, L., Mathews, H. L., & Fillingim, R. B. (2012) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2012.06.003 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationLeistad, R. B., Nilsen, K. B., Stovner, L. J., Westgaard, R. H., Rø, M., & Sand, T. (2008) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1007/s10194-008-0029-7 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Differing patterns of peripheral blood leukocyte telomere length in rheumatologic diseases
Tamayo, M., Mosquera, A., Rego‐Pérez, I., FERNÁNDEZ-SUEIRO, J. L., Blanco, F. J., & Fernández, J. L. (2009) · Mutation research. Fundamental and molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.10.010 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Prevalence of Doctor-Diagnosed Arthritis at State and County Levels — United States, 2014
Barbour, K. E., Helmick, C. G., Boring, M. A., et al. (2016) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6519a2 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Carlesso, L. C., Segal, N. A., Curtis, J. R., Wise, B. L., Frey‐Law, L., Nevitt, M. C., & Neogi, T. (2016) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.23086 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Murphy, S. L., Lyden, A. K., Clary, M., Geisser, M. E., Yung, R. L., Clauw, D. J., & Williams, D. A. (2011) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-12-177 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Raschenberger, J., Kollerits, B., Titze, S. I., Köttgen, A., Bärthlein, B., Ekici, A. B., Forer, L., Schönherr, S., Weißensteiner, H., Haun, M., et al. (2015) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2015.09.019 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Telomere length: A marker of disease susceptibility?
Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K., Jaremka, L. M., Derry, H. M., & Glaser, R. (2013) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.08.004 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Tucker, E. J. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/526s56a · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [9]Carlesso LC Segal N Curtis JR Wise BL Law LF Nevitt M Neogi T Knee pain severity rather than structural damage is a risk factor for incident widespread pain: the Multicenter Osteoarthritis (MOST) Study. Arthritis Care Res 2016. PMC5354981 27636245
- [28]King C Keil A Sibille K Chronic pain and perceived stress. In: Fink G, editor. Stress: concepts, cognition, emotion, and behavior. San Diego, CA: Elsevier, 2016 p. 413– 21.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Telomere dysfunction in ageing and age-related diseases
Rossiello, F., Jurk, D., Passos, J. F., & d’Adda di Fagagna, F. (2022) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41556-022-00842-x · Cited by 754 · see citing works
Rönne-Petersén, L., Niemi, M., Walach, H., Lavebratt, C., Yang, L. L., Gerdle, B., Ghafouri, B., & Falkenberg, T. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0308924 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The majority of studies find significant correlations between chronic pain or degenerative tissue (associated with pain) and decreased TL [5,21– 24].”
- Authors
- Sibille, K. T., Chen, H., Bartley, E. J., Riley, J., Glover, T. L., King, C. D., Zhang, H., Cruz-Almeida, Y., Goodin, B. R., Sotolongo, A., Petrov, M. E., Herbert, M., Bulls, H. W., Edberg, J. C., Staud, R., Redden, D., Bradley, L. A., & Fillingim, R. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Arizona State University (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sibille, Kimberly T.
- ORCID
- Venue
- PAIN Reports
- Published
- 2017-05
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e591
- ISSN
- 2471-2531 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5741297
- OpenAlex
- W2609298444
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 3.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PAIN Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Arizona State University Library Digital Repository (Arizona State University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida
- National Institute on Aging (K01AG048259, K99AG052642, P30AG028740)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (K23AR062099)
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (L60 MD010798)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Osteoarthritis Treatment and Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Keywords
- knee osteoarthritis, chronic pain, telomere length, cellular aging, pain intensity, leukocyte telomeres, psychosocial stress
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
