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Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation
Open accessAbstract
Objective: Numerous theories have proposed that acute and chronic stressors may exert a cumulative effect on life-span health by causing biological “wear and tear,” or allostatic load, which in turn promotes disease. Very few studies have directly tested such models, though, partly because of the challenges associated with efficiently assessing stress exposure over the entire life course. To address this issue, we developed the first online system for systematically assessing lifetime stress exposure, called the Stress and Adversity Inventory (STRAIN), and describe its initial validation here. Methods: Adults recruited from the community (n = 205) were administered the STRAIN, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire—Short Form, and Perceived Stress Scale, as well as measures of socioeconomic status, personality, social desirability, negative affect, mental and physical health complaints, sleep quality, computer-assessed executive function, and doctor-diagnosed general health problems and autoimmune disorders. Results: The STRAIN achieved high acceptability and was completed relatively quickly (mean = 18 minutes 39 seconds; interquartile range = 12–23 minutes). The structure of the lifetime stress data best fit two latent classes overall and five distinct trajectories over time. Concurrent associations with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire—Short Form and Perceived Stress Scale were good (r values = .147–.552). Moreover, the STRAIN was not significantly related to personality traits or social desirability characteristics and, in adjusted analyses, emerged as the measure most strongly associated with all six of the health and cognitive outcomes assessed except current mental health complaints (β values = .16–.41; risk ratios = 1.02–1.04). Finally, test-retest reliability for the main stress exposure indices over 2–4 weeks was excellent (r values = .904–.919). Conclusions: The STRAIN demonstrated good usability and acceptability; very good concurrent, discriminant, and predictive validity; and excellent test-retest reliability.
Overview
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TL;DR
The Adult STRAIN is a self- or interviewer-administered online measure of lifetime stress exposure that showed high usability, excellent test-retest reliability, and good concurrent, discriminant, and predictive validity in a community sample of 205 adults. It predicted six health/cognitive outcomes and generally outperformed the CTQ-SF and PSS, though the study was largely cross-sectional and the sample was not racially diverse.
Key findings
- Participants completed the STRAIN in an average of 18 minutes 39 seconds; completion rate was 90.8% among 369 who began, and negative affect did not change from pre- to post-STRAIN (M = 1.65 vs. 1.67, p = .341, d = 0.03).
- Participants reported an average of 25.77 lifetime stressors (SD = 16.85; range 1–83) and an average overall severity score of 63.26 (SD = 37.73). Latent class analysis found two groups: low-stress (n = 116; M = 13.90 stressors) and high-stress (n = 89; M = 41.25 stressors); latent trajectory analysis found five trajectories.
- Concurrent validity: lifetime stressor count correlated with CTQ-SF (r = .552, p < .001) and PSS (r = .147, p = .035). Discriminant validity: it was not significantly associated with Big Five traits or social desirability (p values ≥ .08), whereas the PSS correlated with all five Big Five traits (|r| ≥ .17).
- Predictive validity: lifetime stressor count predicted self-reported current health complaints (r = .321 and r = .469), worse sleep quality (r = .493), poorer executive function (r = .185), more doctor-diagnosed general health problems (RR = 1.026, 95% CI = 1.019–1.034), and more doctor-diagnosed autoimmune disorders (RR = 1.034, 95% CI = 1.017–1.051). Test-retest reliability over about 2 weeks was r = .919 for total lifetime stressor count and r = .904 for total severity; all main indices had r ≥ .873.
Methods
- Community-based online sample of 205 adults (96 men, 107 women, 2 transgender; mean age = 37.82 years, SD = 11.72, range 19–68; 85.4% white). A randomly selected 100 participants completed the STRAIN again after a median of 13 days (range 9–36) for test-retest reliability, with 100% compliance.
- Lifetime stress exposure was assessed with the Adult STRAIN, which enquires about 55 stressors (26 acute life events, 29 chronic difficulties) across 2 stressor types, 12 life domains, and 5 social-psychological characteristics. Other measures included the CTQ-SF, PSS, Ten Item Personality Inventory, Social Desirability Scale, PANAS negative affect, Stroop task, PSQI, K-6, PHQ, and doctor-diagnosed general health and autoimmune conditions.
- Analyses used R 3.2.5; correlations and linear models for continuous outcomes, generalized linear models for count outcomes, latent class analysis with mclust (1–9 Gaussian clusters, BIC-selected), and latent trajectory analysis with flexmix using a quintic polynomial.
Limitations
- Stated by the paper: the design was largely cross-sectional except for the test-retest portion, so causation cannot be assumed; STRAIN scores are self-reported and could still be influenced by unmeasured reporting biases or by recently occurring stressors; no biological samples were collected; and the sample was not particularly diverse with respect to race or ethnicity.
- Stated by the paper: future work should test longer test-retest intervals, larger and more diverse samples, different cultures and languages, comparison with interview-based expert-rated measures, and predictive validity against biological and clinical outcomes less susceptible to self-report bias.
- Evident from the text: the sample was a convenience online sample with a high attention-check failure/dropout rate before the final 205 were retained (45.7% of respondents), which may further limit generalizability beyond the stated racial/ethnic diversity concern.
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57 Own result · 16 Own method · 16 Own interpretation · 9 Not checked yet · 3 No basis given
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“males experienced more legal/crime stressors (p = .011)”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > RESULTS > Stress Exposure by Timing, Type, Life Domain, and Core Social-Psychological Characteristic
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“and significantly (but more weakly) correlated with participants' PSS total score (r = .147, p = .035)”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > RESULTS > Validity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“females experienced more stressors in the life domains of treatment/health (p < .001)”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > RESULTS > Stress Exposure by Timing, Type, Life Domain, and Core Social-Psychological Characteristic
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the STRAIN demonstrated good concurrent validity with the CTQ-SF and PSS”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > DISCUSSION
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the two primary indices of lifetime stress exposure—namely, total lifetime stressor count and total lifetime stressor severity—achieved test-retest reliabilities of r = .919, p < .001, and r = .904, p < .001, respectively”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > RESULTS > Test-Retest Reliability
plaincorrelationaln = 100 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, negative affect did not change from pre-STRAIN (M = 1.65, SD = 0.83) to post-STRAIN (M = 1.67, SD = 0.85; t(170) = −0.96, p = .341, d = 0.03)”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > RESULTS > Usability and Acceptability of the STRAIN
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as well as worse sleep quality over the preceding month (β = .362, p < .001)”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > RESULTS > Validity
plaincorrelationaln = 205 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and physical health complaints (β = .401, p < .001)”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > RESULTS > Validity
plaincorrelationaln = 205 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“marginally more physical danger and humiliation stressors (p values < .057)”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > RESULTS > Stress Exposure by Timing, Type, Life Domain, and Core Social-Psychological Characteristic
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and poorer executive function (r = .185, p = .008).”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > RESULTS > Validity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
- Probably not a substantial claim. 14
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
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In the paper
“In comparison, in unadjusted bivariate associations, the CTQ-SF was significantly correlated with neuroticism in an unadjusted bivariate correlation (r = .148, p = .035), but this association was no longer significant when adjusting for age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status (β = .08, p = .269).”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > RESULTS > Validity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although acute life events and chronic difficulties both yielded significant associations”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > RESULTS > Stress Exposure by Timing, Type, Life Domain, and Core Social-Psychological Characteristic
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As summarized in Table 2, overall stressor count was associated with participants' sex (F(2,202) = 5.05, p = .007), age (r =.185, p = .008), and socioeconomic status (r = −.290, p < .001), but was unrelated to race (F(4,199) = 0.54, p = .708).”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > RESULTS > Descriptive Statistics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“We observed the classic Stroop effect in this study, with participants exhibiting longer reaction times for incongruent than for congruent words (Mdiff = 119.5 milliseconds, t(204) = 25.78, p < .001).”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > METHODS > Cognitive Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In unadjusted bivariate associations, lifetime stressor count was not significantly associated with any of the Big Five personality traits, with or without adjusting for covariates, nor was it related to social desirability (p values ≥ .08).”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > RESULTS > Validity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The average time to complete the STRAIN was 18 minutes and 39 seconds (interquartile range = 11 minutes 45 seconds–22 minutes 58 seconds).”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > RESULTS > Usability and Acceptability of the STRAIN
plainn = 205- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“marginally more physical danger and humiliation stressors (p values < .057)”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > RESULTS > Stress Exposure by Timing, Type, Life Domain, and Core Social-Psychological Characteristic
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants completed the STRAIN in approximately 18 minutes.”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, the CTQ-SF was not significantly associated with any of the health or cognitive outcomes measured, and the PSS was associated with only half of the outcomes measured.”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > RESULTS > Validity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the STRAIN was the measure that correlated most strongly with every outcome assessed except for current mental health complaints, which was predicted more strongly by the PSS.”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > RESULTS > Validity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The PSS, in contrast, was positively or negatively correlated with all five Big Five personality traits (i.e., openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism; |r values| ≥ .17, p values ≤ .014) and marginally inversely correlated with social desirability (r = −.128, p = .068).”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > RESULTS > Validity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These participants reported that the STRAIN was “interesting” and “easy-to-use.””
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > RESULTS > Usability and Acceptability of the STRAIN
plainn = 205- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The resulting consensus from this body of work is that acute life events (e.g., getting divorced or fired from a job) and chronic difficulties (e.g., ongoing marital or financial problems) increase risk for a wide variety of mental and physical health problems, including anxiety disorders, depression, autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular disease, certain cancers, and Alzheimer's disease (6–10).”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Cohen S Janicki-Deverts D Miller GE Psychological stress and disease. JAMA 2007; 298: 1685– 7. 17925521 source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Kendler KS Karkowski LM Prescott CA Causal relationship between stressful life events and the onset of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 837– 41. 10360120 source
- Not checked yetcites [8] Krantz DS Kop WJ Santiago HT Gottdiener JS Mental stress as a trigger of myocardial ischemia and infarction. Cardiol Clin 1996; 14: 271– 87. 8724559 source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Leserman J Role of depression, stress, and trauma in HIV disease progression. Psychosom Med 2008; 70: 539– 45. 18519880 source
- Not checked yetcites [10] Slavich GM Life stress and health: a review of conceptual issues and recent findings. Teach Psychol 2016; 43: 346– 55. 27761055 PMC5066570 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of these 205 participants, 100 individuals, selected at random, were followed over time to examine the test-retest reliability of the STRAIN, with 100% compliance.”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > METHODS > Participants and Procedure
plainn = 100- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This approach yielded eight preliminary studies, showing that the STRAIN predicts biological reactivity to acute stress (27), metabolic function (28), memory (29), diurnal cortisol levels in women diagnosed with ovarian cancer (30), depression and fatigue in women diagnosed with breast cancer (31,32), and self-reported mental and physical health in the general population (33,34).”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > INTRODUCTION > Stress and Adversity Inventory: An Overview
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Lam JCW Shields GS Trainor BC Slavich GM Yonelinas AP Greater lifetime stress exposure predicts blunted cortisol but heightened DHEA reactivity to acute stress, 2017 Under review. PMC6377358 30110520 source
- Not matchedcites [28] Kurtzman L O'Donovan A Koslov K Arenander J Epel ES Slavich GM Sweating the big stuff: dispositional pessimism exacerbates the deleterious effects of life stress on metabolic health. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2012; 3.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked yetcites [29] Goldfarb EV Shields GS Daw ND Slavich GM Phelps EA Low lifetime stress exposure is associated with reduced stimulus-response memory. Learn Mem 2017; 24: 162– 8. 28298555 PMC5362698 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All study procedures were approved by the institutional review board of the University of California, Los Angeles.”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > METHODS > Participants and Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants completed all of the measures online and data were retained for those who answered all of the questions without failing the attention checks (45.7% of respondents).”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > METHODS > Participants and Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stressors were originally identified for possible inclusion in the STRAIN using a seven-step process.”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > METHODS > Life Stress Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internal consistency for this scale was excellent, α = .92.”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > METHODS > Demographic and Potential Confounding Factors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internal consistency for this scale was excellent, α = .94.”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > METHODS > Life Stress Measures
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“When this stress response is repeatedly engaged or prolonged, however, biological “wear and tear”—sometimes referred to as allostatic load—occurs (14), and greater allostatic load in turn increases risk for disease and premature mortality (14,15).”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] McEwen BS Stress, adaptation, and disease. Allostasis and allostatic load. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 840: 33– 44. 9629234 source
- Not checked yetcites [15] Lupien SJ McEwen BS Gunnar MR Heim C Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009; 10: 434– 45. 19401723 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The K-6 and PHQ both demonstrated very good internal consistency (α = .91 and α = .84, respectively).”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > METHODS > Health Measures
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“classic theories of stress, which posit that different stressors have similar biobehavioral consequences (53).”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Selye H The evolution of the stress concept. Am Sci 1973; 61: 692– 9. 4746051
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In sum, then, the STRAIN exhibited outstanding predictive validity and outperformed the CTQ-SF and PSS in all but one instance.”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > RESULTS > Validity
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To examine the comparative predictive validity of the STRAIN, CTQ-SF, and PSS, we conducted analyses that included each instrument simultaneously, and that adjusted for participants' age, sex, race, socioeconomic status, and negative affect.”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > RESULTS > Validity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“because the study design was largely cross sectional (with the exception of the longitudinal test-retest portion), all of the results are correlational, and causation, therefore, cannot be assumed.”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The discriminant validity of the STRAIN is thus slightly better than the CTQ-SF and substantially better than the PSS.”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > RESULTS > Validity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“scores on the STRAIN are based on participants' reports, and although we assessed associations between these scores and participants' personality and social desirability characteristics, self-reporting biases could still have influenced the results in unmeasured ways.”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, responses to the STRAIN are not influenced by personality traits or by social desirability.”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > RESULTS > Validity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recently occurring stressors could also have influenced participants' reports of the stressors they experienced over the life-span.”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Namely, more lifetime stressors were experienced by females, older individuals, and socioeconomically disadvantaged groups.”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > RESULTS > Descriptive Statistics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“biological samples were not collected as part of this study”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In sum, then, the STRAIN demonstrated excellent predictive validity across a variety of different health-related and cognitive outcomes, and these associations were robust while adjusting for participants' age, sex, race, socioeconomic status, and negative affect.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“The STRAIN was also associated with several different aspects of health and cognition, including self-reported physical and mental health complaints, sleep quality, executive function, and doctor-diagnosed general health problems and autoimmune disorders.”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > RESULTS > Validity
boostedcorrelationaln = 205 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the present data suggest that the STRAIN reliably assesses lifetime stress exposure in an inexpensive, user-friendly, noninvasive manner.”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > DISCUSSION
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“males and females of differing ages were approximately equally represented in this study, but the present sample was not particularly diverse with respect to race or ethnicity.”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The STRAIN's lifetime stressor count provides an objective measure of stress exposure.
“permitting researchers to assess individuals' “objective” stress exposure (i.e., their lifetime stressor count) as well as their “subjective” stress experience (i.e., their lifetime stressor severity).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The STRAIN's 55 stressors comprehensively cover all acute life events and chronic difficulties an individual may experience over the life course.
“assessing all of the acute life events and chronic difficulties that an individual has experienced over his or her life course (51).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants' retrospective reports of lifetime stressors are accurate enough to yield valid measures of lifetime stress exposure.
“scores on the STRAIN are based on participants' reports”
“self-reporting biases could still have influenced the results in unmeasured ways”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“its parent instrument, the Adult STRAIN, exhibited excellent test-retest reliability over 2–4 weeks (rs = 0.904–0.919 for the main stress indices) in a recent validation study (Slavich and Shields 2018).”
From Life stress and suicide in adolescents (2019) · cites this paper as Slavich and Shields 2018
In the citing paper
“The classification system that designates which stressor falls into which category was created during the initial development and validation of the STRAIN and was informed by an exhaustive review of the life stress literature, the structure of gold-standard stress assessment instruments, and consultations with stress assessment experts (see Slavich and Shields 2018).”
From Life stress and suicide in adolescents (2019) · cites this paper as Slavich and Shields 2018
In the citing paper
“Higher Adult STRAIN scores have also been associated with worse mental and physical health, as well as poorer cognitive, biological, clinical functioning across several different studies and distinct health contexts (e.g., Bower et al. 2014; Cuneo et al. 2017; Dooley et al. 2017; Goldfarb et al. 2017; Lam et al. 2019; Shields et al. 2017a, b; Slavich and Shields 2018; Toussaint et al. 2016).”
From Life stress and suicide in adolescents (2019) · cites this paper as Slavich and Shields 2018
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentt(204) = 25.78reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(204) = 25.78, p < .001”
- Consistentt(170) = -0.96reported p = .341 · recomputed p = .338
“t(170) = −0.96, p = .341”
- ConsistentF(2, 202) = 5.05reported p = .007 · recomputed p = .007
“F(2,202) = 5.05, p = .007”
- ConsistentF(4, 199) = 0.54reported p = .708 · recomputed p = .707
“F(4,199) = 0.54, p = .708”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > RESULTS > Validity
“Lifetime stressor count was significantly associated with more self-reported current physical health complaints (r = .321, p < .001) and physical health complaints (r = .469, p < .001)”
§ Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation > RESULTS > Validity
“Lifetime stressor count as assessed by the STRAIN strongly predicted each of the six health-related outcomes assessed, including current physical health complaints, current mental health complaints, sleep difficulties over the past month, executive dysfunction, and doctor-diagnosed general health problems and autoimmune disorders.”
Citations
Cites
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4 · Cited by 35,234 · cited 4×
“BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion, CTQ-SF = Childhood Trauma Questionnaire—Short Form, K-6 = Kessler 6-Item Psychological Distress Inventory, PHQ = Physical Health Questionnaire, PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory, PSS = Perceived Stress Scale, STRAIN = Stress and Adversity Inventory”
MethodInfluentialA Global Measure of Perceived Stress
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136404 · Cited by 32,807 · cited 3×
“BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion, CTQ-SF = Childhood Trauma Questionnaire—Short Form, K-6 = Kessler 6-Item Psychological Distress Inventory, PHQ = Physical Health Questionnaire, PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory, PSS = Perceived Stress Scale, STRAIN = Stress and Adversity Inventory”
MethodDevelopment and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433 · cited 2×
“Negative Affect Participants' levels of negative affect over the past week were assessed using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (40).”
MethodDiamond, A. (2013) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750 · Cited by 13,268 · cited 1×
“, GREEN, written in green font) and 60 were color-word incongruent (GREEN, written in blue font), which engages both facets of inhibitory control—namely, response inhibition and interference control (45).”
BackgroundKESSLER, R. C., ANDREWS, G., COLPE, L. J., HIRIPI, E., MROCZEK, D. K., NORMAND, S.-L. T., WALTERS, E. E., & ZASLAVSKY, A. M. (2002) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291702006074 · Cited by 10,327 · cited 6×
“We used the Kessler 6-Item Psychological Distress Inventory (K-6) (48) and the Physical Health Questionnaire (PHQ) (49) to assess mental health and physical health, respectively, over the preceding month.”
MethodInfluentialA very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains
Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B. (2003) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/s0092-6566(03)00046-1 · Cited by 8,307
Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire
Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., Stokes, J., Handelsman, L., Medrano, M., Desmond, D., et al. (2003) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(02)00541-0 · Cited by 6,419 · cited 1×
“Childhood Adversity Participants' levels of childhood adversity were measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire—Short Form (CTQ-SF; (35)).”
MethodEffects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition
Lupien, S. J., McEwen, B. S., Gunnar, M. R., & Heim, C. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2639 · Cited by 6,256
Stress, adaptation, and disease. Allostasis and allostatic load
McEWEN, B. S. (1998) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09546.x · Cited by 5,092
(1988) · Cited by 4,111
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- 1980, Presidential address—1980. Psychosomatic and psychoimmunologic research, Psychosom Med, 42, 307
- 1996, Mental stress as a trigger of myocardial ischemia and infarction, Cardiol Clin, 14, 271
Cited by
Sorted by citations
More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science
Epel, E. S., Crosswell, A. D., Mayer, S. E., Prather, A. A., Slavich, G. M., Puterman, E., & Mendes, W. B. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.03.001 · Cited by 1,077
“The Stress and Adversity Inventory (STRAIN) is an online system that measures a person’s lifetime exposure to 55 types of acute and chronic stressors that may affect health (Slavich and Shields, 2018).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTen Surprising Facts About Stressful Life Events and Disease Risk
Cohen, S., Murphy, M. L. M., & Prather, A. A. (2019) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102857 · Cited by 531
“Another instrument, the Stress and Adversity Inventory (STRAIN) (Slavich & Shields 2018), is a participantcompleted computer assessment of lifetime cumulative exposure to stressors.”
MethodInfluentialA Longitudinal Big Data Approach for Precision Health
Schüssler-Fiorenza Rose, S. M., Contrepois, K., Moneghetti, K. J., Zhou, W., Mishra, T., Mataraso, S., Dagan-Rosenfeld, O., Ganz, A. B., Dunn, J., Hornburg, D., et al. (2019) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0414-6 · Cited by 494
Self-citationSlavich, G. M. (2020) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045159 · Cited by 502
Self-citationSlavich, G. M., & Sacher, J. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05326-9 · Cited by 383
Self-citationBest practices for stress measurement: how to measure psychological stress in health research
Crosswell, A. D., & Lockwood, K. G. (2020) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/2055102920933072 · Cited by 372
Shields, G. S., & Slavich, G. M. (2017) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12335 · Cited by 244
Self-citationSocial Safety Theory: Conceptual foundation, underlying mechanisms, and future directions
Slavich, G. M., Roos, L. G., Mengelkoch, S., Webb, C. A., Shattuck, E. C., Moriarity, D. P., & Alley, J. C. (2023) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2023.2171900 · Cited by 193
“In particular, the Stress and Adversity Inventory (STRAIN) assesses lifetime stressors that possess a number of different core social-psychological characteristics, including interpersonal loss and humiliation – two key forms of social threat (Slavich & Shields, 2018; Slavich et al., 2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLife stress and suicide in adolescents
Stewart, J. G., Shields, G. S., Esposito, E. C., Cosby, E. A., Allen, N. B., Slavich, G. M., & Auerbach, R. P. (2019) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-019-00534-5 · Cited by 144
Self-citationOlvera Alvarez, H. A., Kubzansky, L. D., Campen, M. J., & Slavich, G. M. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.06.002 · Cited by 133
“, 2017; Burgermeister, 2007), as well as lifetime stress exposure measurement (Shields and Slavich, 2017; Slavich, 2016; Slavich and Shields, 2018).”
Self-citationKraft, P., & Kraft, B. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.019 · Cited by 138
Lam, J. C. W., Shields, G. S., Trainor, B. C., Slavich, G. M., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2019) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2835 · Cited by 107
Self-citationSeiler, A., von Känel, R., & Slavich, G. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.565239 · Cited by 119
Self-citationMcLoughlin, E., Fletcher, D., Slavich, G. M., Arnold, R., & Moore, L. J. (2020) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101823 · Cited by 133
Self-citationStress and Health in Nursing Students
Alvarez, H. A. O., Provencio‐Vasquez, E., Slavich, G. M., Laurent, J. G. C., Browning, M. H. E. M., McKee-Lopez, G., Robbins, L. K., & Spengler, J. D. (2019) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/nnr.0000000000000383 · Cited by 98
Self-citationSlavich, G. M., Giletta, M., Helms, S. W., Hastings, P. D., Rudolph, K. D., Nock, M. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22987 · Cited by 103
Self-citationSlavich, G. M. (2018) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.08.011 · Cited by 100
“, one week or year) even though the outcome is influenced by stressors occurring over the entire lifespan (Slavich and Shields, 2018).”
InfluentialSelf-citationCazassa, M. J., Oliveira, M. D. S., Spahr, C. M., Shields, G. S., & Slavich, G. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03083 · Cited by 88
Self-citationSlavich, G. M., Taylor, S., & Picard, R. W. (2019) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2019.1584180 · Cited by 85
“In conclusion, stress is a powerful risk factor for poor health that is in dire need of better measurement (Slavich, 2019; Slavich & Shields, 2018), and speech is one process that we can now easily measure to help address this need.”
BackgroundSelf-citationSlavich, G. M., Stewart, J. G., Esposito, E. C., Shields, G. S., & Auerbach, R. P. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13038 · Cited by 95
Self-citationPegg, S. L., Ethridge, P., Shields, G. S., Slavich, G. M., Weinberg, A., & Kujawa, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00178 · Cited by 82
Self-citationDifferential impact of stress and environmental enrichment on corticolimbic circuits
Smail, M. A., Smith, B. L., Nawreen, N., & Herman, J. P. (2020) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172993 · Cited by 80
Association of Prenatal Exposure to Early-Life Adversity With Neonatal Brain Volumes at Birth
Triplett, R. L., Lean, R. E., Parikh, A. N., Miller, J. P., Alexopoulos, D. K., Kaplan, S., Meyer, D., Adamson, C. L., Smyser, T. A., Rogers, C. E., et al. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.7045 · Cited by 73
Mayer, S. E., Prather, A. A., Puterman, E. M., Lin, J., Arenander, J., Coccia, M., Shields, G. S., Slavich, G. M., & Epel, E. S. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.03.002 · Cited by 81
“online system for assessing cumulative lifetime stress exposure (Slavich and Shields, 2018).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLifetime and perceived stress, social support, loneliness, and health in autistic adults.
Moseley, R. L., Turner-Cobb, J. M., Spahr, C. M., Shields, G. S., & Slavich, G. M. (2021) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0001108 · Cited by 71
“We know, however, that sex is associated with stressor exposure, stressor perception, and health outcomes (Slavich & Shields, 2018), so future studies should model effects of this variable and its interactions with diagnostic status.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationShields, G. S., Fassett-Carman, A. N., Gray, Z. J., Gonzales, J. E., Snyder, H. R., & Slavich, G. M. (2022) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3165 · Cited by 70
“For stress assessment instruments that have high precision in definitions of stressors given to participants—such as the Stress and Adversity Inventory (STRAIN; Slavich & Shields, 2018), described in detail below—this sample ‐ average approach will produce a more ‐ or ‐ 15322998 , 0 , D o w n l o a d e d fr o m h tt p…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationMilas, G., Klarić, I. M., Malnar, A., Saftić, V., Šupe‐Domić, D., & Slavich, G. M. (2021) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3050 · Cited by 80
“Existing research has shown that stress is strongly associated with both poor health and worse life satisfaction in adolescents (Cazassa et al., 2020; McKnight et al., 2002; Slavich, 2016; Slavich & Irwin, 2014; Slavich & Shields, 2018; Slavich et al., 2019, 2020).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHuman social genomics: Concepts, mechanisms, and implications for health
Slavich, G. M., Mengelkoch, S., & Cole, S. W. (2023) · Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1002/lim2.75 · Cited by 63
“…childhood experiences (ACEs) and lifetime stressor exposure is becoming more common due to the development of better stress assessment instruments, 144 but stressor assessments are still not performed in most clinics even though there is good evidence that ACEs impact not just human gene…”
BackgroundSelf-citationLean, R. E., Smyser, C. D., Brady, R. G., Triplett, R. L., Kaplan, S., Kenley, J. K., Shimony, J. S., Smyser, T. A., Miller, J. P., Barch, D. M., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2204135119 · Cited by 54
“Stressful/traumatic life events (count and severity) were assessed with the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (STRAIN) (50), collected at the neonatal MRI scan ( n = 183) or at the 1-y follow-up ( n = 86).”
InfluentialPsychological stress in heart failure: a potentially actionable disease modifier
Harris, K. M., Jacoby, D. L., Lampert, R. J., Soucier, R. J., & Burg, M. M. (2020) · Heart Failure Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10741-020-10056-8 · Cited by 62
Nwanaji‐Enwerem, J. C., Jackson, C. L., Ottinger, M. A., Cárdenas, A., James, K. A., Malecki, K. M. C., Chen, J., Geller, A. M., & Mitchell, U. A. (2021) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp8392 · Cited by 53
“The online Stress and Adversity Inventory (STRAIN) represents one example of a quick and comprehensive means of measuring lifetime exposure to more than 50 types of acute and chronic stressors across major domains (e.g., education, relationships, finances) (Slavich and Shields 2018).”
BackgroundMcQuaid, G. A., Weiss, C. H. H., Said, A. J., Pelphrey, K. A., Lee, N., & Wallace, G. L. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2779 · Cited by 51
“…examined lifetime exposure to major stressors and perceived severity of those stressors using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for adults (STRAIN; Slavich & Shields, 2018), showing autistic adults reported greater stress responsivity overall, and in particular greater severity of stress in…”
MethodThe Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Neighborhood Crime on Neonatal Functional Connectivity
Brady, R. G., Rogers, C. E., Prochaska, T., Kaplan, S., Lean, R. E., Smyser, T. A., Shimony, J. S., Slavich, G. M., Warner, B. B., Barch, D. M., et al. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.01.020 · Cited by 50
“Additional analyses controlled for direct exposure to crime or legal difficulties, as well as physical danger, over the life span using the Stress and Adversity Inventory (see the Supplement for details).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationStress and sport performance: a PNEI multidisciplinary approach
Tossici, G., Zurloni, V., & Nitri, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1358771 · Cited by 50
Banica, I., Sandre, A., Shields, G. S., Slavich, G. M., & Weinberg, A. (2020) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.03.006 · Cited by 52
“At Time 2, participants also completed the past-year version of the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN; Slavich and Shields, 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSturmbauer, S., Shields, G. S., Hetzel, E.-L., Rohleder, N., & Slavich, G. M. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216419 · Cited by 51
“On average, participants reported approximately 16 stressors over the life course, which was significantly less than the English validation study sample [23].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationCumulative lifetime stress exposure predicts greater impulsivity and addictive behaviors
McMullin, S. D., Shields, G. S., Slavich, G. M., & Buchanan, T. W. (2020) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105320937055 · Cited by 46
“We comprehensively measured participants’ cumulative lifetime stress exposure, which included assessing each experienced stressor’s severity, frequency, timing, duration, and primary social-psychological characteristic (Slavich and Shields, 2018).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationZagaria, A., Fiori, V., Vacca, M., Lombardo, C., Pariante, C. M., & Ballesio, A. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.04.072 · Cited by 45
Goltermann, J., Winter, N. R., Meinert, S., Sindermann, L., Lemke, H., Leehr, E. J., Grotegerd, D., Winter, A., Thiel, K., Waltemate, L., et al. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722001623 · Cited by 36
Cooper, J. A., Nuutinen, M. R., Lawlor, V. M., DeVries, B. A. M., Barrick, E. M., Hossein, S., Cole, D. J., Leonard, C. V., Hahn, E. C., Teer, A. P., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23284-9 · Cited by 36
“Participants in the replication and extension groups also completed the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (STRAIN 35 ).”
MethodSelf-citationNeurobiology of Stress-Induced Tinnitus
Szczepek, A. J., & Mazurek, B. (2021) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2020_215 · Cited by 34
Gillespie, S. L., Christian, L. M., Mackos, A. R., Nolan, T. S., Gondwe, K. W., Anderson, C. M., Hall, M. W., Williams, K. P., & Slavich, G. M. (2022) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2022.01.008 · Cited by 36
“Finally, this report focused on pregnant Black American women, who reported greater lifetime perceived stressor severity than prior studies of pregnant women completing the STRAIN (Smith et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationRelationships between childhood trauma and multiple sclerosis: A systematic review
Polick, C. S., Polick, S. R., & Stoddard, S. A. (2022) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110981 · Cited by 37
Childhood adversity and accelerated reproductive events: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Ding, W.-Q., Yuxiang, X., Kondracki, A. J., & Sun, Y. (2023) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2023.10.005 · Cited by 36
Kelly, C. A., Trumpff, C., Acosta, C., Assuras, S., Baker, J., Basarrate, S., Behnke, A., Bo, K., Bobba‐Alves, N., Champagne, F. A., et al. (2024) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2024.08.006 · Cited by 35
“Recruitment took place over a 5-year period, from June 2018 to June 2023.”
Self-citationAssociation between Stress at Work and Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review
Aranha, R. L. D. B., Martins, R. D. C., de Aguilar, D. R., Moreno-Drada, J. A., Sohn, W., Martins, C. C., & de Abreu, M. H. N. G. (2021) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2021/2055513 · Cited by 33
“Several instruments are available to assess stress and anxiety in the research environment [58], like the “Perceived Stress Scale” [59], the “State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults” (STAI-AD) [60], and the “Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults” (Adult STRAIN) [61].”
BackgroundBurani, K., Brush, C. J., Shields, G. S., Klein, D. N., Nelson, B. D., Slavich, G. M., & Hajcak, G. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722001386 · Cited by 35
“…and behavioral outcomes (Slavich et al., 2019) as has its sister instrument, the Adult STRAIN (Banica, Sandre, Shields, Slavich, & Weinberg, 2020, 2021; Cazassa, da Oliveira, Spahr, Shields, & Slavich, 2020; Slavich & Shields, 2018; Sturmbauer, Shields, Hetzel, Rohleder, & Slavich, 2019).”
MethodSelf-citationTranslational models of stress and resilience: An applied neuroscience methodology review
Albayrak, Z. S., Vaz, A., Bordes, J., Ünlü, S., Sep, M. S. C., Vinkers, C. H., Pinto, L., & Eser, H. Y. (2024) · Neuroscience Applied · doi:10.1016/j.nsa.2024.104064 · Cited by 43
“Especially in humans, the perceived or exposed psychological stressors may vary, including work, health, education, partner, and other relational or financial issues (Slavich and Shields, 2018).”
Racial Discrimination and Stress Across the Life Course
Gillespie, S. L., Bose‐Brill, S., Giurgescu, C., Gondwe, K. W., Nolan, T. S., Spurlock, E. J., & Christian, L. M. (2021) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/nnr.0000000000000525 · Cited by 32
Slavich, G. M., Shields, G. S., Deal, B., Gregory, A., & Toussaint, L. L. (2019) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaz015 · Cited by 30
Self-citationBürgin, D., Boonmann, C., Schmeck, K., Schmid, M., Tripp, P., Nishimi, K. M., & O’Donovan, A. (2020) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22617 · Cited by 30
Luby, J. L., England, S. K., Barch, D. M., Warner, B. B., Rogers, C. E., Smyser, C. D., Triplett, R. L., Arora, J. K., Smyser, T. A., Slavich, G. M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/s41372-023-01643-2 · Cited by 33
“…[14], Stress and Adversity Inventory (STRAIN, lifetime count and severity which also accounts for social support and marital status) at time of neonatal scan ( n = 190) or at follow-up at one or two years ( n = 80) [15], and Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS) at time of neonatal scan [16].”
Self-citationHamlat, E. J., Neilands, T. B., Laraia, B. A., Zhang, J., Lu, A. T.-H., Lin, J., Horvath, S., & Epel, E. S. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723001629 · Cited by 30
“The Stress and Adversity Inventory (STRAIN, Slavich & Shields, 2018) was used to retrospectively measure the number of abuse/threat events before age 13.”
MethodMolecular neurobiology of loss: a role for basolateral amygdala extracellular matrix
Smail, M. A., Smith, B. L., Shukla, R., Alganem, K., Eby, H., Bollinger, J. L., Parikh, R. K., Chambers, J. B., Reigle, J. K., Moloney, R. D., et al. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02231-8 · Cited by 27
“Little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying loss, as the unique phenotype is dif fi cult to track clinically and receives little attention in preclinical studies [5 – 7].”
BackgroundThe pharmacological bases for repurposing statins in depression: a review of mechanistic studies
Giorgi, R. D., Pesci, N. R., Rosso, G., Maina, G., Cowen, P. J., & Harmer, C. J. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02533-z · Cited by 31
Vidrascu, E. M., Bashore, A. C., Howard, T. D., & Moore, J. B. (2019) · BMC Medical Genetics · doi:10.1186/s12881-019-0764-4 · Cited by 30
“This assessment measures life course stress by covering various life domains and quantitatively calculates the number of stressors within each domain, from early-life throughout adulthood, and the self-reported severity of those stressors [54].”
BackgroundMachlin, L., Sheridan, M. A., Tsai, A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2025) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.14170 · Cited by 30
Shields, G. S., Ramey, M. M., Slavich, G. M., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2019) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2018.1556635 · Cited by 29
Self-citationAn Extension to the stress-buffering model: Timing of support across the lifecourse
Lam, P. H. (2024) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100876 · Cited by 35
“…instance, it will be beneficial to develop assessments that measure support across different timeframes (e.g., separate ratings for childhood vs. adolescence), similar to existing stress assessments that are sensitive to exposure timing (e.g., Slavich and Shields, 2018; Wolfe and Kimerling, 1997).”
BackgroundEarly life adversity and depressive symptoms predict cortisol in pregnancy
Epstein, C. M., Houfek, J. F., Rice, M. J., Weiss, S. J., French, J. A., Kupzyk, K. A., Hammer, S. J., & Pullen, C. H. (2019) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-019-00983-3 · Cited by 28
Bürgin, D., Boonmann, C., Schmid, M., Tripp, P., & O’Donovan, A. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1721146 · Cited by 25
“Using more sophisticated stress and trauma measurement questionnaires (Slavich & Shields, 2018; Teicher & Parigger, 2015), conducting interviews with trained raters and employingmemory enhancement techniquesmight be of interest for future research.”
BackgroundQuinn, M. E., & Shields, G. S. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026221149736 · Cited by 28
“…2017; Hostinar et al., 2015; Lam et al., 2019; McLaughlin et al., 2015; Sandner et al., 2020) and poorer executive control (Hostinar et al., 2012; Hunter & Shields, 2022; Johnson et al., 2021; Kim et al., 2013; Kira et al., 2022; Mani et al., 2013; Peters et al., 2019; Slavich & Shields, 2018).”
Self-citationBanica, I., Sandre, A., Shields, G. S., Slavich, G. M., & Weinberg, A. (2021) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-021-00883-z · Cited by 31
“All participants completed the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN; Slavich & Shields, 2018), an online interview that assesses individuals ’ exposure to major stressors over the entire lifespan.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationHamlat, E. J., Laraia, B. A., Bleil, M. E., Deardorff, J., Tomiyama, A. J., Mujahid, M. S., Shields, G. S., Brownell, K., Slavich, G. M., & Epel, E. S. (2022) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001048 · Cited by 24
“Early Life Adversity The Stress and Adversity Inventory (STRAIN) (58) was used to retrospectively assess the number of early life stressors experienced (see https://”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationParra, L. A., Spahr, C. M., Goldbach, J. T., Bray, B. C., Kipke, M. D., & Slavich, G. M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23463 · Cited by 26
“In addition, we found that these associations differed across the different types of stressors assessed by the STRAIN, with associations for each symptom type being present for early life and adulthood stressors; chronic difficulties; stressors occurring in the primary life domains of housing, work, treatment/health,…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationMeasuring Psychological Load in Sport
Mellalieu, S. D., Jones, C., Wagstaff, C. R. D., Kemp, S. P. T., & Cross, M. J. (2021) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-1446-9642 · Cited by 23
“Outside of sport, measures exist such as the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN), which assesses lifetime stress exposure and has displayed good psychometric properties [20].”
Self-referential Processing in Remitted Depression: An Event-Related Potential Study
Allison, G. O., Kamath, R. A., Carrillo, V. L., Alqueza, K. L., Pagliaccio, D., Slavich, G. M., Shankman, S., & Auerbach, R. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.12.005 · Cited by 19
“The Stress and Adversity Inventory has previously shown excellent test-retest reliability [r = 0.9020.95 (76,77)].”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationSuicidal ideation during COVID-19: The contribution of unique and cumulative stressors
Rudenstine, S., Schulder, T., Bhatt, K. J., McNeal, K., Ettman, C. K., & Galea, S. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114475 · Cited by 23
Multi-omics in stress and health research: study designs that will drive the field forward
Mengelkoch, S., Gassen, J., Lev‐Ari, S., Alley, J. C., Rose, S. M. S., Snyder, M. P., & Slavich, G. M. (2024) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2024.2321610 · Cited by 26
Self-citationMalat, J., Jacquez, F., & Slavich, G. M. (2017) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2017.1341871 · Cited by 23
“The STRAIN has excellent test–retest reliability (rs¼ .904–.919; Slavich & Shields, 2017) and predictive validity in relation to several different health outcomes, including metabolic function (Kurtzman et al., 2012), fatigue and depression (Bower, Crosswell, & Slavich, 2014; Dooley, Slavich,…”
BackgroundSelf-citationMecha, P., Rodriguez‐Morales, M., & Sánchez-López, Á. (2024) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3439 · Cited by 27
Psychological Burden During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany
Schelhorn, I., Ecker, A., Lüdtke, M. N., Rehm, S., Tran, T., Bereznai, J., Meyer, M. L., Sütterlin, S., Kinateder, M. T., Lugo, R. G., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.640518 · Cited by 19
McLoughlin, E., Arnold, R., Fletcher, D., Spahr, C. M., Slavich, G. M., & Moore, L. J. (2021) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102078 · Cited by 24
Self-citationCumulative lifetime stressor exposure assessed by the STRAIN predicts economic ambiguity aversion
Raio, C. M., Lu, B. B., Grubb, M., Shields, G. S., Slavich, G. M., & Glimcher, P. W. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28530-2 · Cited by 22
“Here, we address this issue by investigating this association using a newly developed, comprehensive, interview-based system that quanti fi es the major stressors an individual might have experienced over the lifetime 34 – 36 .”
InfluentialSelf-citationBurani, K., Brush, C. J., Spahr, C. M., Slavich, G. M., Meyer, A. M., & Hajcak, G. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.09.004 · Cited by 21
Self-citationGenetic and Environmental Contributions of Negative Valence Systems to Internalizing Pathways
Cecilione, J. L., Rappaport, L. M., Hahn, S., Anderson, A. E., Hazlett, L. E., Burchett, J. R., Moore, A. A., Savage, J. E., Hettema, J. M., & Roberson‐Nay, R. (2018) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2017.72 · Cited by 19
“Stressful life experiences were assessed by participant report on the STRAIN (Slavich & Epel, 2010); test–retest reliability and validity of the STRAIN have been previously demonstrated among adults but not in an adolescent sample (Slavich & Shields, 2017).”
Burani, K., Brush, C. J., Shields, G. S., Klein, D. N., Nelson, B. D., Slavich, G. M., & Hajcak, G. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.05.011 · Cited by 22
Self-citationPhillips, R., Walsh, E. C., Zürcher, N. R., Lalush, D. S., Kinard, J. L., Tseng, C.-E. J., Cernasov, P., Kan, D., Cummings, K. K., Kelley, L., et al. (2022) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111660 · Cited by 19
“The PSS, our primary measure of self-reported stress, is a retrospective measure that assesses the extent to which stress is unpredictable and uncontrollable during the last month, but it does not assess different types and chronicity of stressors (Slavich and Shields, 2018).”
BackgroundAssociations between lifetime stress exposure and prenatal health behaviors
Smith, T. C., Johns‐Wolfe, E., Shields, G. S., Malat, J., Jacquez, F., & Slavich, G. M. (2020) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2933 · Cited by 19
Self-citationWulsin, L. R., Henson, S. J. S., Roos, L. G., Wang, D., Jenkins, B. N., Cohen, B. E., Shah, A. J., & Slavich, G. M. (2022) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001051 · Cited by 19
“Adults (88) Screening measure of self-reported major lifetim”
BackgroundSelf-citationParikh, A. N., Triplett, R. L., Wu, T., Arora, J. K., Lukas, K., Smyser, T. A., Miller, J. P., Luby, J. L., Rogers, C. E., Barch, D. M., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.04.016 · Cited by 17
Assessing Life Stress: A Critical Priority in Obesity Research and Treatment
Valderhaug, T. G., & Slavich, G. M. (2020) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22911 · Cited by 17
“Compared with the PSS and ACEs questionnaire, the STRAIN produces more than 115 different stress exposure summary scores and life charts that characterize individuals’ stress exposure, not just over a limited timeframe but across the entire lifespan (see Table 1).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationBozorgmehr, A., Thielmann, A., & Weltermann, B. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250842 · Cited by 20
“Chronic stress measurement approaches based on self-reported questionnaires [17, 41] are subjective and cannot provide immediate information about the state of a person.”
BackgroundDoedee, F., van den Houdt, S. C. M., Widdershoven, J. W. M. G., & Kupper, N. H. M. (2021) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.07.001 · Cited by 18
Permuth, J. B., Dezsi, K. B., Vyas, S., Ali, K. N., Basinski, T. L., Utuama, O. A., Denbo, J. W., Klapman, J. B., Dam, A. N., Carballido, E. M., et al. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13040809 · Cited by 18
“Outside of the demilitarized zone (DMZ), the virtual repository integrates electronic survey data ascertained through DatStat with paper survey data provided through MCC’s Participant Research, Interventions, and Measurement (PRISM) Core, data from the online Stress and Adversity Inventory (STRAIN) tool [32] housed on…”
MethodByrne, M. L., Lind, M. N., Horn, S. R. G.-V., Mills, K. L., Nelson, B. W., Barnes, M. L., Slavich, G. M., & Allen, N. B. (2021) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076211037227 · Cited by 19
Self-citationChand, T., Alizadeh, S., Li, M., Fan, Y., Jamalabadi, H., Danyeli, L. V., Nanni‐Zepeda, M., Herrmann, L., van der Meer, J. N., Vester, J., et al. (2022) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2021.0189 · Cited by 16
Ojha, A., Teresi, G. I., Slavich, G. M., Gotlib, I. H., & Ho, T. C. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722002239 · Cited by 15
“…Scale for Anxiety for Children (MASC-2; March, 2012), a 39-item questionnaire designed to assess severity of anxiety symptoms in youth ages 8 – 19 years and that has been shown to have excellent validity and reliability (March, Parker, Sullivan, Stallings, & Conners, 1997; Wei et al., 2014).”
Self-citationDiurnal Cortisol Dynamics, Perceived Stress, and Language Production in Aphasia
Laures-Gore, J. S., Cahana-Amitay, D., & Buchanan, T. W. (2019) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2018_jslhr-l-18-0276 · Cited by 16
Kuijpers, E., Pickett, J., Wille, B., & Hofmans, J. (2022) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070221124705 · Cited by 17
“Central to this idea is the notion that individual effects may compound and collectively impact the individual to a different extent than isolated effects from the past (Slavich & Shields, 2018).”
BackgroundAhn, S., Kim, S., Zhang, H., Dobalian, A., & Slavich, G. M. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23642 · Cited by 15
“It may also yield new theories of how lifetime adversity accumulates to impact a wide variety of health outcomes that collectively cause substantial morbidity and mortality (Slavich & Shields, 2018).”
BackgroundSelf-citationStudy Protocol for Teen Inflammation Glutamate Emotion Research (TIGER)
Walker, J. C., Teresi, G. I., Weisenburger, R. L., Segarra, J. R., Ojha, A., Kulla, A., Sisk, L. M., Gu, M., Spielman, D. M., Rosenberg‐Hasson, Y., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.585512 · Cited by 14
Lifetime stress exposure, cognition, and psychiatric wellbeing in women
Miller, A. S., Nop, O., Slavich, G. M., & Dumas, J. A. (2021) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2021.1958144 · Cited by 18
“Slavich and Shields (Slavich & Shields, 2018) assessed lifetime stress exposure in 205 adults drawn from the general community, and participants experienced an average of 25.77 stressors over their lifetime (SD = 16.85; range 1-83), with a mean lifetime stress severity of 63.26 (SD = 37.73; range, 0-167) (Slavich & Sh…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationRose, S. M. S., Snyder, M. P., & Slavich, G. M. (2022) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107044 · Cited by 13
“Third, the assessment of ACEs was limited and did not include the severity, frequency, exposure timing, or duration of the experiences described, which are important for fully understanding stress effects (Shields and Slavich, 2017; Slavich, 2019; Slavich and Shields, 2018).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLevinson, A. L., Igonina, T. N., Rozhkova, I. N., Brusentsev, E. Y., & Amstislavsky, S. Y. (2022) · Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding · doi:10.18699/vjgb-22-53 · Cited by 13
O’Shields, J., Slavich, G. M., & Mowbray, O. P. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725001102 · Cited by 14
“Measures such as the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire or the Stress and Adversity Inventory could be implemented in future studies, allowing for a more careful qualification of the frequency and severity of ACEs experienced (Bernstein et al., 2003; Slavich & Shields, 2018).”
Self-citationAdversity Over the Life Course: A Comparison Between Women and Men Who Died by Suicide
Séguin, M., Beauchamp, G., & Notredame, C.-É. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.682637 · Cited by 13
Meyer, M. L., Kaesler, A., Wolffgramm, S., Perić, N. L., Bunjaku, G., Dickmann, L., Serino, S., Lernia, D. D., Tuena, C., Bernardelli, L., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11082080 · Cited by 13
“Due to the additional restrictions imposed on the economic sector, many people also face stressful life events, such as unemployment [9] and financial difficulties, which can have an additional negative impact on mental health [10].”
BackgroundMcLoughlin, E., Arnold, R., Freeman, P. B., Turner, J. E., Roberts, G. A., Fletcher, D., Slavich, G. M., & Moore, L. J. (2022) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2022-0196 · Cited by 12
“Lifetime Sport-Specific Stressor Exposure Lifetime sport-specific stressor exposure was assessed using the STRAIN’s Sport Stress Assessment Module (McLoughlin et al., 2022), which assesses eight stressors that are commonly encountered by sport performers (e.g., underperformance).”
MethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationOlasz, O., Erdős, S., & Horváth, K. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02438-y · Cited by 12
“Some focus on the subjective experience through self-administered surveys like the Stress and Adversity Inventory (Slavich & Shields, 2018) or the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Spielberger, 1983).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Slavich, G. M., & Shields, G. S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Slavich, George M.
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 17-27
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- 1534-7796
- PMC
- PMC5757659
- OpenAlex
- W2923152359
- Semantic Scholar
- 3ac8d7509e928af2e1b16965795b32cb45f9963c
- Cited by
- 268
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 7
- FWCI
- 7.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K08MH103443)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Keywords
- allostatic load, cumulative stress, life course, stress trajectories, childhood trauma, perceived stress, online surveys, test-retest reliability, psychometric validation, health outcomes, autoimmune disease, sleep quality, executive function
- MeSH terms
- Adult Survivors of Child Adverse Events, Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Stress, Psychological, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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