CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 782Pain Mechanisms and TreatmentsPain Management and TreatmentPain Management and Placebo Effect

Pain and the brain: specificity and plasticity of the brain in clinical chronic pain

Open access
Apkarian, Vania A., Hashmi, Javeria A., Baliki, Marwan N.·2011·Pain
DOI 10.1016/j.pain.2010.11.010PMC PMC3045648
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

We review recent advances in brain imaging in humans, concentrating on advances in our understanding of the human brain in clinical chronic pain. Understanding regarding anatomical and functional reorganization of the brain in chronic pain is emphasized. We conclude by proposing a brain model for the transition of the human from acute to chronic pain.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.pain.2010.11.010

Cites

110 of 110 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Cognitive interventions have focused mainly on trying to reduce the threat value of pain, with some good evidence that we are identifying relevant processes.

    “Cognitive interventions have focused mainly on trying to reduce the threat value of pain, with some good evidence that we are identifying relevant processes. 1,12,13”

    From Patient action as means and end of chronic pain care: Risks and routes to meaningful action (2017) · cites this paper as [1]

    Section 1.D identifies neural activity involved in anticipating pain and valuing relief, which supports the claim that relevant pain-valuation processes are being identified. But the paper says this research remains in its infancy, and the passages on motivational value in section 2.D do not establish that cognitive interventions have mainly focused on reducing pain’s threat value. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Pain is associated with activity in and interaction between a number of different areas of the peripheral and central nervous systems.

    “We now know that pain is associated with activity in and interaction between a number of different areas of the peripheral and central nervous systems, each of which contributes to the overall experience of pain (Apkarian, Hashmi, & Baliki, 2011).”

    From Hypnotic approaches for chronic pain management: Clinical implications of recent research findings. (2014) · cites this paper as Apkarian, Hashmi, & Baliki, 2011

    Section 1 describes multiple brain regions associated with pain, peripheral nociceptive signals, and crosstalk between pain pathways. But it cautions that the functional roles of the regions are not yet delineated and that some observed brain responses may be unessential; it therefore does not establish that each area contributes to the overall experience of pain. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The cortical areas most often activated during pain are the thalamus, anterior cingulate cortex, insular cortex, primary and secondary sensory cortices, and prefrontal cortex.

    “The cortical areas most often activated during pain are the thalamus, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), insular cortex, primary and secondary sensory cortices, and prefrontal cortex.”

    From Hypnotic approaches for chronic pain management: Clinical implications of recent research findings. (2014) · cites this paper as Apkarian et al., 2011

    Section 1A reports a high incidence of ACC and insular activation in pain tasks; sections 1C and 1D also discuss thalamic and somatosensory activity during acute pain. But the paper does not identify the entire listed set, including prefrontal cortex, as the areas most often activated during pain generally. Section 1 limits consistent activation patterns to acute pain and cautions that chronic pain has distinct patterns. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Physiological and morphological studies point to complex changes of brain structure in chronic pain patients, and those changes seem to differ in specific chronic pain forms.

    “Physiological and morphological studies point to the complex changes of brain structure in CP patients and those changes seem to differ in specific CP forms.13”

    From <p>Pain and Evil: From Local Nociception to Misery Following Social Harm</p> (2020) · cites this paper as [13]

  • The relative contribution of each pain-related cortical area varies as a function of the nature of the pain stimuli.

    “The relative contribution of each of these areas to the experience of pain varies as a function of the nature of the pain stimuli (Apkarian et al., 2011).”

    From Hypnotic approaches for chronic pain management: Clinical implications of recent research findings. (2014) · cites this paper as Apkarian et al., 2011

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. [3]Apkarian AV Pain perception in relation to emotional learning Curr Opin Neurobiol 2008 18 4 464 468 18835354 PMC2592605
  2. [21]Bushnell MC Apkarian AV McMahon SB Koltzenburg M Represntation of pain in the brain Textbook of pain 5 London Elsevier 2006 107 124
  3. [34]Fields HL A motivation-decision model of pain: the role of opioids Book A motivation-decision model of pain: the role of opioids City IASP press 2006 449 459
  4. [59]Kuchinad A Schweinhardt P Seminowicz DA Wood PB Chizh BA Bushnell MC Accelerated brain gray matter loss in fibromyalgia patients: premature aging of the brain? J Neurosci 2007 27 15 4004 4007 17428976 PMC6672521
  5. [95]Schmidt-Wilcke T Luerding R Weigand T Jurgens T Schuierer G Leinisch E Bogdahn U Striatal grey matter increase in patients suffering from fibromyalgia--a voxel-based morphometry study Pain 2007 132 Suppl 1 S109 S116 17587497

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Apkarian, V. A., Hashmi, J. A., & Baliki, M. N.
Affiliations
Northwestern University (US)
ORCID
Venue
Pain
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2011-03
Volume
152
Issue
3
Pages
S49-S64
ISSN
0304-3959 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.pain.2010.11.010
PMC
PMC3045648
OpenAlex
W2052418484
Cited by
782
References
110
Citations by year
2026: 49 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 69 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 33
FWCI
3.41
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Pain (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS057704, NS057704, NS-035115, R01NS035115)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
Keywords
chronic pain, neuroimaging, neuroplasticity, functional reorganization, acute to chronic pain transition
MeSH terms
Brain, Humans, Models, Neurological, Nerve Net, Neural Inhibition, Neuronal Plasticity

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review