The DOI matches its Crossref record; 11 of the 11 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Upstream reciprocity and the evolution of gratitude
Open accessAbstract
If someone is nice to you, you feel good and may be inclined to be nice to somebody else. This every day experience is borne out by experimental games: the recipients of an act of kindness are more likely to help in turn, even if the person who benefits from their generosity is somebody else. This behaviour, which has been called ‘upstream reciprocity’, appears to be a misdirected act of gratitude: you help somebody because somebody else has helped you. Does this make any sense from an evolutionary or a game theoretic perspective? In this paper, we show that upstream reciprocity alone does not lead to the evolution of cooperation, but it can evolve and increase the level of cooperation if it is linked to either direct or spatial reciprocity. We calculate the random walks of altruistic acts that are induced by upstream reciprocity. Our analysis shows that gratitude and other positive emotions, which increase the willingness to help others, can evolve in the competitive world of natural selection.
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Cites
Evolutionary Games and Population Dynamics
Hofbauer, J., & Sigmund, K. (1998) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139173179 · Cited by 5,502
Evolution of indirect reciprocity
Nowak, M. A., & Sigmund, K. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04131 · Cited by 2,762
Self-citationEvolution of indirect reciprocity by image scoring
Nowak, M. A., & Sigmund, K. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/31225 · Cited by 2,700
Self-citationA simple rule for the evolution of cooperation on graphs and social networks
Ohtsuki, H., Hauert, C., Lieberman, E., & Nowak, M. A. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04605 · Cited by 2,208
Self-citationThe evolution of altruistic punishment
Boyd, R., Gintis, H., Bowles, S., & Richerson, P. J. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0630443100 · Cited by 1,748
Reputation helps solve the ‘tragedy of the commons’
Milinski, M., Semmann, D., & Krambeck, H.-J. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/415424a · Cited by 1,371
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The leading eight: Social norms that can maintain cooperation by indirect reciprocity
Ohtsuki, H., & Iwasa, Y. (2006) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.08.008 · Cited by 491
The logic of reprobation: assessment and action rules for indirect reciprocation
Brandt, H., & Sigmund, K. (2004) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.06.032 · Cited by 186
Indirect Reciprocity and Strategic Reputation Building in an Experimental Helping Game
Engelmann, D., & Fischbacher, U. (2003) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.352540 · Cited by 64
Cited by
Rand, D. G., & Nowak, M. A. (2013) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.06.003 · Cited by 1,308
Self-citationA little thanks goes a long way: explaining why gratitude expressions motivate prosocial behavior
Grant, A. M., & Gino, F. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017935 · Cited by 870
Stellar, J. E., Gordon, A. M., Piff, P. K., Cordaro, D., Anderson, C. L., Bai, Y., Maruskin, L. A., & Keltner, D. (2017) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073916684557 · Cited by 696
Keltner, D., Kogan, A., Piff, P. K., & Saturn, S. R. (2014) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115054 · Cited by 298
Open collaboration for innovation: Principles and performance
Levine, S. S., & Prietula, M. J. (2014) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2013.0872 · Cited by 263
Metadata
- Authors
- Nowak, M. A., & Roch, S.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2006-12-19
- Volume
- 274
- Issue
- 1610
- Pages
- 605-610
- ISSN
- 0080-4649 (ISSN-L)
- 0962-8452
- 1471-2954
- OpenAlex
- W2133476822
- Cited by
- 339
- References
- 11
- FWCI
- 13.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
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