Cited by 871Organic Food and AgriculturePlant and soil sciencesAgronomic Practices and Intercropping Systems

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Diversification practices reduce organic to conventional yield gap

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Ponisio, Lauren C., M'Gonigle, Leithen K., Mace, Kevi C., Palomino, Jenny, de Valpine, Perry, Kremen, Claire·2015·Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

DOI 10.1098/rspb.2014.1396PMC PMC4286047

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Abstract

Agriculture today places great strains on biodiversity, soils, water and the atmosphere, and these strains will be exacerbated if current trends in population growth, meat and energy consumption, and food waste continue. Thus, farming systems that are both highly productive and minimize environmental harms are critically needed. How organic agriculture may contribute to world food production has been subject to vigorous debate over the past decade. Here, we revisit this topic comparing organic and conventional yields with a new meta-dataset three times larger than previously used (115 studies containing more than 1000 observations) and a new hierarchical analytical framework that can better account for the heterogeneity and structure in the data. We find organic yields are only 19.2% (±3.7%) lower than conventional yields, a smaller yield gap than previous estimates. More importantly, we find entirely different effects of crop types and management practices on the yield gap compared with previous studies. For example, we found no significant differences in yields for leguminous versus non-leguminous crops, perennials versus annuals or developed versus developing countries. Instead, we found the novel result that two agricultural diversification practices, multi-cropping and crop rotations, substantially reduce the yield gap (to 9 ± 4% and 8 ± 5%, respectively) when the methods were applied in only organic systems. These promising results, based on robust analysis of a larger meta-dataset, suggest that appropriate investment in agroecological research to improve organic management systems could greatly reduce or eliminate the yield gap for some crops or regions.

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Authors: Ponisio, L. C., M'Gonigle, L. K., Mace, K. C., Palomino, J., de Valpine, P., & Kremen, C.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Corresponding author: Ponisio, Lauren C.
ORCID: Ponisio, Lauren C.
Mace, Kevi C.
Palomino, Jenny
Kremen, Claire
Venue: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
Publisher: The Royal Society
Published: 2015-01-22
Volume: 282
Issue: 1799
Pages: 20141396
ISSN: 0080-4649 (ISSN-L)
0962-8452
1471-2954
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1396
PMC: PMC4286047
OpenAlex: W1992197367
Cited by: 871
References: 140
Citations by year: 2026: 58 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 104 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 35
FWCI: 65.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: royalsociety.org/journals/ethics-policies/data-sharing-mining/ (tdm)
Locations: Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Organic Food and Agriculture
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › General Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant and soil sciences
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Agronomic Practices and Intercropping Systems
Keywords: organic farming, conventional farming, yield gap, agricultural diversification, multiple cropping, crop rotation, Fabaceae, perennial crops, agroecology, food production
MeSH terms: Conservation of Natural Resources, Food Supply, Fabaceae, Soil, Crops, Agricultural, Biodiversity, Organic Agriculture

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Diversification practices reduce organic to conventional yield gap

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