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Diversification practices reduce organic to conventional yield gap
Open accessAbstract
Agriculture today places great strains on biodiversity, soils, water and the atmosphere, and these strains will be exacerbated if current trends in population growth, meat and energy consumption, and food waste continue. Thus, farming systems that are both highly productive and minimize environmental harms are critically needed. How organic agriculture may contribute to world food production has been subject to vigorous debate over the past decade. Here, we revisit this topic comparing organic and conventional yields with a new meta-dataset three times larger than previously used (115 studies containing more than 1000 observations) and a new hierarchical analytical framework that can better account for the heterogeneity and structure in the data. We find organic yields are only 19.2% (±3.7%) lower than conventional yields, a smaller yield gap than previous estimates. More importantly, we find entirely different effects of crop types and management practices on the yield gap compared with previous studies. For example, we found no significant differences in yields for leguminous versus non-leguminous crops, perennials versus annuals or developed versus developing countries. Instead, we found the novel result that two agricultural diversification practices, multi-cropping and crop rotations, substantially reduce the yield gap (to 9 ± 4% and 8 ± 5%, respectively) when the methods were applied in only organic systems. These promising results, based on robust analysis of a larger meta-dataset, suggest that appropriate investment in agroecological research to improve organic management systems could greatly reduce or eliminate the yield gap for some crops or regions.
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“Such simplified systems are known to substantially reduce both biodiversity and ecosystem services relative to more diversified forms of agriculture ( 127 -129 )”
From Environmental impacts of genetically modified crops (2024) · cites this paper as [128]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ponisio, L. C., M'Gonigle, L. K., Mace, K. C., Palomino, J., de Valpine, P., & Kremen, C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Corresponding author
- Ponisio, Lauren C.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2015-01-22
- Volume
- 282
- Issue
- 1799
- Pages
- 20141396
- ISSN
- 0080-4649 (ISSN-L)
- 0962-8452
- 1471-2954
- PMC
- PMC4286047
- OpenAlex
- W1992197367
- Cited by
- 871
- References
- 140
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 104 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 35
- FWCI
- 65.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Organic Food and Agriculture
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › General Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant and soil sciences
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Agronomic Practices and Intercropping Systems
- Keywords
- organic farming, conventional farming, yield gap, agricultural diversification, multiple cropping, crop rotation, Fabaceae, perennial crops, agroecology, food production
- MeSH terms
- Conservation of Natural Resources, Food Supply, Fabaceae, Soil, Crops, Agricultural, Biodiversity, Organic Agriculture
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