Observational studies: Cohort and case-control studies
Open accessAbstract
Observational studies constitute an important category of study designs. To address some investigative questions in plastic surgery, randomized controlled trials are not always indicated or ethical to conduct. Instead, observational studies may be the next best method of addressing these types of questions. Well-designed observational studies have been shown to provide results similar to those of randomized controlled trials, challenging the belief that observational studies are second rate. Cohort studies and case-control studies are two primary types of observational studies that aid in evaluating associations between diseases and exposures. In this review article, the authors describe these study designs and methodologic issues, and provide examples from the plastic surgery literature.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 18 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Premisecitation
For some investigative questions in plastic surgery, randomized controlled trials are not always indicated or ethical to conduct.
“To address some investigative questions in plastic surgery, randomized controlled trials are not always indicated or ethical to conduct.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“However, RCT methodology, which was first developed for drug trials, can be difficult to conduct for surgical investigations.3”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] Chung KC Burns PB A guide to planning and executing a surgical randomized controlled trial J. Hand Surg. [Am] 2008 33 407 412 18343300 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Premisereasoning
Cross-sectional studies cannot assess a cause-and-effect relationship because the temporal relationship between disease occurrence and exposure cannot be established.
“Because the temporal relationship between disease occurrence and exposure cannot be established, cross-sectional studies cannot assess the cause and effect relationship.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In a retrospective review of 224 pedicled TRAM flaps in 200 patients over 10 years, obese patients had a significantly higher incidence of donor site complications, multiple flap complications, and partial flap necrosis than normal or overweight patients.
“The findings revealed that obese patients had a significantly higher incidence of donor site complications, multiple flap complications, and partial flap necrosis than normal or overweight patients.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [11] Spear SL Ducic I Cuoco F Effect of obesity on flap and donor-site complications in pedicled TRAM flap breast reconstruction Plast. Reconstr. Surg 2007 119 788 795 17312479
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisereasoning
Case-control studies are well suited to investigate rare outcomes or outcomes with a long latency period because subjects are selected by their outcome status.
“Case-control studies are well suited to investigate rare outcomes or outcomes with a long latency period because subjects are selected from the outset by their outcome status.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy was significantly associated with cleft lip/palate in newborns (adjusted OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.36-1.76).
“A significant relationship with maternal cigarette smoking and cleft lip/palate in the newborn was reported in this study (adjusted OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.36-1.76).18”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] Chung KC Kowalski CP Kim HM Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and the risk of having a child with cleft lip/palate Plast. Reconstr. Surg 2000 105 485 491 10697150 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisenone given
If too many subjects are lost to follow-up, the internal validity of a cohort study is reduced.
“If too many subjects are loss to follow-up, the internal validity of the study is reduced.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning
Cohort studies are particularly advantageous for examining rare exposures because subjects are selected by their exposure status.
“Cohort studies are particularly advantageous for examining rare exposures because subjects are selected by their exposure status.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Well-designed observational studies have been shown to produce results comparable to those of randomized controlled trials.
“Well-designed observational studies have been shown to provide results similar to randomized controlled trials, challenging the belief that observational studies are second-rate.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“However, recent work has challenged this notion, showing comparable results between observational studies and RCTs.4, 5”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [4] Benson K Hartz AJ A comparison of observational studies and randomized, controlled trials N. Engl. J. Med 2000 342 1878 1886 10861324 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [5] Concato J Shah N Horwitz RI Randomized, controlled trials, observational studies, and the hierarchy of research designs N. Engl. J. Med 2000 342 1887 1892 10861325 PMC1557642 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Premisecitation
A critical characteristic of subject selection in cohort studies is that both the exposed and unexposed groups be selected from the same source population.
“A critical characteristic of subject selection is to have both the exposed and unexposed groups be selected from the same source population (Figure 4).9”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [9] Elwood M Critical Appraisal of Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials 2007 1 570 Oxford University Press Oxford 3rd Ed
Not checked in the free run.
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 5
- May combine two claims. 10
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationA 22-item STROBE checklist was generated to enhance the reporting of observational studies across disciplines.
“Thus a 22-item checklist was generated to enhance the reporting of observational studies across disciplines.25,26”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [25] von Elm E Altman DG Egger M The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies J. Clin. Epidemiol 2008 61 344 349 18313558 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [26] von Elm E Altman DG Egger M The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies Lancet 2007 370 1453 1457 18064739 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCase-series are descriptive studies following one small group of subjects and lack a control group.
“Contrasting with epidemiological cohort studies, case-series are descriptive studies following one small group of subjects.”
- Also stated in: § Study Design · plain
“Usually the cases are obtained from the authors' experiences, generally involve a small number of patients, and more importantly, lack a control group.12”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] Jenicek M Foundations of Evidence-Based Medicine 2003 1 542 Parthenon Pub. Group Boca Raton
Not checked in the free run.
- Also stated in: § Study Design · plain
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMatching is used to ensure comparability between cases and controls and reduces variability and systematic differences due to background variables not of interest to the investigator.
“Matching is a method used in an attempt to ensure comparability between cases and controls and reduces variability and systematic differences due to background variables that are not of interest to the investigator.8”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] Everitt BS Palmer CR Encyclopaedic Companion to Medical Statistics 2005 Hodder Arnold London
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationBecause exposure is identified before the outcome, cohort studies have a temporal framework that allows assessment of causality and gives them the potential to provide the strongest scientific evidence.
“Because exposure is identified before the outcome, cohort studies have a temporal framework to assess causality and thus have the potential to provide the strongest scientific evidence.8”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] Everitt BS Palmer CR Encyclopaedic Companion to Medical Statistics 2005 Hodder Arnold London
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningRecall bias, interviewer bias, or reliance on the completeness or accuracy of recorded information decrease the internal validity of a case-control investigation.
“These biases decrease the internal validity of the investigation and should be carefully addressed and reduced in the study design.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn a case-control study of congenital microtia, adverse maternal health was among the main risk factors, specifically maternal disease during pregnancy (OR 5.89, 95% CI 2.36-14.72), maternal toxicity exposure during pregnancy (OR 4.76, 95% CI 1.66-13.68), and living near air-pollution industries (OR 7.00, 95% CI 2.09-23.47).
“The authors concluded that adverse maternal health was among the main risk factors for congenital microtia, specifically maternal disease during pregnancy (OR 5.89, 95% CI 2.36-14.72), maternal toxicity exposure during pregnancy (OR 4.76, 95% CI 1.66-13.68), and resident area, such as living near industries associated with air pollution (OR 7.00, 95% CI 2.09-23.47).16”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [16] Zhang QG Zhang J Yu P Environmental and genetic factors associated with congenital microtia: A case-control study in Jiangsu, China, 2004 to 2007 Plast. Reconstr. Surg 2009 124 1157 1164 19935299 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningIn the plastic surgery literature, retrospective cohort studies are better indicated than prospective cohort studies because they are timelier and less expensive.
“Instead, retrospective cohort studies are better indicated given the timeliness and inexpensive nature of the study design.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisereasoningIn case-control studies, cases and controls should stem from the same source population, and the validity of the study depends on the comparability of the two groups.
“An important principle is that the distribution of exposure should be the same among cases and controls; in other words, both cases and controls should stem from the same source population.”
- Also stated in: § Methodological Issues · plain
“Because the validity of the study depends upon the comparability of these two groups, cases and controls should otherwise meet the same inclusion criteria in the study.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Methodological Issues · plain
May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningDisadvantages of cohort studies include the need for a large sample size and a potentially long follow-up duration, which make the design costly.
“Disadvantages include the need for a large sample size and the potentially long follow-up duration of the study design resulting in a costly endeavor.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationCompared with cohort studies, case-control studies are quick, relatively inexpensive, require fewer subjects, and allow multiple exposures or risk factors to be assessed for one outcome.
“Thus in comparison to cohort studies, case-control studies are quick, relatively inexpensive to implement, require comparatively fewer subjects, and allow for multiple exposures or risk factors to be assessed for one outcome (Table 4).2,9”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [2] Hulley SB Cummings SR Browner WS Designing Clinical Research: An Epidemiologic Approach 2001 1 336 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia 2nd Ed
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [9] Elwood M Critical Appraisal of Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials 2007 1 570 Oxford University Press Oxford 3rd Ed
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationLoss to follow-up should not exceed 20% of the sample.
“A general rule of thumb requires that the loss to follow-up rate not exceed 20% of the sample.6”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] Merril RM Timmreck TC Introduction to Epidemiology 2006 1 342 Jones and Bartlett Publishers Mississauga, Ontario 4th Ed
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningOf the STROBE checklist items, 18 are common to all three types of observational studies and 4 are specific to each of the three study designs.
“In fact, 18 of the checklist items are common to all three types of observational studies, and 4 items are specific to each of the 3 specific study designs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationSelecting multiple controls per case increases the statistical power of an investigation by increasing the sample size, and precision may improve with up to about three or four controls per case.
“This method increases the “statistical power” of the investigation by increasing the sample size. The precision of the findings may improve by having up to about three or four controls per case.21-23”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [21] Ury HK Efficiency of case-control studies with multiple controls per case: Continuous or dichotomous data Biometrics 1975 31 643 649 1100136 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [22] Bruce N Pope D Stanistreet D Quantitative Methods for Health Research 2008 1 529 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd West Sussex, England
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [23] Woodward M Epidemiology: Study Design and Data Analysis 2005 1 849 Chapman & Hall/CRC London 2nd Ed
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The influence of recall or information bias was thought to be minimal due to the prospective design.
“The influence of recall or information bias was thought to be minimal due to the prospective design [49].”
From The Modified A-DIVA Scale as a Predictive Tool for Prospective Identification of Adult Patients at Risk of a Difficult Intravenous Access: A Multicenter Validation Study (2019) · cites this paper as [49]
The Cohort Study > Study Design section says prospective studies can use tailored data-collection methods and may collect more complete exposure data. The Case-Control Studies > Methodological Issues section describes recall and information-quality problems with retrospective exposure assessment. These passages support the rationale, but they do not establish that recall or information bias was minimal in the citing authors’ particular study. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Adjusted odds ratio lies outside its reported confidence interval
MinorThe reported point estimate of 1.34 is below the lower bound of its reported 95% confidence interval, 1.36.
“adjusted OR 1.34”
“95% CI 1.36-1.76”
Cites
von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., Vandenbroucke, J. P., & Initiative, F. T. S. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040296 · Cited by 23,020 · see citing works
von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61602-x · Cited by 21,320 · see citing works
von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008 · Cited by 17,893 · see citing works
von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., Vandenbroucke, J. P., & Initiative, F. T. S. (2007) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010 · Cited by 17,796 · see citing works
Vandenbroucke, J. P., von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Gøtzsche, P. C., Mulrow, C. D., Pocock, S. J., Poole, C., Schlesselman, J. J., Egger, M., & Initiative, F. T. S. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040297 · Cited by 8,613 · see citing works
Randomized, Controlled Trials, Observational Studies, and the Hierarchy of Research Designs
Concato, J., Shah, N., & Horwitz, R. I. (2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200006223422507 · Cited by 3,563 · see citing works
Vandenbroucke, J. P., Elm, E. V., Altman, D. G., Gøtzsche, P. C., Mulrow, C. D., Pocock, S. J., Poole, C., Schlesselman, J. J., Egger, M., & initiative, F. T. S. (2007) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010-w1 · Cited by 3,543 · see citing works
von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.08.012 · Cited by 2,698 · see citing works
A comparison of observational studies and randomized, controlled trials.
Benson, K., & Hartz, A. J. (2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200006223422506 · Cited by 2,347 · see citing works
Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung
Doll, R., & Hill, A. B. (1950) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4682.739 · Cited by 1,999 · see citing works
Designing Clinical Research: An Epidemiologic Approach
Hulley, S., Cummings, S., & Browner, W. (1988) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(89)90023-8 · Cited by 1,043 · see citing works
Selection of Controls in Case-Control Studies
Wacholder, S., McLaughlin, J. K., Silverman, D. T., & Mandel, J. S. (1992) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116396 · Cited by 998 · see citing works
Epidemiology: Study Design and Data Analysis
(2006) · Technometrics · doi:10.1198/tech.2006.s407 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
A comparison of observational studies and randomized, controlled trials
Benson, K., & Hartz, A. J. (2000) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(00)00754-6 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Efficiency of Case-Control Studies with Multiple Controls Per Case: Continuous or Dichotomous Data
Ury, H. K. (1975) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529548 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Suleman, S. (1978) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-745250-0.50015-1 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Critical appraisal of epidemiological studies and clinical trials
Elwood, M. (1998) · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Introducing Evidence-Based Medicine to Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Chung, K. C., Swanson, J., Schmitz, D., Sullivan, D. C., & Rohrich, R. J. (2009) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e31819f25ff · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Self-citationMaternal Cigarette Smoking during Pregnancy and the Risk of Having a Child with Cleft Lip/Palate
Chung, K. C., Kowalski, C. P., Kim, H. M., & Buchman, S. R. (2000) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/00006534-200002000-00001 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citationA History of Epidemiologic Methods and Concepts
(2004) · Birkhäuser Basel eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-7603-2 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
The evolving case-control study
Cole, P. T. (1979) · Journal of Chronic Diseases · doi:10.1016/0021-9681(79)90006-7 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Epidemiology: Study Design and Data Analysis (2nd ed.)
Davies, S. (2006) · Quarterly Publications of the American Statistical Association · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Microtia in Finland: Comparison of characteristics in different populations
Suutarla, S., Rautio, J., Ritvanen, A., Ala-Mello, S., Jero, J., & Klockars, T. (2007) · International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology · doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2007.04.020 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Effect of Obesity on Flap and Donor-Site Complications in Pedicled TRAM Flap Breast Reconstruction
Spear, S. L., Dučić, I., Cuoco, F. A., & Taylor, N. S. (2007) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000252003.14537.d2 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Lane-Claypon, J. E. (1926) · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Quantitative Methods for Health Research
Bruce, N., Pope, D. P., & Stanistreet, D. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470725337 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Encyclopaedic Companion to Medical Statistics
Woodward, M., Everitt, B. J., & Palmer, C. S. (2006) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Foundations of Evidence-Based Medicine
Jenicek, M. (2019) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780429198137 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e318157725d · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate in Mississippi
DAS, S. K., RUNNELS, R. S., SMITH, J. C., & COHLY, H. H. P. (1995) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/00007611-199504000-00011 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Zhang, Q.-G., Zhang, J., Yu, P., & Shen, H. (2009) · Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e3181b454d8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A Guide to Planning and Executing a Surgical Randomized Controlled Trial
Chung, K. C., & Burns, P. B. (2008) · The Journal of Hand Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.11.027 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mathew, G., Agha, R., Albrecht, J., Goel, P., Mukherjee, I., Pai, P., Dcruz, A. K., Nixon, I. J., Klappenbach, R., Enam, S. A., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.106165 · Cited by 2,144 · see citing works
Schwingshackl, L., & Hoffmann, G. (2015) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2014.12.009 · Cited by 1,022 · see citing works
Rogers, A., Obst, S., Teague, S. J., Rossen, L., Spry, E. A., Macdonald, J. A., Sunderland, M., Olsson, C. A., Youssef, G., & Hutchinson, D. (2020) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.2910 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Estimating the burden of antimicrobial resistance: a systematic literature review
Naylor, N. R., Atun, R. A., Zhu, N., Kulasabanathan, K., Silva, S., Chatterjee, A., Knight, G. M., & Robotham, J. V. (2018) · Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control · doi:10.1186/s13756-018-0336-y · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Mathew, G., Agha, R., Albrecht, J., Goel, P., Mukherjee, I., Pai, P., Dcruz, A. K., Nixon, I. J., Roberto, K., Enam, S. A., et al. (2021) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2021.103026 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Hassan, C., Repici, A., Sharma, P., Correale, L., Zullo, A., Bretthauer, M., Senore, C., Spada, C., Bellisario, C., Bhandari, P., et al. (2015) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308481 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Rashid, R., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Franchi, T., Mathew, G., Nicola, M., & Agha, R. (2024) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1097/js9.0000000000001268 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Guo, C., Ashrafian, H., Ghafur, S., Fontana, G., Gardner, C., & Prime, M. S. (2020) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-020-00314-2 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
(2001) · PubMed · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Dietary Cholesterol and the Lack of Evidence in Cardiovascular Disease
Soliman, G. A. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10060780 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
The revised JBI critical appraisal tool for the assessment of risk of bias for cohort studies
Barker, T. H., Hasanoff, S., Aromataris, E., Stone, J., Leonardi‐Bee, J., Sears, K., Habibi, N., Klugar, M., Tufănaru, C., Moola, S., et al. (2024) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbies-24-00103 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Cavagna, L., Araguás, E. T., Meloni, F., Cavazzana, I., Rojas‐Serrano, J., Feist, E., Zanframundo, G., Morandi, V., Meyer, A., da Silva, J. A. P., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8112013 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Khan, T. A., & Sievenpiper, J. L. (2016) · Zeitschrift für Ernährungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s00394-016-1345-3 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Pinna, T., & Edwards, D. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01792 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Clinical Spectrum Time Course in Anti Jo-1 Positive Antisynthetase Syndrome
Cavagna, L., Nuño, L., Scirè, C. A., Govoni, M., Longo, F. J. L., Franceschini, F., Neri, R., Castañeda, S., Giraldo, W. A. S., Caporali, R. F., et al. (2015) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000001144 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Advancing pharmacy and healthcare with virtual digital technologies
Trenfield, S. J., Awad, A., McCoubrey, L. E., Elbadawi, M., Goyanes, Á., Gaisford, S., & Basit, A. W. (2022) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2021.114098 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Olusanya, B. O., Osibanjo, F., & Slusher, T. M. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117229 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Being Overweight or Obese and the Development of Asthma
Lang, J. E., Bunnell, H. T., Hossain, J., Wysocki, T., Lima, J. J., Finkel, T. H., Bacharier, L. B., Dempsey, A. F., Sarzynski, L., Test, M. R., et al. (2018) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2018-2119 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Cohort profile: design and methods in the eye and vision consortium of UK Biobank
Chua, S. Y. L., Thomas, D., Allen, N. E., Lotery, A. J., Desai, P., Patel, P. J., Muthy, Z. A., Sudlow, C. L. M., Pető, T., Khaw, P. T., et al. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025077 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Ranney, M. L., Karb, R. A., Ehrlich, P. F., Bromwich, K. A., Cunningham, R. M., & Beidas, R. S. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-019-00035-2 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Outcomes After Emergency Versus Elective Ventral Hernia Repair: A Prospective Nationwide Study
Helgstrand, F., Rosenberg, J., Kehlet, H., & Bisgaard, T. (2013) · World Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00268-013-2123-5 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
van Loon, F. H. J., van Hooff, L. W. E., de Boer, H. D., Koopman, S. S. H. A., Buise, M. P., Korsten, H. H. M., Dierick-van Daele, A. T. M., & Bouwman, A. R. A. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8020144 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“In addition, this current study was carried out according to the STROBE statement [26,49].”
BackgroundMethodHou, X.-Z., Lv, Y.-F., Li, Y., Wu, Q., Lv, Q.-Y., Yang, Y.-T., Li, L.-L., Ye, X.-J., Yang, C.-Y., Wang, M., et al. (2024) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-024-02173-7 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Mathew, G., & Agha, R. (2021) · International Journal of Surgery Open · doi:10.1016/j.ijso.2021.100430 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Gastaldon, C., Solmi, M., Correll, C. U., Barbui, C., & Schoretsanitis, G. (2022) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2021.222 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Work Stress and the Risk of Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
Yang, T., Qiao, Y., Xiang, S., Li, W., Gan, Y., & Chen, Y. (2019) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.31955 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Ng, S. K., Urquhart, D. M., Fitzgerald, P. B., Cicuttini, F., Hussain, S. M., & Fitzgibbon, B. M. (2017) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000534 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Phthalates’ exposure leads to an increasing concern on cardiovascular health
Mariana, M., Castelo-Branco, M., Soares, A. M. V. M., & Cairrão, E. (2023) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131680 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Breast implant illness: scientific evidence of its existence
Tervaert, J.-W. C., Mohazab, N., Redmond, D., van Eeden, C., & Osman, M. S. (2021) · Expert Review of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1080/1744666x.2022.2010546 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Krusińska, B., Hawrysz, I., Wądołowska, L., Słowińska, M. A., Biernacki, M., Czerwińska, A., & Gołota, J. J. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10040470 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Epidemiological associations between iron and cardiovascular disease and diabetes
Basuli, D., Stevens, R. G., Torti, F. M., & Torti, S. V. (2014) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2014.00117 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Measuring Patient Similarities via a Deep Architecture with Medical Concept Embedding
Zhu, Z., Yin, C., Qian, B., Cheng, Y., Wei, J., & Wang, F. (2016) · Proceedings · doi:10.1109/icdm.2016.0086 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Li, Q., Yang, X., Xu, J., Guo, Y., He, X., Hu, H., Lyu, T., Marra, D., Miller, A., Smith, G., et al. (2023) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12967 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Methodology series module 2: Case-control studies
Setia, M. S. (2016) · Indian Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.4103/0019-5154.177773 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Vriend, I., Gouttebarge, V., Finch, C. F., van Mechelen, W., & Verhagen, E. A. L. M. (2017) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0718-y · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Discovery of drug-omics associations in type 2 diabetes with generative deep-learning models
Allesøe, R. L., Lundgaard, A. T., Hernández Medina, R., Aguayo-Orozco, A., Johansen, J., Nissen, J. N., Brorsson, C., Mazzoni, G., Niu, L., Biel, J. H., et al. (2023) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-022-01520-x · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Health Benefits of Glucosinolates
Τράκα, Μ. (2016) · Advances in botanical research · doi:10.1016/bs.abr.2016.06.004 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Farooqi, A., Khunti, K. K., Abner, S. C., Gillies, C. L., Morriss, R. K., & Seidu, S. (2019) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107816 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Hall, M. B., Willis, D. E., Rodriguez, E. L., & Schwarz, J. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1135559 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Long-term impacts of non-occupational wildfire exposure on human health: A systematic review
Gao, Y. J., Huang, W., Yu, P., Xu, R., Yang, Z., Gašević, D., Ye, T., Guo, Y., & Li, S. (2023) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121041 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Methodological and Statistical Considerations for Cross-Sectional, Case–Control, and Cohort Studies
Pérez-Guerrero, E. E., Guillén-Medina, M. R., Márquez‐Sandoval, F., Vera-Cruz, J. M., Gallegos‐Arreola, M. P., Rico-Méndez, M. A., Aguilar‐Velázquez, J. A., & Gutiérrez-Hurtado, I. A. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13144005 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Snast, I., Atzmony, L., Braun, M., Hodak, E., & Pavlovsky, L. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.01.037 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Teixidor, P., Arraez, M., Villalba, G., García, R., Tardáguila, M., González, J. J., Rimbau, J., Vidal, X., & Montané, E. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149244 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Parsel, S. M., Wu, E. L., Riley, C. A., & McCoul, E. D. (2018) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2018.10.028 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Marinus, N., Vigorito, C., Giallauria, F., Haenen, L., Jansegers, T., Dendale, P., Feys, P., Meesen, R., Timmermans, A. A. A., Spildooren, J., et al. (2020) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2020.101233 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Gamblers Anonymous as a Recovery Pathway: A Scoping Review
Schuler, A., Ferentzy, P., Turner, N. E., Skinner, W., McIsaac, K. E., Ziegler, C. P., & Matheson, F. I. (2016) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-016-9596-8 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Economic costs of childhood stunting to the private sector in low- and middle-income countries
Akseer, N., Tasic, H., Onah, M. N., Wigle, J., Rajakumar, R., Sánchez‐Hernández, D., Akuoku, J. K., Black, R. E., Horta, B. L., Nwuneli, N. O., et al. (2022) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101320 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Temporal bias in case-control design: preventing reliable predictions of the future
Yuan, W., Beaulieu‐Jones, B. K., Yu, K., Lipnick, S., Palmer, N., Loscalzo, J., Cai, T., & Kohane, I. S. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21390-2 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Mohtadi, N. G. H., & Chan, D. S. (2017) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546517732541 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
on Behalf of AENEAS (American and European NEtwork of Antisynthetase Syndrome) Collaborative Group, Cavagna, L., Nuño, L., Scirè, C. A., Govoni, M., Longo, F. J. L., Franceschini, F., Neri, R., Castañeda, S., Giraldo, W. A. S., et al. (2016) · Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology · doi:10.1007/s12016-016-8528-9 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Early biomarkers of joint damage in rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis
Ardle, A. M., Flatley, B., Pennington, S. R., & FitzGerald, O. (2015) · Arthritis Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0652-z · Cited by 80 · see citing works
The effects of pharmacist interventions on adult outpatients with cancer: A systematic review
Colombo, L. R. P., Aguiar, P. M., Lima, T. D. M., & Storpirtis, S. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/jcpt.12562 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Besi, E., Boniface, D. R., Cregg, R., & Zakrzewska, J. M. (2015) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-015-0563-z · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Alcohol metabolism and oesophageal cancer: a systematic review of the evidence
Matejcic, M., Gunter, M. J., & Ferrari, P. (2017) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgx067 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Chisholm‐Burns, M. A., Berg-Poppe, P. J., Spivey, C. A., Karges-Brown, J. R., & Pithan, A. (2021) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-021-10042-1 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The neurobiological effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function, and attachment
Tomoda, A., Nishitani, S., Takiguchi, S., Fujisawa, T. X., Sugiyama, T., & Teicher, M. H. (2024) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-024-01779-y · Cited by 96 · see citing works
The role of fish intake on asthma in children: A meta‐analysis of observational studies
Papamichael, M. M., Shrestha, S. K., Itsiopoulos, C., & Erbas, B. (2018) · Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1111/pai.12889 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Adamo, D., Sardella, A., Varoni, E. M., Lajolo, C., Biasotto, M., Ottaviani, G., Vescovi, P., Simonazzi, T., Pentenero, M., Ardore, M., et al. (2017) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1111/odi.12807 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The role of phthalate esters in autism development: A systematic review
Jeddi, M. Z., Janani, L., Memari, A. H., Akhondzadeh, S., & yunesian, M. (2016) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.08.021 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Nagendrababu, V., Duncan, H. F., FOUAD, A. F., Kirkevang, L., Parashos, P., Pigg, M., Væth, M., Jayaraman, J., Suresh, N., Arias, A., et al. (2022) · International Endodontic Journal · doi:10.1111/iej.13873 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Steps in undertaking meta-analysis and addressing heterogeneity in meta-analysis
Gandhi, A. P., Shamim, M. A., & Padhi, B. K. (2023) · The Evidence · doi:10.61505/evidence.2023.1.1.7 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Interpretation of correlations in clinical research
Hung, M., Bounsanga, J., & Voss, M. W. (2017) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.1080/00325481.2017.1383820 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Nagarajan, R., Krishnamoorthy, Y., Rajaa, S., & Hariharan, V. S. (2022) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd19.210228 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Mathew, G., & Agha, R. (2021) · IJS Short Reports · doi:10.1097/sr9.0000000000000035 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Ramzan, I., Ardavani, A., Vanweert, F., Mellett, A., Atherton, P. J., & IDRIS, I. R. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14204411 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The Effects of Bisphenol A on Human Male Infertility: A Review of Current Epidemiological Studies
Presunto, M., Mariana, M., Lorigo, M., & Cairrão, E. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241512417 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Rahbar, M. H., Samms‐Vaughan, M. E., Loveland, K. A., Hessabi, M., Chen, Z., Bressler, J., Shakespeare‐Pellington, S., Grove, M. L., Bloom, K., Pearson, D. A., et al. (2012) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-012-9321-z · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Risk Factors for Diabetes Mellitus in Chronic Pancreatitis
Pan, J., Xin, L., Wang, D., Liao, Z., Lin, J., Li, B., Du, T., Ye, B., Zou, W., Chen, H., et al. (2016) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000003251 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Flap Failure and Wound Complications in Autologous Breast Reconstruction: A National Perspective
Massenburg, B. B., Sanati-Mehrizy, P., Ingargiola, M. J., Rosa, J. H., & Taub, P. J. (2015) · Aesthetic Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00266-015-0575-8 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Larsson, K., Janson, C., Ställberg, B., Lisspers, K., Olsson, P., Κostikas, Κ., Gruenberger, J.-B., Gutzwiller, F. S., Uhde, M., Jørgensen, L., et al. (2019) · International Journal of COPD · doi:10.2147/copd.s195382 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Prill, R., Królikowska, A., de Girolamo, L., Becker, R., & Karlsson, J. (2023) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-023-07442-8 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Occurrence and exposure assessment of glyphosate in the environment and its impact on human beings
Muñoz, J. P., Silva-Pavez, E., Carrillo-Beltrán, D., & Calaf, G. M. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.116201 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Clinical Features of Psoriatic Arthritis: a Comprehensive Review of Unmet Clinical Needs
McArdle, A., Pennington, S. R., & FitzGerald, O. (2017) · Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology · doi:10.1007/s12016-017-8630-7 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Meta‐Analyses of Factors Associated with Leptospirosis in Domestic Dogs
Azócar‐Aedo, L., & Monti, G. (2015) · Zoonoses and Public Health · doi:10.1111/zph.12236 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Observational Study Designs: Synopsis for Selecting an Appropriate Study Design
Rezigalla, A. A. (2020) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.6692 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Drug repurposing using real-world data
Tan, G. S. Q., Sloan, E. K., Lambert, P., Kirkpatrick, C. M. J., & Ilomäki, J. (2022) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103422 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Khan, Z., Khan, S. A., Christianson, L., Rehman, S., Ekwunife, O. I., & Samkange‐Zeeb, F. (2016) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntw310 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Harcombe, Z., Baker, J. S., & Davies, B. (2016) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096550 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
A bibliometric and classification study of Project-based Learning in Engineering Education
Reis, A. C. B., Barbalho, S. C. M., & Zanette, A. C. D. (2017) · Production · doi:10.1590/0103-6513.225816 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Posicionamento sobre o Consumo de Gorduras e Saúde Cardiovascular – 2021
Izar, M. C. D. O., Lottenberg, A. M., Giraldez, V. Z. R., Santos, R. D., Machado, R. M., Bertolami, A., Assad, M. H. V., Saraiva, J. F. K., Faludi, A. Á., Moreira, A. S. B., et al. (2021) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia · doi:10.36660/abc.20201340 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Xie, K., Gallagher, R. S., Conrad, E. C., Garrick, C. O., Baldassano, S. N., Bernabei, J. M., Galer, P. D., Ghosn, N. J., Greenblatt, A., Jennings, T., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocac018 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Association between Periodontal Disease and Cognitive Impairment in Adults
Sadier, N. S., Sayegh, B., Farah, R., Abbas, L. A., Dweik, R. A., Tang, N., & Ojcius, D. M. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20064707 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Anaesthetic mortality in dogs: A worldwide analysis and risk assessment
Redondo, J. I., Otero, P. E., Martínez‐Taboada, F., Domènech, L., Hernandez-Magaña, E. Z., & Viscasillas, J. (2023) · Veterinary Record · doi:10.1002/vetr.3604 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Ouyang, L., Bolen, J., Valdez, R. A., Joseph, D. B., Baum, M. A., & Thibadeau, J. K. (2014) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/j.juro.2014.08.092 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The impact of maternal obesity on childhood neurodevelopment
Tong, L., & Kalish, B. T. (2020) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/s41372-020-00871-0 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Azarpazhooh, A., Sgro, A., Cardoso, E., Elbarbary, M., Lighvan, N. L., Badewy, R., Malkhassian, G., Jafarzadeh, H., Bakhtiar, H., Khazaei, S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Endodontics · doi:10.1016/j.joen.2021.09.019 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
How Well Is Quality Improvement Described in the Perioperative Care Literature? A Systematic Review
Jones, E. L., Lees, N. J., Martin, G. P., & Dixon‐Woods, M. (2016) · The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety · doi:10.1016/s1553-7250(16)42025-8 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Drug‐related deaths in hospital inpatients: A retrospective cohort study
Montané, E., Arellano, A. L., Sanz, Y., Roca, J., & Farré, M. (2017) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.13471 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Wachira, V. K., Peixoto, H. M., & de Oliveira, M. R. F. (2018) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.13181 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Plaza, B. L., Bermejo, L. M., Santurino, C., Cavero‐Redondo, I., Álvarez‐Bueno, C., & Gómez‐Candela, C. (2019) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmz014 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Mannino, A., Sarapis, K., & Moschonis, G. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14235125 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Drug Repurposing for Cancer Treatment: A Comprehensive Review
Khzem, A. H. A., Gomaa, M. S., Alturki, M. S., Tawfeeq, N., Sarafroz, M., Alonaizi, S. M., Faran, A. A., Alrumaihi, L. A., AlAnsari, F., & Alghamdi, A. A. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252212441 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The Relationship between Phthalates and Diabetes: A Review
Mariana, M., & Cairrão, E. (2023) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo13060746 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Khalid, N. M., Haron, H., Shahar, S., & Fenech, M. F. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192315722 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Patel, J., Rifai, M. A., Scheuner, M. T., Shea, S., Blumenthal, R. S., Nasir, K., Blaha, M. J., & McEvoy, J. W. (2018) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.01.014 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Mohammed, H., Assefa, N., & Mengistie, B. (2018) · HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care · doi:10.2147/hiv.s176587 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Kilpatrick, K., Nguemeleu, E. T., Jabbour, M., & Hains, S. (2020) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-019-0395-2 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Ryan, E. H., Joseph, D. P., Ryan, C. M., Forbes, N. J. K., Yonekawa, Y., Mittra, R. A., Parke, D. W., Ringeisen, A., Emerson, G. G., Shah, G. K., et al. (2020) · Ophthalmology Retina · doi:10.1016/j.oret.2020.02.014 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Sujan, A. C., Öberg, A. S., Quinn, P. D., & D'Onofrio, B. M. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13004 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Alcohol consumption and risk of hematological malignancies: A meta‐analysis of prospective studies
Ψαλτοπούλου, Θ., Sergentanis, T. Ν., Ntanasis‐Stathopoulos, I., Tzanninis, I., Tsilimigras, D. I., & Dimopoulos, M. A. (2018) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.31330 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
- Authors
- Song, J. W., & Chung, K. C.
- Affiliations
- Michigan Medicine (US)
- Venue
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
- Published
- 2010-12
- Volume
- 126
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2234-2242
- ISSN
- 0032-1052 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2998589
- OpenAlex
- W2033465810
- Semantic Scholar
- ee4ce5ab25a1825e160dd212939027f214345425
- Cited by
- 948
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 113 · 2024: 115 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 104 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (K24AR053120, F32AR058105)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Methodologies in Health Research and Practice
- Keywords
- observational study design, cohort studies, case-control study, plastic surgery research, exposure-disease association
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, Cohort Studies, Bias, Case-Control Studies, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Evidence-Based Medicine, Plastic Surgery Procedures
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-04.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-04.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
